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Introduction: In this study, we evaluated the effects of surface modifications of miniscrew implants (MSIs) and force application on bone surrounding MSIs. Methods: Seven skeletally mature male foxhound dogs were followed for 9 weeks; a randomized split-mouth design was used to compare 21 MSIs with sandblasted, large-grit, and acid-etched (SLA) surfaces and 21 identical machine-surfaced MSIs. MSIs immediately loaded with 200-g nickel-titanium coil springs were compared with unloaded MSIs. Bone volume to total volume ratios of cortical and noncortical bone regions were measured at 6 to 24 μm and 24 to 42 μm from the entire MSI surface using microcomputed tomography with an isotropic resolution of 6 μm. Results: Clinical success of SLA-surfaced MSIs was 100%, compared with 85.7% for machine-surfaced MSIs. There was significantly (P <0.05) more bone at the coronal aspects of the SLA-surfaced than the machine-surfaced MSIs; the SLA-surfaced MSIs also showed significantly greater decreases in bone between their most coronal and apical aspects. MSIs that were loaded demonstrated significantly (P <0.05) greater decreases in surrounding bone than unloaded MSIs. The amount of bone within 6 to 24 μm of the MSIs was significantly less than that within 24 to 42 μm. Mean placement torque was higher for the SLA-surfaced (42 Ncm) than the machine-surfaced (39 Ncm) MSIs, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: SLA surface treatment and loadings have significant effects on bone surrounding the MSIs; this might be related to higher success rates and greater secondary stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim was to review the role of adjuvant therapies that may potentially contribute toward the management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD)., Methods: The addressed focused question was, "Are there any adjuvant therapies that may contribute toward the management of TMD?". Indexed databases were searched up to June 2021. The eligibility criteria were the following: (a) original clinical studies and (b) randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs)., Results: Adjuvant therapies were comprised of acupuncture, manual therapy, jaw exercises, dietary modifications, botulinum toxin therapy, and photobiomodulation. Short-term follow-up results from each of these RCTs showed beneficial effects in terms of pain reduction and improvements in jaw movement among patients with TMD. There are no long-term follow-up results in this regard., Conclusion: The most effective adjunct treatment for managing TMD remains unknown, primarily due to a lack of sufficient scientific evidence.

The objective of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effectiveness of clear aligner therapy (CAT) for the treatment of anterior open bite (AOB) in adults. The focused question was "Is CAT effective for the management of AOB in adults?". Databases were searched without time and language barriers up to and including August 2024 based on pre-specified eligibility criteria. Risk of Bias (RoB) assessment was performed using the Risk-of-Bias-In-Non-randomised-Studies-of-Intervention (ROBINS-I) tool. Meta-analyses were conducted using a random effects model (REM) for change in AOB and cephalometric measurements with an evaluation of the mean difference (MD) and/or standardised mean difference (SMD). The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was used to assess the quality of evidence. Publication bias was assessed using Funnel plots and Egger's regression test. There were 14 studies included in the qualitative assessment and 12 in the meta-analysis. The RoB was moderate in 13 studies and low in one. The meta-analysis showed significant AOB correction with CAT [(MD) = 2.76 mm, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.23-3.28] due to maxillary and mandibular incisor extrusion (MD = 0.85 mm, CI: 0.43-1.26 and MD = 0.86 mm, CI: 0.29-1.44, respectively). There were no significant changes identified for maxillary and mandibular molar intrusion or changes in the mandibular plane angle (MPA). The level of confidence was high for AOB correction, incisor extrusion, and molar intrusion and low for MPA. CAT leads to a significant correction of AOB of approximately 2.76 mm, which can be mainly attributed to incisor extrusion., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S.)

