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Objective: To evaluate the association between sleep-wake rhythm and cardiometabolic parameters., Material and Methods: 103 participants, aged 25-64 years, underwent actigraphy study with Actigraph Actilife GT3X + device (USA) for 7 days. We assessed actigraphy indicators (physical activity and sleep data), anthropometric indicators, blood pressure and laboratory parameters. Actigraphy data was processed using the nparACT package in the R program with the calculation of nonparametric indicators: intraday variability, interday stability, the average level of lowest activity for five hours (L5) and ten hours with the highest activity (M10), relative amplitude is the ratio of M10/L5., Results: The nonparametric analysis showed an association of the higher night activity with sleep effectiveness, wake after sleep onset, indicators of physical activity. A more stable sleep pattern is associated with more steps, less weight and waist circumference, lower levels of diastolic blood pressure, creatinine and insulin. Increased fragmentation of sleep patterns is associated with increased CRP and increased sedentary time. Participants with higher activity contrast have less waist circumference, hips and body mass index, lower levels of CRP and insulin., Conclusions: Rhythm and quality of sleep are important parameters associated with cardiometabolic indicators. Stable sleep patterns, higher activity during the day and lower night activity are associated with a more favorable condition of cardiovascular system.

Background and Aim: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become one of the most important clinical issues in the cardiovascular field for this decade because of the marked increase in cardiovascular (CV) risk associated with a clustering of risk factors. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the relationship between MetS and its components and cardiovascular disease (CVD)., Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study was based on data from two studies carried out in Russia (ESSE-RF) and Italy (PLIC). One sample from each cohort was selected, matching individuals by sex and age. A comparison between samples of MetS components distribution and CV risk, according to SCORE chart, has been conducted., Results: A total of 609 individuals (mean [SD] age 55 [8] years, about 39% males) for each cohort were selected. Almost half of PLIC cohort participants belonged to the moderate CV risk group (47% vs 27%), while in ESSE-RF cohort a relatively higher prevalence of individuals classified in the high and very high risk group was observed (19% vs 11%, 21% vs 6%, respectively). Overall, 43% of ESSE-RF participants were diagnosed with MetS, compared with the 27% of PLIC members (the difference in prevalence becomes 37% vs 21%, considering a more conservative cut-off for waist circumference). Both cohorts showed a trend towards the increase of MetS components moving from the lowest to the highest CV risk class, with a high prevalence of patients with four or five MetS determinants allocated in the high/very high CV risk group., Conclusions: Developing effective public health strategies for the prevention, detection and treatment of MetS should be an urgent priority to reduce the burden of CVD, not only in subjects at high/very high CV risk, but also in those characterized by a lower risk, as even rare CV events that come from low risk group bring a tangible burden to healthcare systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare no support from any organization for the submitted work; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. EO, AB, LG, FP, ET, MC, OVR report no disclosures. ALC reports grants from Amgen, Sanofi, Regeneron personal fees from Merck, Sanofi, Regeneron, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Novartis, outside the submitted work AA received research funding and/or honoraria for speaker bureau from Abbott, Amgen, KRKA, Pfizer, Recordati, Sanofi-Regeneron, Servier. OPR received research funding and/or honoraria for speaker bureau from KRKA, Pfizer, Recordati, Sanofi-Regeneron, Servier, Stada, Teva, Sandoz. AK received research funding and/or honoraria for speaker bureau from Servier, Novartis., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Assessment of prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH), need for prescription of antihypertensive therapy (AHT), and efficacy of AHT in Russian population in accordance with novel guideline of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association ("American recommendations") on diagnosis and treatment of AH (2017)., Materials and Methods: Epidemiological study ESSE-RF (ЭССЕ-РФ) was carried out in 12 regions of Russian Federation (RF) with different climatic-geographic characteristics. Number of examined residents of RF aged 25-65 years was 20 652. The sample was stratified by  gender and age. Examination included anthropometry, laboratory tests, blood pressure (BP) measurement with the OMRON tonometer. The SCORE scale was used for evaluation of risk of development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In  American recommendations AH was defined as  follows: 1-st degree  - systolic BP (SBP) 130-139  and/or diastolic BP (DBP) 80-89 mm Hg, 2-nd degree - BP ≥140/90 mm Hg and/or presence of AHT. In recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology (2013, 2018) ("European recommendations") AH was defined as BP ≥140/90 mm Hg and/or presence of AHT., Results: We analyzed data of examination of  20 607  participants - 7806 men (37.9%) and 12 801  women (62.1%). According to  European recommendations AH was diagnosed in 10 347  persons (50.2%)  - 3987 men (51.1%) men and 6 360 women (49.7%). According to American recommendations AH was registered in 14 853 persons (72.1%) - 6 059 men (77.6%) and 8 794 women (68.7%). AHT received 6324 persons (61.1% of those with AH); according to American recommendations, the onset of AHT was indicated to additional 620 persons with 1-st degree AH because of high CVD risk. Among all participants with AH (on and without AHT) strengthening of AHT for achievement of target BP level was required in 77.8 and 92.6% of patients according to European and American recommendations, respectively., Conclusion: Application of novel criteria of AH diagnosis from 2017 ACC/AHA guideline to Russian population would increase prevalence of AH up to 72.1%. Onset of AHT would be indicated in 13.8% of patients with 1-st degree AH, while in 93% of patients receiving AHT its strengthening would be required.

