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The research is devoted to the defense of doctoral dissertations during the period of their legislative abolition – from 1918 to 1934. The authors focused on the question of the reasons for the preservation of protection rituals in new conditions, the peculiarities of their organization, the reasons for the gradual return to official practices of awarding degrees and, finally, the most important differences between the defense procedures of the 1930s and pre-revolutionary. The source base consisted of archival materials of a number of Soviet universities and academic institutions, as well as various egodocuments of representatives of the academic community and periodicals, which allowed reconstructing the protection procedure during the period under review. In addition, legislative sources regulating the procedure for preparation Soviet scientific personnel and, in particular, awarding academic degrees were actively involved. As a result, it is concluded that it may be more about the external similarity of the system of pre-revolutionary and Soviet protections. The awarding of degrees still played the role of an incentive for a scientific career, but a significant part of the powers associated with its regulation was withdrawn from the scientific community. The process of “pre-defense”, where the main decisions on the fate of the dissertation were still made, ceased to be exclusively a corporate matter of the professorial board. In addition, ideological control over the content of the dissertation research appeared. Another important difference was that the dissertation, in essence, became closed to the public, and the dispute largely lost the features of the theatrical performance that the university corporation gave to society in the previous period. As a result, the awarding of degrees turned from a corporate ritual that protected the academic autonomy of the scientific community in the pre-revolutionary period into a means of controlling it and an instrument of state policy. At the same time, this transformation was not complete, it was hindered by the very nature of science as a social practice, impossible in a situation of complete lack of autonomy.

This article situates itself within two rapidly evolving historiographical fields: the history of universities and the study of historical memory. It investigates the practices surrounding the celebration of anniversaries and milestones at Petrograd (Leningrad) University during the early Soviet period. Utilizing a range of sources, including press materials, ego-documents, and administrative records related to the preparation for these anniversary celebrations—specifically those in 1919, 1929, 1939, and 1944—the study reveals how the scenarios and nature of these commemorative events evolved under the influence of state memory policies. Over time, these anniversaries transformed into yet another celebration on the “red calendar” for faculty and students alike. The article also explores how the university leveraged these jubilee festivities for corporate purposes. The authors conclude that university administrators and faculty successfully used these anniversaries as opportunities to draw governmental attention to pressing issues facing higher education. Furthermore, the paper addresses the impact of jubilee traditions on the historiography of the university itself, demonstrating that by the late 1930s and early 1940s, a new “Soviet” perspective on the history of Saint Petersburg (Petrograd, Leningrad) University emerged during these celebrations, laying the groundwork for future research in this area.

The relevance of the study of the level of implementation of electronic document management systems by Russian companies and the definition of resource constraints for the implementation of these systems is due to modern conditions characterized by significant restrictions on the activities of Russian business, including in the field of business process informatization. The research method uses the analysis of state statistics data on the provision of Russian enterprises with software and personnel in the IT field. The results of the study showed that the key resource limitations of the introduction of electronic document management systems are the need to compensate the costs of issuing EDS for all types of organizations, high costs of purchasing ready-made solutions for small and medium-sized businesses, the need to provide Internet access and purchase special equipment and expand the staff of IT specialists.

The article presents the possibilities of radiation methods in the diagnosis of spinal echinococcosis based on publications and our own clinical observation. An electronic literature search was conducted using PubMed/ MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, ResearchGate databases; the review included case reports, retrospective studies, and literature reviews published from 1991 to 2023. A clinical case of a patient with spinal echinococcosis was described showing that for this disease, a comprehensive radiation examination using radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides the necessary information. MRI is the most informative method, since it gives excellent visualization of spinal canal structures and allows detecting a number of spinal echinococcosis characteristic manifestations.