Objective: The aim was to assess adult patients' weight changes during the initial phase of orthodontic treatment (OT) with clear aligner therapy (CAT) versus fixed bracket systems (FBS)., Methods: This pilot prospective cohort study included systemically-healthy adults who were treated with CAT or FBS. Participants with eating disorders and/or undergoing dietary programs were excluded. Weight was assessed using a calibrated digital scale at the start of OT (T1), 6-8 weeks (T2), and 12-16 weeks (T3) after starting OT. A questionnaire was used to record demographic variables, diet and exercise habits, self-reported compliance and discomfort during OT, and use of analgesics. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess the association between treatment type (FBS versus CT) and time-period (T1, T2, T3) on participants' weight while adjusting for baseline covariates such as age, gender, height, and weight., Results: Forty-two participants (CAT group: 22 and FBS group: 20) were analysed. In the CAT group, there was a slight initial mean weight gain of 0.2 Kg (~ 0.4 pounds) (T2-T1), and 0.8 Kg (~ 1.7 pounds) overall mean weight loss between T1 and T3. For the FBS group, there was a slight initial weight loss of 0.3 Kg (~ 0.7 pounds) (T2-T1) and no overall change between T1 and T3. Treatment type (CAT versus FBS) was not significantly associated with weight changes during the initial phase of OT., Conclusions: There were no significant differences in the weight changes during the initial phase of OT with CAT compared with FBS., Clinical Relevance: Clear aligner therapy should not be advertised as a weight loss strategy., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This article explores the various challenges systemic conditions can pose before and during orthodontic treatment. Cardiovascular conditions like infective endocarditis require antibiotic prophylaxis before certain orthodontic procedures are started. Patients with bleeding disorders require special considerations in regards to viral infection risk and maintenance of excellent atraumatic oral hygiene. Orthodontists play an important role in early identification of signs and symptoms of eating disorders and should deal with these patients sensitively. Congenital disorders, craniofacial anomalies, and nutritional deficiencies require special considerations and should be addressed appropriately before orthodontic treatment is started., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This article explores the intersection of various systemic conditions with orthodontic treatment. Renal diseases, including chronic kidney disease and renal transplant, present challenges such as delayed tooth eruption and gingival overgrowth, necessitating careful orthodontic planning and collaboration with physicians. Liver diseases, particularly hepatitis, heighten the risk of periodontal disease and mandate strict infection control measures during orthodontic procedures. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome poses challenges related to collagen fragility, rapid tooth movement, and orthodontic relapse. Autoimmune diseases like diabetes mellitus and juvenile idiopathic arthritis require tailored orthodontic approaches considering oral complications and joint involvement., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) has updated its clinical examination process to remove barriers to the case-based examination and to distinguish board-certified orthodontists from uncertified dental practitioners who provide orthodontic care. In 2017, the ABO took the bold step of adopting a new clinical examination format (a scenario-based examination), thereby, addressing the challenges that were inherent in the former case-based examination format. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic forced the scenario-based clinical examination scheduled for July 2020 to be canceled. This caused the ABO to regroup and adapt the scenario-based clinical examination to a format that could be administered worldwide in a testing center environment, eliminating the need to travel to St Louis, Missouri. The ABO-written examination remained unaltered. Since the scenario-based format was adopted, 63% of the AAO members are now board-certified, and the trend is upward. In support of our mission to elevate the quality of orthodontics through certification, education, and professional collaboration, the ABO is responsible for certifying orthodontists in a fair, reliable, and valid manner. This requires continuous evaluation and review of our certification process to ensure that our examination reliably evaluates the ability of orthodontists to provide the highest level of patient care., (Copyright © 2024 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) in treatment planning and outcome prediction in orthognathic treatment (OGT) has not been systematically reviewed., Objectives: To determine the accuracy of AI in treatment planning and soft tissue outcome prediction in OGT., Design: Systematic review., Data Sources: Unrestricted search of indexed databases and reference lists of included studies., Data Selection: Clinical studies that addressed