Aim: to compare various approaches to estimation of vascular age in patients from sample of citizens of Saint-Petersburg (SPB) with arterial pressure (AP) above 130 / 80 mm Hg without history of cardiovascular events., Materials and Methods: Examination of a population sample of SPB citizens (n=1600) was carried out within framework of the observational epidemiological study ESSE-RF (ЭССЕ-РФ) in 2012-2013. We selected from this sample 477 women and man aged 40-65 years without history of cardiovascular events, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease, and AP >130 / 80 mm Hg. Examination included anthropometry, sampling of fasting blood for measurement of lipids, glucose, creatinine levels, urine sampling for determination of albumin excretion, and AP measurement in ac-cordance with standard methods. The SCORE scale was used of evaluation of 10-year risk of fatal stroke and fatal myocardial infarction. Volume sphygmography (VaSera device) was applied for determination of cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) with calculation of vascular age, and ankle-brachial index. ASCORE scale was used for determination of сalculated vascular age was determined with help of the ASCORE scale., Results: Mean age of participants (182 men [38.2 %], 295 women [61.8 %]) was 52.5±6.2 years. Calculated and instrumental methods of determination of vascular age and early vascular aging had low concordance (κ = 0.099). With elevation of cardiovascular risk early vascular aging was more frequently detected by method of its calculation ASCORE than with instrumental method (VaSera). In the absence of achievement of target AP level signs of early vascular aging were significantly more often detected by the method of vascular age calculation than by the instrumental method VaSera., Conclusion: Application of the concept of vascular age and early vascular aging syndrome might be an effective tool for stratification of cardiovascular risk by a physician and improvement of adherence of a patient. This is especially actual for young patients with burdened heredity. One can assume that estimation of virtual risk factor load on blood vessels by the ASCORE method of calculation is more sensitive to detection of premature vascular aging, while requiring less financial and organizational efforts.

Currently, in the epidemiology of nutrition, methodological approaches to the empirical assessment of the diets of the population and their relationship to health indicators are actively using. In Russia, these approaches have been used in a number of cohort and regional studies, however, such studies are not available for the entire Russian population. Aim . Identification of empirical dietary patterns in the Russian population and analysis of their associations with risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases. Material and methods . The work was carried out as part of a multicenter epidemiological study "Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in the regions of the Russian Federation" (ECVD-RF) in 2013-2014. The final sample size was 19 520 people aged 25- 64 years. Arterial hypertension, general and abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL, high LDL, and hyperglycemia were observed as risk factors for chronic non-infectious diseases. The data on the frequency of consumption of 13 food groups, which were grouped into 10 groups by combining dairy products into one were collected by interviewing. The identification of dietary patterns and assessment of their sustainability was performed using factor analysis (principal component analysis). In accordance with the individual commitment of the participants to the selected dietary patterns the sample was grouped into quartiles for each of the patterns. In order to ensure associations between patterns commitment and risk factors, a logistic regression analysis was used adjusted for the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Results and discussion . Four stable dietary patterns with a total specific gravity of the explained variance of 55.9% were identified and conventionally designated as "Reasonable" (milk, sweets and confectionery, fresh fruits and vegetables, cereals and pasta), "Salt" (sausages, pickles and pickled products), "Meat" (meat, fish and seafood, poultry meat) and "Mixed" (beans, pickles and pickled products, fish and seafood). The set of products of the "Reasonable" patterns mainly corresponds to the "Healthy" or "Balanced" patterns in foreign studies, the combination of the "Salt" and "Meat" patterns - the "Western Salt". Adherence to a "Reasonable" pattern was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases, and to a "Salt" and "Meat" patterns, on the contrary, with an increase. The associations obtained generally correspond to the results of similar foreign studies. A "Mixed" dietary pattern was associated with a few risk factors, which did not allow an unambiguous assessment of the pattern in terms of its impact on health. Conclusion . The study identified empirical dietary patterns of the Russian population and characterized them in terms of associations with the state of health of risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases., Competing Interests: The authors declare no overt and potential conflict of interest related to the publication of this article., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