Introduction. The low purity of combing flax seed balls with flax harvesters is a problem for the technological operation when harvesting fibre flax. The analysis of the comb designs of the combing units made it possible to identify the main disadvantages that do not fully meet the agrotechnical requirements for harvesting fiber flax. An innovative design of a removable comb for single-rotor drum-type harvesters is proposed. Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at determining the purity of combing the standing fiber flax stems using a single-rotor comb-dresser with removable combs. Materials and Methods. There has been made an experimental setup to simulate the process of combing standing fiber flax plants with combs of a single-rotor comb dresser. During the period from 2018–2023, the design parameters and operating modes of the combing unit were investigated and justified. There has been developed a technique for conducting a multifactorial experiment to determine the purity of combing fiber flax using a combing drum-type unit with removable combs. Results. The results of laboratory studies on the separating flax balls from the standing fiber flax stems by removable combs are presented to determine the combing quality. It has been found that the purity of combing fiber flax plants is up to 99.2%. Discussion and Conclusion. When studying the technological process of combing Nadezhda standing fiber flax plants the with single-rotor drum removable combs, the physico-mechanical properties of the flax stems were studied in laboratory conditions, the optimal operating modes of the combing drum were determined, which ensure the purity of the stems above 98% that meets the agrotechnical requirements for flax combines.

Abstract The H1 Collaboration reports the first measurement of the 1-jettiness event shape observable $$\tau _1^b$$ τ 1 b in neutral-current deep-inelastic electron-proton scattering (DIS). The observable $$\tau _1^b$$ τ 1 b is equivalent to a thrust observable defined in the Breit frame. The data sample was collected at the HERA ep collider in the years 2003–2007 with center-of-mass energy of $$\sqrt{s}=319\,\textrm{GeV} $$ s = 319 GeV , corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 351.1 $$\textrm{pb}^{-1}$$ pb - 1 . Triple differential cross sections are provided as a function of $$\tau _1^b$$ τ 1 b , event virtuality $$Q^{2}$$ Q 2 , and inelasticity y, in the kinematic region $$Q^{2} >150\,\textrm{GeV}^2 $$ Q 2 > 150 GeV 2 . Single differential cross sections are provided as a function of $$\tau _1^b$$ τ 1 b in a limited kinematic range. Double differential cross sections are measured, in contrast, integrated over $$\tau _1^b$$ τ 1 b and represent the inclusive neutral-current DIS cross section measured as a function of $$Q^{2}$$ Q 2 and y. The data are compared to a variety of predictions and include long-standing and more recent Monte Carlo event generators, predictions in fixed-order perturbative QCD where calculations up to $$\mathcal {O}(\alpha _\textrm{s} ^3)$$ O ( α s 3 ) are available for $$\tau _1^b$$ τ 1 b or inclusive DIS, and resummed predictions at next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy matched to fixed order predictions at $$\mathcal {O}(\alpha _\textrm{s} ^2)$$ O ( α s 2 ) . These comparisons reveal sensitivity of the 1-jettiness observable to QCD parton shower and resummation effects, as well as the modeling of hadronization and fragmentation. Within their range of validity, the fixed-order predictions provide a good description of the data. Monte Carlo event generators are predictive over the full measured range and hence their underlying models and parameters can be constrained by comparing to the presented data.