the focused question 'Is AI useful for treatment planning and soft tissue outcome prediction in OGT?' were included., Data Extraction: Study screening, selection and data extraction were performed independently by two authors. The risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's RoB and ROBINS-I tools for randomised and non-randomised clinical studies, respectively., Data Synthesis: Eight clinical studies (seven retrospective cohort studies and one randomised controlled study) were included. Four studies assessed the role of AI for treatment decision making; and four studies assessed the accuracy of AI in soft tissue outcome prediction after OGT. In four studies, the level of agreement between AI and non-AI decision making was found to be clinically acceptable (at least 90%). In four studies, it was shown that AI can be used for soft tissue outcome prediction after OGT; however, predictions were not clinically acceptable for the lip and chin areas. All studies had a low to moderate RoB., Limitations: Due to high methodological inconsistencies among the included studies, it was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis and reporting biases assessment., Conclusion: AI can be a useful aid to traditional treatment planning by facilitating clinical treatment decision making and providing a visualisation tool for soft tissue outcome prediction in OGT., Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022366864., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objectives: To compare orthodontic treatment (OT) outcome in adolescents undergoing nonextraction fixed OT with or without bonding of second molars using the score of the American Board of Orthodontics Cast Radiograph Evaluation (C-R-Eval)., Materials and Methods: This study included healthy adolescents with skeletal Class I or mild Class II/Class III malocclusion, normal or deep overbite (OB), and mild-to-moderate dental crowding (<5 mm) who underwent nonextraction fixed OT with ("bonded" group) or without ("not-bonded" group) bonding of second molars. Patient treatment records, pre- and posttreatment digital models, lateral cephalograms, and orthopantomograms were assessed. The evaluated outcomes included leveling of the curve of Spee (COS), OB, control of incisor mandibular plane angle (IMPA), number of emergency visits (related to poking wires and/or bracket failure of the terminal molar tubes), treatment duration, and C-R-Eval. Treatment variables were compared across time points and among groups., Results: The sample included 30 patients (mean age 16.07 ± 1.80 years) in the bonded group and 32 patients (mean age 15.69 ± 1.86 years) in the not-bonded group. The mean overall C-R-Eval score was significantly higher (P < .001) in the not-bonded group (25.25 ± 3.98) than in the bonded group (17.70 ± 2.97). There were no significant differences in mean changes of COS, OB, IMPA, or treatment duration among groups. The mean number of emergency visits was significantly higher in the bonded (3.3 ± 0.6) than the not-bonded group (1.9 ± 0.4) (P < .001)., Conclusions: Bonding of second molars enhances the outcome of nonextraction fixed OT as demonstrated by the C-R-Eval without increasing treatment duration, irrespective of more emergency visits., (© 2024 by The EH Angle Education and Research Foundation, Inc.)

The aim of this evidence-based review was to assess the antinociceptive efficacy of shamanic healing (SH) for management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The addressed focused question was "Is SH effective for the management of TMD?" Indexed databases were searched without time and language restrictions up to and including January 2023 using the following keywords: "disc displacement disorders"; "healing"; "inflammation"; "pain"; "shamanic"; "therapy"; "temporomandibular joint"; "temporomandibular disorders" and "temporomandibular joint disorders". Clinical studies were considered eligible for inclusion. Editorials, case-reports, case-series and commentaries were excluded. Literature search was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis. Pattern of this evidence-based review was customized to summarize the pertinent information. In the present review, three studies were included and processed for data extraction. All participants were females with a mean age of 38.3 ± 8.3 years (range 25-55 years). Self-rated pain was assessed before application of SH (baseline) and after 9 months of follow-up. In one study, SH significantly reduced self-rated TMD pain scores (P < 0.001) at 9-months' follow-up interview. In all studies patients reported that management of TMD via SH helped improve their quality of life. In one study patients perceived improvements in sleep, energy levels, digestion, and back pain at follow-up. In another study patients reported that they felt "calmer" and "at peace" at follow-up interview. The possible contribution of SH for managing pain among TMD patients warrants additional research. There is a dire need for well-designed and power-adjusted randomized clinical trials with adequate groups and long-term follow-up., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

