Search

Die Beurteilung von Verletzungen durch Schusswaffen gehört zu den typischen Aufgaben der Rechtsmedizin. In den vorangegangenen Kapiteln wurde deutlich dargelegt, dass auf Grund einer Vielzahl zu berücksichtigender physikalischer Parameter und Effekte die rechtsmedizinische Beurteilung derartiger Verletzungen recht komplex ist. Insbesondere spielt die Kurzzeitigkeit der Vorgänge (eine Schussverletzung findet innerhalb einiger weniger Millisekunden statt) eine ganz entscheidende Rolle.

Situations of both, intentional and inadvertent or accidental doping, necessitate consideration in today's doping controls, especially in the light of the substantial consequences that athletes are facing in case of so-called adverse analytical findings. The aim of this study was to investigate, whether a transdermal uptake of doping substances would be possible. In addition to the period of detectability of the particular substances or respective characteristic metabolites, the possibility of deducing the route of administration by metabolite patterns was also assessed. Twelve male subjects were included in the study. Four common anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide to facilitate transdermal administration on different skin regions. One half of the test persons received only oxandrolone (17 alpha-methyl-2-oxa-4,5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone), and the other half were applied a mixture of oxandrolone, metandienone (17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one), clostebol (4-chlorotestosterone-17 beta-acetate) and dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT). Urine samples were collected 1 h, 6 h and one sample per day for the next 14 consecutive days. Measurements were conducted on a tandem-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) or tandem-liquid chromatography-MS/MS (LC-MS/MS) system. Substance findings were obtained at least 1 day after application on nearly all skin locations. The results indicated inter-individual variability in detection windows, also varying between the different analytes and possible impact of skin location and skin thickness, respectively. Nevertheless, a rapid and rather long detectability of all substances (or respective metabolites) was given, in some cases within hours after administration and for up to 10-14 days. Hence, the transdermal application or exposure to the investigated AAS is a plausible scenario that warrants consideration in anti-doping.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of research on general aviation accidents in Germany. The authorities investigate only a fraction of all national accidents. The current study analyzes existing accident reports and aims to identify injury severity in regard to concomitant risk factors. METHODS: Data of flight accidents was analyzed for aircraft of <5700 kg maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) over a 20-yr period. Besides descriptive data, concomitant factors (type and category of aircraft, date, occupants and outcome, flight phase, etc.) were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-squared test. RESULTS: The authorities list 1595 aircraft accidents between 2000 and 2019, but only 17.9% of these were analyzed in detail. Accidents of aircraft of <2000 kg MTOW were over-represented between May and September and between Friday and Sunday. The fraction of fatal accidents was highest during cruise. During landing, significantly more mishaps of larger aircraft occurred. The number of seriously injured or deceased occupants was significantly higher for accidents involving private pilots. An occupancy rate of more than three persons on board correlated significantly with fewer number of deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The annual count of aircraft accidents has almost halved during the previous 20 yr. Unfortunately, only a small number of mishaps were further investigated by authorities, which leads to a lack of evaluable data needed for in-depth investigations. The accumulation of larger aircraft mishaps in winter and the superior outcome of professional pilots in terms of safety, as well as the fewer number of mishaps in larger aircraft, should be further investigated.

The endogenous formation of n-propanol under the influence of ethanol has been the subject of discussion for some years. Especially the location of the formation of endogenous n-propanol is unknown. Therefore, an experiment with intravenous ethanol administration to bypass the intestinal tract was performed with one test person. The intestine or the liver is discussed to be the location of endogenous n-propanol formation. The results of the intravenous administration of ethanol look similar to the results from previous drinking experiments. With rising blood alcohol concentration (BAC) a rising n-propanol concentration could also be observed. In the first blood sample (zero sample) no n-propanol was detectable. The results show that the intestine is probably not the location of the endogenous n-propanol formation. For the elucidation of the location and mechanism of endogenous n-propanol formation further experiments are necessary.