Introduction. Metastasis without an identified primary lesion is an unresolved and complex problem in clinical oncology. The issue of the necessity of primary lesion identification remains controversial. According to some studies, detection of the primary tumor potentially reduces the dose of radiation therapy and therefore prevents development of toxic reactions that reduce the quality of life of the patient, and in some cases completely eliminates the need for adjuvant therapy. Widespread development and application of robotic, microsurgical, and laser transoral techniques make it possible to verify latent oropharyngeal cancer. The detection of overexpression of p16 protein in metastatic affected lymph nodes may indicate the association of this pathology with human papillomavirus.Aim. To investigate the efficacy of microsurgical palatal tonsillectomy (using a surgical microscope) in diagnosis and treatment of occult oropharyngeal cancer in patients with cervical lymph node metastases of undetected primary site, determine the frequency of expression of the surrogate marker of human papillomavirus – protein p16.Materials and methods. The study was based on the results of diagnosing 82 patients with cervical lymph node metastases of undetected primary site. The inclusion criteria were morphologically verified cervical lymph node metastases of squamous cell carcinoma, absence of a primary tumour after a standard clinical examination. 10 patients underwent palatal tonsillectomy using a surgical microscope and cervical lymph node dissection based on the results of clinical examination and instrumental diagnostics.Results. The use of microsurgical palatal tonsillectomy in patients with metastases of squamous cell carcinoma in the cervical lymph nodes without identified primary lesion allowed to diagnose cancer of the palatine tonsil in 12.1 % of cases, cancer of this location associated with human papilloma virus in 70 % of cases.Conclusion. Microsurgical palatal tonsillectomy using a surgical microscope allowed us to not only verify occult palatine tonsil cancer, but also to establish accurate diagnosis and stage of the disease with subsequent determination of the scope of adjuvant therapy.

Introduction. In some cases of differentiated thyroid cancer expansion into the main vessels and adjacent organs, surgical intervention is impossible. Not many cases of successful use of targeted therapy as neoadjuvant regimen to treat nonresectable differentiated thyroid cancer were reported, but this approach can be an option in management of such patients.Aim. To analyze clinical experience of using lenvatinib as neoadjuvant therapy in patients with primary nonresectable differentiated thyroid cancer.Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of treatment of 7 patients with primary nonresectable differentiated thyroid cancer with lenvatinib as neoadjuvant therapy at Chelyabinsk Regional Clinical Center for Oncology and Nuclear medicine between 2021 and 2023 was performed.Results. Treatment response was evaluated in 4 (71.4 %) patients. In 2 (50 %) patients, partial response was observed, in 2 - stable disease. Radical surgical intervention became possible in 2 patients. The other 2 patients could not undergo surgery: in 1 patients time to progression was 17.8 months, therapy was changed to the 2nd line drug cabozantinib; 1 female patient with best response (partial) currently continues lenvatinib treatment, tumor is nonresectable, duration of drug administration is 8.9 months.Conclusion. Our experience of using lenvatinib in patients with nonresectable differentiated thyroid cancer shows that this therapy can be successfully used as neoadjuvant treatment in this patient group.

Classically, the refractive index of a medium is due to a response on said medium from an electromagnetic field. It has been shown that a single two-level atom interacting with a single photon undergoes dispersion. The following extends that analyses to a three-level system interacting with two photons. Analysis of the system is completed both numerically for all photonic field modes, and analytically for an adiabatic solution of a single field mode. The findings are not only interesting for understanding additional physical phenomena due to the increased complexity of a three-level, two-photon system, but are also necessary for advancing applications such as quantum communications, quantum computation, and quantum information.

This study explores the issue of obtaining academic degrees in prerevolutionary Russia, a process that was an integral part of scientific initiation, allowing individuals to enter the ranks of the country’s intellectual elite. The aim of this paper is to determine the interplay between socio-political, corporate, and scientific elements in shaping the discourse of academic disputation. The analysis presented herein draws upon data primarily concerning Saint Petersburg University, which was a leading center for Russian scholarly activity. Specifically, this research utilizes unpublished materials from the minutes of the University Council meetings, journals of public assemblies of various faculties, and archives managed by the Saint Petersburg educational district, containing information on planned disputes. The authors conclude that there were eight formal obstacles a candidate had to overcome in the pursuit of a degree. The key hurdle was access to the public defense, which was a closed affair, being an internal corporate matter that excluded not only the degree candidate but also external authorities and society at large. The public defense of a thesis served more as a socially significant rite of corporate initiation, demonstrating the public importance of the corporation.