As a specialty board, the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) serves to protect the public and the orthodontic specialty by certifying orthodontists. The demonstration of commitment to lifelong learning and self-improvement is critical to achieving the highest level of patient care. The ABO completed a practice analysis study in 2023 to ensure all examinations represent current assessments of proficiency in orthodontics at a level of quality that satisfies professional expectations. The practice analysis is essential to providing a demonstrable relationship between the examination content and orthodontic practice and provides a critical foundation for ABO's examination programs., (Copyright © 2024 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The objective was to systematically review studies that evaluated the effect of charcoal-based dentifrices (CbDs) and conventional whitening toothpastes (CWTs) on the color stability (CS) and/or surface roughness (SR) of composite resin (CR). The question we focused on was "Do CbD and CWT affect the CS and/or SR of CR?" Indexed databases were searched without language and time restrictions up to and including May 2023 using different keywords. Original experimental studies were included. The risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for In Vitro Studies. Ten in vitro studies performed on CR were included. The number of CR samples assessed ranged between 18 and 200. In one study, CbDs altered the CS and SR of CR, whereas another study showed no difference in changes in the SR and CS of CR when CbDs were compared with CWTs. One study showed that compared with CWTs, CbDs caused changes in the CS of CR but changes in SR were similar between the two dentifrices. One study showed that CbDs and CWTs improved the overall color and enhanced the SR of CR. Three studies had a high RoB, five had a medium RoB, and two had a low RoB. Compared to CWTs, CbDs appeared to affect the CS of CR, but the SR of CR induced by both dentifrices remained consistent. Further well-designed and power-adjusted studies are needed.

Bullying and misconduct in the realm of scientific and scholarly publishing have the potential to jeopardize the transparency and integrity of academic discourse. While misconduct issues among authors have been extensively discussed, the role of editors in perpetuating or mitigating such problems has garnered less attention. Scientific publishing serves as the gateway for disseminating innovative research findings globally, and the role of editors, especially Editor/s-in-chief, is pivotal in safeguarding the rigor and credibility of published research. Editor bullying and misconduct involve behaviors that undermine the scientific process, compromise research integrity, and harm the careers and wellbeing of individuals. These actions may manifest as biased decision-making, suppression of dissenting voices, or the exploitation of power dynamics in the peer review process. To address these issues, preventive and therapeutic approaches are suggested, including enhancing awareness, recognizing and mitigating exacerbating factors, and upholding professionalism. Moreover, the importance of a conflict-of-interest declaration for editors is highlighted to ensure transparency and integrity in the editorial process. The present mini-review aims to shed light on editor bullying, illuminating its gravity and the urgency to address these issues within the academic publishing domain/s. This review underscores the more subtle, yet equally significant, issue of professional misconduct in the editorial realm of scientific journals., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Javed, Michelogiannakis and Rossouw.)

This literature review explored the antinociceptive and therapeutic effects of probiotic therapy (PT) in the treatment of arthritic conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Indexed databases were searched without time and language restrictions up to and including February 2023, to identify studies addressing the question: "Is PT effective for the management of TMJ arthritis?" The following keywords were used in different combinations with Boolean operators: arthritis, osteoarthritis, pain, probiotic, rheumatoid, temporomandibular disorders, and temporomandibular joint. Original clinical and experimental studies assessing the therapeutic efficacy of PT in the management of osteoarthritis were eligible for inclusion. Letters to the editor, reviews, commentaries, perspectives, and expert opinions were not sought. The structure of the current review was tailored to encapsulate relevant information. A total of 297 relevant studies were identified during the initial literature search, and the full text and reference lists of these studies were scrutinized. To date, the potential role of PT in managing osteoarthritis of the TMJ region remains uninvestigated. No clinical trials in the indexed literature have assessed the efficacy of PT in managing TMJ arthritis; however, this finding does not preclude a potential role of probiotics as antinociceptive and therapeutic agents in susceptible populations., (© 2024 The Authors.)