Aim: To assess the association between stroke and self-reported sleep disorders in the epidemiological studies of cardiovascular diseases in various regions of Russia (ESSE-RF)., Material and Methods: A questionnaire survey included unorganized male and female population, aged 25 to 64 years, from 13 regions of the Russian Federation. In the analysis, answers to the question related to history of stroke: 'Did the doctor ever tell you that you had / had the following diseases?' (the 'Diseases' module) were included. The authors also evaluated answers about sleep duration, insomnia complaints, and sleepiness (the 'Sleep assessment' module)., Results and Conclusion: Of 20 357 respondents, 422 (2%) confirmed the history of stroke. Both short and long sleep duration were not associated with stroke. Complaints of sleep disorders (snoring, sleep apnea, difficulty falling and maintaining sleep, as well as their combinations) were more frequently correlated with stroke. After adjustment for gender, age, body mass index, office blood pressure, the regression analysis showed that odds ratio was not significant for all complaints, except the combination of sleep apnea with frequent daytime sleepiness (1.7 (95% CI 1.04-2.8) (p=0.034). Therefore, symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing and insomnia are more common in respondents with the history of stroke. The combination of sleep apnea and frequent sleepiness complaints may indicate more severe sleep disorders in post-stroke patients.

Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of AO in the population and to assess the association with socioeconomic factors according to the data of the ESSE-RF study (Epidemiology of Cardiovascular diseases in the Regions of the Russian Federation)., Materials and Methods: The object of the study is a random population sample of men and women aged 25-64 years from 13 regions of the Russian Federation (n=21 817). Abdominal obesity in men was defined as waist circumference (WC) >94 cm, and in women - WC >80 cm. Body mass index (BMI) >30.0 kg/m2 was adopted as the criterion of common obesity., Results: The prevalence of AO in Russia was 55% (61.8% in women and 44% in men), while the percent of people with obesity, defined by BMI was significantly lower (33.4%). The number of examined patients with AO increased with age among both men and women (p<0.0001). A person with AO more often were people with low and very low income and low education levels (p<0.0001). Direct association between employment status and family status and AO in present study did not find, but WC was statistically significantly important criterion among male workers in comparison with those who never worked (p<0.0001), young men and women married, as well as married men of older age groups (p<0.0001).

Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of increased arterial stiffness by different diagnostic methods and its association with cardiovascular risk in Russian population-based cohort., Design and Methods: In terms of Russian epidemiological study ESSE-RF a random selection of 452 apparently healthy Saint-Petersburg inhabitants aged 25-65 years was performed. Fasting lipids, glucose and blood pressure measurements were performed. We used 3 diagnostic methods of arterial stiffness assessment: pulse wave velocity by applanation tonometry (SphygmoCor - PWV-S) and pulse wave velocity by volumetric sphygmography (VaSera - PWV-V), and cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) by VaSera., Results: 341 (75,4%) had normal parameters of arterial stiffness assessed by all methods. Spearmen's coefficient of correlation and "kappa" coefficient for PWV-S and CAVI were 0,74 and 0,04, for PWV-S and PWV-V - 0,10 and 0,06, for CAVI and PWV-V - 0,28 and 0,03, respectively. There was a significant correlation between cardiovascular risk (defined by SCORE) and PWV-S (r = 0,38, p < 0,001) and a non-significant trend of increasing CAVI along with cardiovascular risk (r = 0,35, p = 0,14)., Conclusions: Different methods of arterial stiffness assessment showed a weak correlation with each other. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity detected by applanation tonometry is associated with high cardiovascular risk score and might be considered as better additional risk marker for cardiovascular risk stratification., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