This paper investigates the utilization of an oscillatory-type working body for the stripping process within the primary fiber flax processing line. It also introduces the equation governing the movement of this working body, thereby enabling the determination of the fundamental geometric parameters of the mechanism. (Research purpose) To develop the technology for fiber flax stripping at a flax mill using the proposed comb-type device, and to examine the parameters and modes of its functionality. (Materials and methods) A testing model was designed for a stripping machine, enabling an exploration of the flax combing process within the factory. The limitations of the parameters under investigation were identified. Furthermore, a theoretical model was formulated to calculate the performance of the stripper. (Results and discussion) The operation kinematic mode, stripping cleanliness, and seed losses during the stripping process are determined through theoretical analysis. It is discovered that the quality of stripping is influenced by the thickness of the flax ribbon. Specifically, an increase in the flax straw's thickness results in the clogging of the stripping device, subsequently leading to the formation of tangles and entanglements on the working body. On the other hand, insufficient thickness of the flax ribbon leads to significant damage to the stems. The limits for the thickness of the flax ribbon are established considering both the potential minimum and maximum yields: the lower limit being 0.01 meters and the upper limit set at 0.05 meters. The application of the factory's stripping technology is expected to ensure a 10 percent reduction in seed losses and an additional 6 percent reduction in production costs. (Conclusions) Theoretical justification for the parameters and operational modes of the stripper in the flax processing line, along with its design, is provided. The feed speed of the flax ribbon is configured to range between 1.0 and 1.5 meters per second, while the rotation frequency of the working body varies from 2.2 to 3.0 revolutions per second.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant disease. The use of neoadjuvant drug therapy increases the likelihood of achieving a complete pathomorphological response (pCR), leads to an increase in resectability and ablation; helps to determine the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemopreventive agents, thereby improving the patient’s prognosis. Since pathomorphological assessment occurs aſter surgery, it is necessary to develop methods for non-invasive response assessment for timely correction of the volume of treatment. One such method is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Assessment of the obtained images using texture analysis allows to increase the accuracy of the method both in the control of neoadjuvant treatment and in the assessment of the response to neoadjuvant therapy during preoperative planning.This article provides an analysis of the literature data on the potential to improve the prognostic value of breast MRI in assessing the complete pathomorphological response to neoadjuvant drug treatment of breast cancer using texture analysis of data.

The technology of flax harvesting depends on input impacts, including: flax harvester qualitative characteristics; working body parameters; indicators of working conditions; intervening variables reflecting the dynamic properties of the working bodies and the dynamics of the flax flow input. (Research purpose) To establish patterns and the degree of correlation between the qualitative operation indicators (pulling and deseeding quality, flax line stretching); design parameters; machine dynamic properties and harvesting conditions (height and density of flax stem, field surface, thickness and unevenness of flax straw, etc.). (Materials and methods) Based on system analysis, mathematical models of the technological process of flax harvesting were developed. Information models were introduced for examining the main flax harvesters. (Results and discussion) The paper shows that the most typical indicators of the flax harvester working conditions are the flax stem height l(t), centimeters; the seed pod area a(t), centimeters; and field surface roughness z(t), centimeters. It is found that the quality of operation is determined by the deseeding quality, percentages; the flax straw stretching, times; the location of its apical and root parts, centimeters. The estimated indicators are as follows: the pulling height h(t), centimeters, the vibrations of the combine in the longitudinal-vertical plane Q(t), degrees, the location of the apical part of the flax flaw in front of the stripper. (Conclusions) A hydraulic device was developed to adjust the pulling height from 10 to 40 centimeters, depending on the flax stem. An important reserve for increasing the deseeding quality is the change in the width of the deseeding zone of the Vk harvester, centimeters. For this purpose, a mechanism was created for moving the deseeder against the clamping conveyor, depending on the flax stem height l(t), centimeters.