There is a controversy over the influence of psychostimulant medications on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) among children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD). The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the influence of psychostimulant medications on BMD and BMC among children with ADHD. A comprehensive search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library, was conducted to identify relevant studies published up until July 2023. Clinical studies that addressed the focused question "Do psychostimulant medications affect bone mineral density and content in children with ADHD?" were included. Letters to the Editor, studies on animal-models, ex-vivo and in-vitro studies, commentaries and reviews were excluded. The primary outcome measures were changes in BMD and BMC. Study quality was assessed using the risk of bias for non-randomized studies-exposure tool. Five non-randomized clinical studies were included. The number of participants ranged from 18 to 6489 with mean ages ranging from 7.3 to 13.75 years. The study durations ranged between five and seven years. In all studies osseous evaluation was done using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The bone locations examined included total body, lumbar-spine, femur, femoral-neck, femoral body, and pelvis. Two studies reported that psychostimulant medications reduce BMC and BMD. In one study, bone turnover, serum leptin and fat levels were reduced in children using psychostimulant medications but no unusual reduction recorded among controls. In general, 80 % of the studies concluded that psychostimulant medications compromise BMC and BMD. Power analysis was done in one study. One study had a low RoB and the remaining demonstrated some concerns. Given the methodological concerns observed in the included studies, arriving at a definitive conclusion regarding the effects of psychostimulant medications on BMC, BMD, and bone turnover in children with ADHD is challenging. However, it is important to acknowledge that an association between psychostimulant medications and these bone-related parameters cannot be disregarded., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict/s of interest related to the present study., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Tele-orthodontics is an important medium to use for diagnosis and treatment planning and to refer patients for specific treatment when deemed necessary. The effectiveness of the Tele-orthodontics Education Model serves to improve resident's knowledge, confidence, and skills in delivering tele-orthodontic patient care. The purpose of this educational single-arm pre-test-post-test interventional study was to assess and educate orthodontic residents (6 year-one, and 6 year-two) to appropriately use tele-orthodontics., Methods: The Tele-orthodontics Education Model utilizes three learning modules, a questionnaire before and after the training to assess participant knowledge, confidence and skills levels, three online multiple-choice questionnaires, three explanatory videos and an in-person simulation session. The Blackboard Learning Management System (virtual learning platform) facilitates access to the various modules of the program. Within each learning module, a participant's knowledge level was determined by utilizing five multiple-choice questions before and after each module. The various modules were introduced to the participants and then evaluated by reviewing the participant's responses to the multiple-choice questions., Results: Twelve orthodontic residents completed the model in one session. Everyone fully completed the questionnaire. Post-test results showed higher mean scores for all questions addresses knowledge, the mean confidence, and skills score for post-test showed no change when compared to pre-test., Conclusions: This education model was effective in improving basic knowledge in tele-orthodontics among first, and second-year orthodontic residents. We hypothesize that the residents are more informed and prepared for future tele-orthodontic practices.

Objective: To compare the effect of chewing sugar-free gum towards alleviating self-reported orthodontic treatment (OT) pain compared with conventional analgesic drugs (CADs)., Search Sources: An unrestricted search of indexed databases and manual searching was performed up to September 2021., Data Selection: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the impact of chewing gum and CADs on relieving self-reported orthodontic pain were included., Data Extraction: Data screening, extraction and risk of bias (RoB) assessment were performed by two authors. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. The quality of available evidence was assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach., Results: Nine RCTs were included. Eight RCTs used the Visual Analogue Scale for self-reported pain assessment, while one RCT used the Numeric Rating Scale. Five RCTs had a high RoB and four RCTs had a moderate RoB. Power analysis for sample size estimation was performed in six RCTs. Separate meta-analyses were performed by pooling quantitative data from five RCTs that compared self-reported orthodontic pain between chewing gum and ibuprofen groups for the following timepoints: baseline; immediately; 2 hours; 6 hours; bedtime; 24 hours; 2 days; 3 days; 5 days; and 7 days after the placement of orthodontic appliances. None of the timepoints individually indicated a difference in self-reported pain scores between chewing sugar-free gum and ibuprofen groups. The overall level of evidence was very low., Conclusion: Chewing sugar-free gum is a potentially useful alternative to CADs towards pain alleviation during fixed OT.