We aimed to compare cardiovascular risk factors prevalence in Italy and Russia through cross-sectional database analysis. The study has been based on data from ESSE-RF and from baseline of PLIC study, two population-based epidemiological studies aimed to investigate prevalence of risk factors and evaluating contribution of traditional and new risk factors into morbidity and cardiovascular mortality. A total of 2203 patients with left and right intima-media thickness (IMT) measurements constituted the source population (1205 from PLIC study and 998 from ESSE-RF study). Sample of ESSE-RF study had slightly more diabetic and hypertensive individuals, while the percentage of subjects with high cholesterol value was lower than in the other sample (67.1% vs 79.9%). The median LDL-C value was higher among individuals not treated with statins in the PLIC sample (p < 0.001), while was comparable among subjects receiving statin therapy. On the other hand, the percentage of individuals with positive cardiovascular history was higher in ESSE-RF sample. This could also explain the higher mean IMT value (0.71 ± 0.17 vs 0.63 ± 0.13) in the whole sample, and among patients without past cardiovascular events (regardless of statin treatment), despite some differences in major risk factors. Despite Russian and Italian populations are culturally and geographically different, they are not so different based on characteristics analyzed., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: To assess the association of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components with target organ damage in a follow-up study of relatively healthy bank employers., Methods: Out of 1600 random samples of office workers in Saint Petersburg (Russia), a group of 383 participants with at least one component of MS and without cardiovascular complications was selected (mean age 46.6 ± 9.0 years, 214 females (64.6%)). Follow-up visit was performed in 331 subjects. Target organ damage (TOD) was assessed by echocardiography, carotid ultrasound, applanational tonometry, brachial-ankle index, and urine albumin excretion measurements. Anthropometry, vital signs, and biochemistry were performed according to standard protocols., Results: Presence of MS was not associated with higher probability of TOD. Multiple linear regression revealed significant association of all markers of TOD with older age. Hypertension was a significant predictor of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), increased arterial stiffness, and early signs of carotid atherosclerosis in logistic regression adjusted for age and gender. During follow-up, proportion of patients with LVH significantly decreased (from 46.7% to 32.9%, р = 0.003) and prevalence of patients with IMT > 0.09 сm increased (from 24.5% to 44.1%, p < 0.001) accompanying by significant declining of office blood pressure (BP) and total cholesterol., Conclusions: MS per se is not related to increased probability to TOD. Hypertension, female gender, and older age are main determinants of subclinical changes. After 2-years follow-up, significant LVH and renal damage regression was observed probably owing to BP reduction. Alternatively, early signs of carotid atherosclerosis increase with aging despite decreasing of the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia.

Aim: To estimate the prevalence of insomnia symptoms and their association with socio-demographic characteristics in the regions participated in the study., Material and Methods: Data from participants of the cohort study Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in various regions of the Russian Federation (ESSE-RF), aged 25-64 years, from 13 regions of the Russian Federation were analyzed. They were interviewed about sleep complaints: difficulties falling asleep, maintaining sleep, sleepiness and sleeping pill intake (response variants: never, less than once a week, 1-2 times a week, three and more times a week). Responses with complaints occurring at least three times a week were considered as insomnia symptoms. Social and demographics characteristics from survey included: age, gender, education, marital status, job/employment, type of housing. The final analysis included 20 359 respondents., Results: Clinically significant frequent (≥3 times a week) difficulties of falling asleep were reported by 17.2% respondents, difficulties in maintaining sleep by 13.6%; drowsiness by 6.3%, taking sleeping pills by 2.9% respondents. Women reported sleep complaints twice more after comared to men. The occurrence of frequent difficulties to falling asleep and nocturnal awakenings increased with age - from 11.4% and 5.9% to 24.2% and 20.7%. The highest occurrence of insomnia symptoms to such as difficulties in falling asleep and nocturnal awakenings was found in women, older age groups, divorced subjects or living separately, those with primary education, retired or disabled and living in a communal apartment or 'other' type of housing., Conclusion: Symptoms of insomnia are widespread among participants of the ESSE-RF study and associated with socio-demographic characteristics. Groups with high risk of insomnia include women, older age groups, divorced or living separately, those with primary education, unemployed pensioners and people with disabilities living in a communal apartment or 'other' type of housing.