Despite improvements in healthcare technologies, massive postpartum haemorrhage is still the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Delayed and poor-quality obstetric care can result in irreversible consequences. Well-timed assessment of blood loss, effective management of the peripartum period, and participation of multidisciplinary teams are essential to provide a specialized care. This review presents the evidence-based management of patients with the development of obstetric haemorrhage. The article presents existing contradictions in the methods of diagnosis and treatment as well as new advances in this field of medicine which require continuation of research in this direction.

Introduction. During fiber-flax harvesting, the working tools of pulling units actively interact with the flax plants. The flax pulling unit with transverse tape-disc pulling channels is characterized by the separation of technological plant flows resulting in the loss of seeds and damage to the flax stems. The aim of the work is the theoretical and experimental substantiation of changes in the design of the pulling units with transverse tape-disc pulling channels by eliminating the separation of technological plant flows during flax pulling. Materials and Methods. Experimental studies to substantiate the parameters and modes of the pulling unit operation were carried out according to available and newly developed methodologies, while the evaluation of flax products was carried out according to current GOSTs (Russian National standards). There was determined the influence of the flax ripeness stages, flax yield, and a type of pulling unit on the indicators of separation of technological plant flows and on seed losses. The influence of the pulling unit type, operating width of the pulling section, and the pulling unit speed on the indicators of processing flax straw was also established. Results. There was obtained the dependence for determining the flax stem base elongation, taking into account the seed boll cohesion. The design of the modernized flax pulling unit was used to assess the effect of reducing the flax stem base elongation and eliminating the separation of technological plant flows during pulling on the reduction of seed loss and increase in the yield of flax longs. In the improved flax harvester, the frame elements are positioned behind the pulling unit. Thanks to the modernization of the pulling unit, the flax straw was of higher quality: 1.5 numbers at THLN-1.9M and 1.25 numbers at THLN-1.9P. Discussion and Conclusion. The modernized pulling unit THLN-1,9M during flax harvesting in the stage of early yellow ripeness, compared with the unit THLN-1,9P, can reduce seed loss by 1.4-2.0%, increased output of long fiber by 1.3%. The production of flax longs increases to 0.45 of its number.

Introduction. Chronic liver diseases in children are accompanied by fibrocirrhotic transformation of the organ. Modern ultrasound diagnostic procedures offer a method that can differentiate between the fibrous and unchanged tissues. The paper includes the results of a study of liver stiffness in healthy children using shear wave elastography. The method presented in the article can come to an active use in the non-invasive detection of fibrosis as part of the integrated assessment of liver in pediatric practice. Aim. To study the stiffness of unchanged liver in children of different gender and age groups.Materials and methods. Shear wave elastography was performed in 200 healthy children aged 3 to 18 years (103 girls and 97 boys) using Aixplorer apparatus (Supersonic Imagine, France), in three age subgroups: a 3- to 6-year-old group (n = 103), a 7- to 11-year-old group (n = 52), and a 12- to 18-year-old group (n = 45). The measurements were taken in different segments of the right lobe of the liver, in the area free from the vascular structures, fixing the zone of scanning at the depth of 3-5 cm from the capsule. Not less than 10 measurements were made, which enabled to calculate the mean value of liver elasticity.Results. The study identified the liver stiffness measurement normal range in a group of healthy children. Significant differences in liver stiffness were obtained by comparing the values of 3- to 6- year-old and 7- to 11-year-old groups (P = 0.001); 3- to 6-year-old and 12- to 18-year-old groups (P = 0.001); there were no statistically significant differences in the stiffness values depending on gender (P = 0.345).Conclusions. Young modulus values obtained may be used as normative. The use of shear wave elastography enhances the accuracy of the conventional ultrasound examination in identifying patients with liver disease.

A rare case of jejunal lipoma complicated by intestinal intussusception in a 71-year-old man is presented. Abdominal computed tomography revealed intestinal intussusception caused by the jejunal wall lipoma, allowed to timely make a diagnosis and perform surgical treatment.