The aim of this systematic review was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded to human teeth with and without enamel fluorosis (EF) using conventional bonding interventions/techniques. An unrestricted search of indexed databases was performed with the following eligibility criteria: (a) human fluorotic teeth (experimental-group); (b) human teeth without fluorosis (control-group); (c) studies using phosphoric acid (PA) etching without air abrasion (AA), PA etching combined with AA, and application of self-etching primer (SEP) alone as bonding interventions/techniques and (d) measuring SBS in megapascals (MPa). Data screening, selection and extraction were performed by two reviewers. The risk of bias (rob) was assessed using the JBI Critical appraisal tool for Quasi-Experimental Studies. Meta-analyses were performed using a random effects model. The quality of available evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Ten in vitro studies were included. Subgroup analyses were performed for each intervention type. The SBS was significantly lower in fluorotic teeth when PA was used without AA (mean difference = 3.26 MPa, confidence interval: [1.00, 5.52]); and there were no significant differences for the PA combined with AA and SEP interventions. All studies had a low rob. The overall level of evidence was at best low. The SBS is lower in teeth with EF when traditional PA is used. No significant differences were found in SBS between teeth with and without EF when PA is used with AA or when SEP is used alone., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Over the past several decades, the science of restorative/reconstructive dentistry and orthodontics has evolved tremendously, following sound principles passed down from robust literature and scientific rationale. These principles have been solid and instrumental in enhancing dentistry, from a single tooth restoration to complex full-mouth rehabilitations. However, it must be noted that some of the principles and philosophies followed over these decades have been questioned based on the advances in science, technology, and evidence-based medicine. The scenario became complex when clinicians were faced with the question of guidance for optimum joint and muscle health as related to restorative dentistry and orthodontics., Competing Interests: Disclosure D.C. Thomas, D. Briss, P.E. Rossouw, and S. Iyer have no commercial or financial conflicts of interest. No funding was received for this article., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: This study aimed to identify the vertical radiographic changes in nongrowing patients after treatment of anterior open bites (AOBs) using mini-implant assisted intrusion and to provide a predictive model to quantify the achievable intrusion., Methods: This retrospective radiographic study evaluated the dentoskeletal changes in adults using orthodontic mini-implants in 53 treated patients with AOB. Radiographs before and after posterior intrusion were utilized to evaluate the associated changes. Conventional cephalometric analyses provided data for assessment. A paired t test was used to identify significant changes. A regression model (best subsets selection algorithm) was generated to quantify the relationship between mini-implant-assisted intrusion and the resultant change in overbite. A matched, untreated control sample was used for comparison., Results: One hundred percent of AOBs were corrected using mini-implant-assisted intrusion of the maxillary molars. The overbite increased by an average of 3.6 mm. The average amount of maxillary first molar intrusion was 2.67 mm. The mandibular first molar moved an average of 1.93 mm closer to the palatal plane because of an average clockwise mandibular rotation of 0.78°. The occlusal plane steepened by an average of 3.95°. If all other inputs are held constant, 1 mm of intrusion of the maxillary first molar results in a 0.86 mm increase in overbite., Conclusions: Mini-implant-assisted intrusion successfully treated AOB in adults with significant dentoalveolar but no significant skeletal changes. An average of 2.67 mm of intrusion of the maxillary first molars is achievable with this method showing that 1 mm of intrusion of the maxillary first molar increased overbite by 0.86 mm. Longer periods of intrusion resulted in greater amounts of bite closure., (Copyright © 2022 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The primary aim was to evaluate dentoalveolar expansion with Invisalign clear aligners comparing linear measurements in ClinCheck vs. cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). This would enable an assessment of to what extent expansion gained from Invisalign clear aligners was due to buccal tipping and/or bodily translation of the posterior teeth. The study also evaluated the predictive value of Invisalign ClinCheck ® (Align