Aim: to study associations between elevated blood plasma concentration of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), risk factors and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in samples of adult population of Russian Federation (RF) aged 25-64 years., Materials and Methods: We analyzed data of examination of representative samples of population of 5 regions of RF obtained within the framework of the multicenter ESSE-RF study (2012-2013). Number of examined subjects was 8 077 (3 176 men). Methods included use of standard questionnaire, measurements of height, body mass, blood pressure (BP), and plasma NT-proBNP level. The following CVD were included into analysis: arterial hypertension (AH), ischemic heart disease (IHD), atrial fibrillation (AF), and stroke., Results: Women compared to men had higher NT-proBNT concentration was higher in women compared to men, in both genders it rose with age. Overall 17.9 % of examinees had elevated NT-proBNT levels (14.2 and 20.3 % among men and women, respectively). Elevated NTproBNP level was associated in men with age, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, ischemic ECG changes, left ventricular hypertrophy, AF, bradycardia, smoking, in women with age, IHD, ischemic ECG changes, AF, bradycardia, heart rate ≥80 bpm, BP ≥160/95 mm Hg., Conclusion: In studied RF population elevated NT-proBNP level was significantly associated with gender, age, smoking, and CVD.

Objective: To assess the incidence and predictors of heart rhythm and conduction disturbances in hypertensive obese patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)., Methods: This is an open, cohort, prospective study. Out of 493 screened patients, we selected 279 hypertensive, obese individuals without severe concomitant diseases: 75 patients without sleep-disordered breathing (non-SDB group), and 204 patients with OSA (OSA group). At baseline, all patients underwent examination, including ECG, Holter ECG monitoring, and sleep study. During follow-up (on 3, 5, 7 and 10 th years; phone calls once per 6 months), information about new events, changes in therapy and life style was collected, diagnostic procedures were performed. As the endpoints, we registered significant heart rhythm and conduction disorders as following: atrial fibrillation (AF), ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular block (AV) 2-3 degree, sinoatrial block, significant sinus pauses (> 2000 ms), and the required pacemaker implantation., Results: The median follow-up was 108 (67.5-120) months. The frequency of heart rhythm disorders was higher in OSA patients (29 cases, χ 2 = 5.5; Р = 0.019) compared to the non-SDB patients (three cases; OR: 3.92, 95% CI: 1.16-13.29). AF was registered in 15 patients ( n = 12 in OSA group; Р = 0.77). Heart conduction disturbance developed in 16 patients, without an association with the rate of coronary artery disease onset. Regression analysis showed that only hypertension duration was an independent predictor of AF (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.16; Р = 0.001). In case of heart conduction disturbances, apnea duration was the strongest predictor ( Р = 0.002)., Conclusions: Hypertensive obese patients with OSA demonstrate 4-fold higher incidence of heart rhythm and conduction disturbances than subjects without SDB. Hypertension duration is an independent predictor for AF development, while sleep apnea/hypopnea duration is the main factor for heart conduction disorders onset in hypertensive obese patients with OSA.

Aim: to elucidate prevalence of phenotypes of metabolically heathy obesity (MHO) among inhabitants of Saint-Petersburg using various criteria and assess dependence levels of adipokines on obesity phenotype., Material and Methods: Within a framework of epidemiologic study ESSE-RF we formed a random sample of 1600 Saint-Petersburg inhabitants stratified according to gender and age. Examination of participants included anthropometry with measurement of waist circumference CRP and estimation of body mass index (BMI), measurement of arterial pressure, determination of fasting blood glucose, insulin (with calculation of index of insulin resistance -IIR), lipid spectrum, C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, leptin. In subjects with obesity (BMI more or equal 30 kg/m) we used Meigs and Wildman MHO criteria. To Wildman criteria we applied 3 variants of definition of elevated CRP and IIR: 90th percentile among subjects with BMI <25 kg/m (variant 1) or among all participants (variant 2), and (variant 3) definition from publication by E.Oliveros et al. (2014)., Results: Obesity (BMI more or equal 30 kg/m) was found in 430 participants. Numbers/rates of MHO according to the Wildman criteria were the following: variant 1 - 49/12% (among them 13/10% men and 36/14% women, =0.15); variant 2 - 85/22% (24/18% men, 61/23% women, =0.13); variant 3 - 59/15% (13/10% men, 46/18% women, =0.02). Portion of MHO according to Meigs criteria was 138/35% (among them 48/36% men, 90/35% women, =0.4). Significant differences in adipokines levels between subjects with MHO and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUHO) were revealed only among women. There was no difference in leptin level between subjects with MHO and MUHO irrespective of gender., Conclusion: Rate of MHO phenotype in a sample of inhabitants of Saint-Petersburg varied from 12 to 35% depending on criteria used. Gender differences in MHO rates were minimal and depended on selected criteria. Elevated adiponectin level among obese women could be presumably related to more favorable metabolic profile.