The jejunal diverticulosis is rare and accounts for approximately 0.5–1 % of the general population. Diagnosis of the pathology is difficult even in the presence of symptomatic complications (perforation, abscess, peritonitis, sepsis, intestinal obstruction and bleeding), therefore, it is often overlooked or delayed, which requires high awareness and vigilance of physicians. Emergency surgical interventions are performed due to the lack of clear clinical symptoms and reliable radiological data in an average of 25 % of patients with complications of diverticulosis. In the presented case, multislice computed tomography (MSCT) with intravenous contrasting revealed multiple diverticula of the jejunum with reactively altered walls, infiltration of the adjacent cellular tissue and small gas inclusions, indicating diverticulum microperforation. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed which confirmed the jejunum bleeding, and was followed by laparotomy which confirmed multiple jejunal diverticula with microperforation and bleeding. Thus, timely MSCT in combination with EGD allowed to avoid complications of jejunal diverticulitis.

The article discusses the significance of (bi-imperfective) aspect triplets in the aspect systems of Slavic languages, concerning both their status in the contemporary stages and their significance in the evolution of these systems. From either of these perspectives, the determination of aspect triplets crucially hinges on the role assigned to Natural Perfectives, i.e. perfective stems whose prefixes show some semantic overlap with meaning components of unprefixed (i.e. simplex) imperfective stems. Another crucial point to be accounted for is whether secondary imperfectives (IPFV2), i.e. stems derived with suffixes from prefixed perfective stems, really oust imperfective simplex stems (IPFV1) in their lexical relation to Natural Perfectives. A closer look at diachronic facts shows that this need not be the case; in fact, it has often not been the case, and a triplet relation between two imperfective stems and a perfective stem (with the latter serving as semantic and morphological pivot) is by no means deemed to be instable. These general points provide the background for the presentation of a comprehensive database of potential aspect triplets in Polish, Czech and Russian from 1750 to 2020. This database provides a tool necessary for the study of aspect triplets from a diachronic perspective, i.e. with an account of their dynamics. Apart from methodological issues connected to the creation of such a database, the article also gives insights into possible ways of how the database may open the door for in-depth studies. The database can also be used as an expanded list of Natural Perfectives in Czech, Polish, and Russian since 1750, as well as a starting point for investigations of near synonyms (also in applications for language learners). In general, aspect triplets constitute a rather heterogeneous class. This corresponds to intricacies which, to a large extent, repeat those known from debates about aspect pairs and which show aspect triplets to be a gradable concept (just as are aspect pairs). Heterogeneity, and gradability, is caused by the degree at which IPFV1 and IPFV2 stems tend toward complementary functions of imperfective stems and, jointly with this, whether both stems show an identical range of polysemy and valency patterns. Moreover, IPFV1 stems may differ as for the number of triplets they enter into, which, in turn, depends on their meaning range. Other factors relevant for a subclassification of aspect triplets are related to (i) their "age" and provenance (based on inherited Slavic roots vs borrowings, time of borrowing), and, in this connection, (ii) attestation rates of triplets over time, which are the best available proxy for the persistence of aspect triplets. Moreover, one may consider (iii) comparative token frequencies of the imperfective stems in a triplet and (iv) the productivity of particular prefixes, together with suffixes. The mentioned parameters have been changing, and a closer view at the dynamics of aspect triplets discloses insights into hitherto less prominent properties of the architecture of the whole aspect system in Slavic languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classically, the refractive index of a medium is due to a response on said medium from an electromagnetic field. It has been shown that a single two-level atom interacting with a single photon undergoes dispersion. The following extends that analyses to a three-level system interacting with two photons. Analysis of the system is completed both numerically for all photonic field modes, and analytically for an adiabatic solution of a single field mode. The findings are not only interesting for understanding additional physical phenomena due to the increased complexity of a three-level, two-photon system, but are also necessary for advancing applications such as quantum communications, quantum computation, and quantum information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]