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Mutated isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) defines a molecularly distinct subtype of diffuse glioma 1-3 . The most common IDH1 mutation in gliomas affects codon 132 and encodes IDH1(R132H), which harbours a shared clonal neoepitope that is presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II 4,5 . An IDH1(R132H)-specific peptide vaccine (IDH1-vac) induces specific therapeutic T helper cell responses that are effective against IDH1(R132H) + tumours in syngeneic MHC-humanized mice 4,6-8 . Here we describe a multicentre, single-arm, open-label, first-in-humans phase I trial that we carried out in 33 patients with newly diagnosed World Health Organization grade 3 and 4 IDH1(R132H) + astrocytomas (Neurooncology Working Group of the German Cancer Society trial 16 (NOA16), ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02454634). The trial met its primary safety endpoint, with vaccine-related adverse events restricted to grade 1. Vaccine-induced immune responses were observed in 93.3% of patients across multiple MHC alleles. Three-year progression-free and death-free rates were 0.63 and 0.84, respectively. Patients with immune responses showed a two-year progression-free rate of 0.82. Two patients without an immune response showed tumour progression within two years of first diagnosis. A mutation-specificity score that incorporates the duration and level of vaccine-induced IDH1(R132H)-specific T cell responses was associated with intratumoral presentation of the IDH1(R132H) neoantigen in pre-treatment tumour tissue. There was a high frequency of pseudoprogression, which indicates intratumoral inflammatory reactions. Pseudoprogression was associated with increased vaccine-induced peripheral T cell responses. Combined single-cell RNA and T cell receptor sequencing showed that tumour-infiltrating CD40LG + and CXCL13 + T helper cell clusters in a patient with pseudoprogression were dominated by a single IDH1(R132H)-reactive T cell receptor.

Background: Limited data on the prevalence and medical care of sickle cell disease (SCD) in Germany are available. Here, we make use of a patient registry to characterize the burden of disease and the treatment modalities for patients with SCD in Germany., Procedure: A nationwide German registry for patients with SCD documents basic data on diagnosis and patient history retrospectively at the time of registration. A prospective annual documentation provides more details on complications and treatment of SCD. For the current analyses, data of 439 patients were available., Results: Most patients had homozygous SCD (HbSS 75.1%, HbS/β-thalassemia 13.2%, and HbSC 11.3%). The median age at diagnosis was 1.9 years (interquartile range, 0.6-4.4 years), most patients were diagnosed when characteristic symptoms occurred. Sepsis and stroke had affected 3.2% and 4.2% of patients, respectively. During the first year of observation, 48.3% of patients were admitted to a hospital and 10.1% required intensive care. Prophylactic penicillin was prescribed to 95.6% of patients with homozygous SCD or HbS/β thalassemia below the age of six and hydroxycarbamide to 90.4% of patients above the age of two years. At least one annual transcranial Doppler ultrasound was documented for 74.8% of patients between 2 and 18 years., Conclusion: With an estimated number of at least 2000, the prevalence of SCD in Germany remains low. Prospectively, we expect that the quality of care for children with SCD will be further improved by an earlier diagnosis after the anticipated introduction of a newborn screening program for SCD., (© 2019 The Authors. Pediatric Blood & Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)