Background: Poor nutrition during the early stages of human development can lead to rare pathological conditions in adult life. The best-known and most severe historical cases of famine include the Dutch 'Hunger Winter,' the Finnish famine, the Chinese Great famine, and the siege of Leningrad. The siege of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) was one of the longest in history, lasting 872 days, from September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944. There were 670,000 registered deaths of the civil population, in which 97% died due to starvation. The aim of the present study is to create a collection of biospecimens from extensively phenotyped siege of Leningrad survivors, who underwent starvation during the early periods of their lives, and from a matched control group., Methods: A total 305 siege survivors and 51 age- and sex- matched control subjects were investigated in of an observational retroprospective cohort study in 2009-2011 at a baseline visit. After 3 years of follow-up, 252 siege survivors (182 females and 70 males; mean age 74.7 ± 2.6 years) and 45 controls (32 females and 13 males; mean age 75.5 ± 2.8 years) were examined. All siege survivors were exposed to the extreme dietary restriction and stress associated with the siege in their early childhood. All participants signed informed consent and were subject to questionnaires and physical examination, as well as various laboratory and instrumental tests. Anthropometry, blood measurement, cognitive and physiological testing, and vascular damage assessment were performed., Results: Blood specimens of the extensively phenotyped siege survivors were collected and processed (blood plasma, blood serum, and flash-frozen PBMC); serum and urine were used for laboratory tests., Conclusions: We believe that data obtained from this unique collection of biospecimens can elucidate the mechanisms of healthy aging and emphasize the importance of reproductive health, counseling, and monitoring among people with eating disorders.

Aim: The role of adipose tissue hormones, adipokines, in formation of metabolic disorders in schizophrenia is not fully understood. The aim was to investigate the association of leptin and adiponectin plasma levels with metabolic parameters in antipsychotic treated patients with schizophrenia and in the group of age, gender and body mass index matched mental healthy persons., Methods: One hundred patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia, who took antipsychotic medication, and equal number of control subjects, were enrolled for cross-sectional evaluation. Fasting blood plasma levels of glucose, lipids, insulin, adiponectin, leptin concentrations and insulin resistance HOMA index were determined., Results: In both groups plasma leptin concentration positively correlated with body mass index, insulin plasma level and HOMA index, while adiponectin level had negative correlations with adiposity measures and positive associations with high density lipoprotein cholesterol content. At the same time, in schizophrenia group, but not in control subjects, leptin level positively associated with cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations and adiponectin negatively correlated with plasma insulin content, HOMA index and triglycerides levels. After controlling for confounders significant correlations remained for leptin concentration with HOMA index and plasma triglycerides level in schizophrenic patients and for adiponectin concentration with plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in both studied groups., Conclusions: Both adipokines associate with metabolic parameters in antipsychotic treated patients with schizophrenia. Leptin can play more specific role in pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenic persons than in mental healthy subjects., (Copyright © 2015 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: In developed countries there are significant gender differences in lifetime expectancy that can be explained by behavioral risk factors (RF)., Objective: The aim of our study was to estimate gender features of behavioral RF in general population of Saint-Petersburg, Russia., Methods: As a part of all-Russian epidemiology survey ESSE-RF a random sampling of 1600 Saint-Petersburg inhabitants (25-64 y.o.) stratified by age and sex was performed. All participants filled in the questionnaire. Anthropometry (weight, height, body-mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and fasting blood-tests (lipids, glucose by Abbott Architect 8000 (USA)) were performed., Results: There were examined 573 (36%) men and 1027 (64%) women. No gender differences in obesity were found according to BMI criteria--in 178 (31.2%) women and 352 (35.1%) men. Obesity was more often detected in females according to WC criteria: ATPIII--44.1 vs 30.3%; IDF 51.2 vs 66.4% (p < 0.001 for both). Linear regression analysis was performed and age was associated with BMI--1.6 kg/m2/decade, WC in women--5.2 cm/decade and WC in men--2.8 cm/decade, p < 0.001 for all anthropometric parameters. Optimal level of physical activity was equally documented in both genders--540 (61.2%) women and 286 (58.9%) men. Daily intake of sweets was lower in men--228 (39.8%) vs 539 (52.5%) in women (p < 0.001). 810 (50.6%) of trial subjects were non-smokers, 395 (24.7%) were former smokers, and 395 (24.7%) were smokers at the moment of trial. The higher number of female smokers was observed--194 (19.1%)., Conclusion: A high prevalence of obesity is observed in sample of Saint-Petersburg inhabitants--it is higher among women according to WC criteria regardless of menopause, possibly due to bigger sweets consumption. Males smoke more often and consume less fresh fruits and vegetables which is accompanied by a higher prevalence of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia.

Aim: To study the prevalence of anxiety and depression by psychometric methods (the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in different regions of the Russian Federation (RF), which are characterized by various climatic, geographic, economic, and demographic indicators., Subjects and Methods: The investigation used the data of the multicenter epidemiological survey of cardiovascular diseases in different regions of the Russian Federation--the ESSE-RF study. The subjects of the study were representative samples from unorganized male and female populations aged 25-64 years from 10 RF regions. The survey included a total 16,877 people (6244 men and 10,623 women). All the examinees were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. An analysis involved their gender, age, education level, place and region of residence, and income and morbidity level. The HADS validated in Russia was used to rate the level of anxiety/depression., Results: The total prevalence of higher anxiety and depression averaged 46.3 and 25.6%, respectively. Respondents with clinical anxiety/depression constituted more than one third of those who had a higher level of these conditions. In the examined population, the moderate level of anxiety/depression was 7.5 ± 0.06 and 5.1 ± 0.04, respectively. The population of Volgograd, Samara, Saint Petersburg, and Tomsk had the similar values of the moderate level of anxiety/depression (p > 0.05). The lowest level of anxiety/ depression (p < 0.0001) was seen in the dwellers of Tyumen (5.9 ± 0.1 and 3.4 ± 0.1, respectively) and the highest in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (NOA) (8.4 ± 0.1 and 6.8 ± 0.1, respectively). These regions showed the lowest and highest prevalence of higher anxiety (22% in Tyumen and 59.8% in the Republic of NOA (p < 0.0001)., Conclusion: All the 10 selected RF regions differing in demographic, economic, climatic, and geographical parameters are characterized by a high level of anxiety that remains statistically significant after adjusting for gender and age, so are parameters, such as income and morbidity levels are present in only 4 of the 10 regions.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components according to different criteria in the population of bank employees in St. Petersburg, Russia., Methods: A total of 1,600 office workers were screened at their working places from the Sberbank state bank in St. Petersburg. All subjects were interviewed by a special questionnaire that included personal data, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and medical history. Anthropometry measurements, vital signs, and fasting blood samples were obtained. Serum lipids and plasma glucose were measured., Results: In all, 1,561 responders were included in the final analysis. Hypertension (HTN) was observed in 35.2% of subjects (64% in males and 25.4% in females), abdominal obesity (AO) according to Internation Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria in 45.6% (51.5% in males and 44.0% in females), high triglyceride levels in 28.4%, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in 23.9%, and elevated fasting glucose over 5.6 mmol/L in 28.4% of subjects. AO associated with HTN was observed in 24.3%. Metabolic syndrome according to IDF criteria was diagnosed in 21.5% (17.9% in females and 34.6% in males, P<0.01), and according to Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) (2005) criteria in 18.8% of subjects (16.2% in females and 28.4% in males, P<0.01). The correlation between criteria was ρ(S)=0.79. Low physical activity, smoking, and alcohol abuse were associated with metabolic syndrome., Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome and its distinct components were very prevalent in Russian bank office workers. AO was most prevalent component for females with metabolic syndrome, whereas HTN was most prevalent for males. Coexistence of HTN and AO was the most frequent coupling of metabolic syndrome components. Unhealthy lifestyle characterized the selected group and was associated with metabolic syndrome, especially low physical activity.