Technology, San Jose, CA, USA) to final outcomes., Methods: The orthodontic records of thirty-two (32) subjects comprised the sample to conduct this study. Linear values of the upper arch width were measured for premolars and molars at two different points (occlusal and gingival) utilized for ClinCheck ® measurements and three different points for CBCT measurements before (T 0 and after treatment (T 1 ). Paired T-tests at a significance level of 0.05 were used for analyses., Results: Expansion was found to be possible with Invisalign clear aligners. However, more expansion was measured at the cusp tips compared to gingival margins ( p < 0.0001), indicating more tipping was occurring than bodily translation. ClinCheck ® also showed a significant overestimation of the amount of expansion capable, with nearly 70% expression in the first premolar area, and the expression decreased as one moved posteriorly with only 35% expressed at the first molar area ( p < 0.0001)., Conclusions: Dentoalveolar expansion with Invisalign is achieved through buccal tipping of posterior teeth and bodily translation; and there is a significant overestimation of the amount of expansion achieved between ClinCheck ® and clinical results.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the association between nonextraction clear aligner therapy (CAT) and the presence of alveolar bone dehiscences (ABDs) and fenestrations (ABFs) in adults with mild-to-moderate crowding., Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images from 29 adults were obtained before and immediately after nonextraction CAT. Total root lengths were evaluated in axial and cross-sectional slices. Linear measurement for dehiscence (LM-D) was defined as the distance between the alveolar crest to the cementoenamel junction of each root (critical point set at 2 mm). Linear measurement for fenestration (LM-F) was recorded when the defect involved only the apical one-third of a root (critical point set at 2.2 mm). Counts of ABDs/ABFs and magnitudes of LM-Ds/LM-Fs were recorded before and immediately after nonextraction CAT at buccal and lingual root surfaces. Binary logistic regression analyses and repeated measures analyses of variance were performed., Results: Counts of ABDs/ABFs and magnitudes of LM-Ds/LM-Fs increased at most jaw locations and root surfaces. Nonextraction CAT was associated with an increased presence of ABDs and ABFs. Nonextraction CAT was associated with a higher magnitude of LM-Ds but not LM-Fs., Conclusions: Immediate posttreatment cone-beam computed tomography scans showed that nonextraction CAT is associated with increased ABDs and ABFs in adults with mild-to-moderate crowding., (Copyright © 2022 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the effect of testosterone on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) nociception., Design: A systematic review of pertinent indexed literature was performed. The focused question addressed was "Is there a connection between testosterone and TMJ nociception?" Original studies were included. In-vitro and ex-vivo studies, case-reports/series, letters to the Editor and commentaries were not sought. Indexed databases were searched without time and language restrictions up to and including September 2021 using different free text key words: testosterone OR "male sex hormones" OR "gonadal hormones" AND "temporomandibular joint" OR "temporomandibular dysfunction" AND nociception AND males. The literature search was performed in accordance with the preferred reporting outcomes of systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines. The risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) tool., Results: Out of the 406 studies identified, seven studies on animal-models were included. All studies were performed in rats with age and weight ranging between 21 and 90 days and 200-300 g, respectively. Testosterone was administered in concentrations ranging between 1 and 10 mg/Kg. Results from all studies showed that testosterone administration in gonadectomized male rats reduces induced TMJ nociception. The RoB was high in 3 and unclear in 4 studies., Conclusion: Testosterone offers protection against TMJ nociception in male rats; however, from a clinical perspective, potential contribution of testosterone therapy towards the management of TMD remains indeterminate., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim was to systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the effectiveness of curcumin in reducing self-rated pain levels in the orofacial region (OFR). The addressed focused question was "Is curcumin effective in reducing self-rated pain levels in the OFR?". Indexed databases (PubMed (National Library of Medicine), Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE (OVID), and Web of Science) were searched up to and including February 2022 using different keywords. The inclusion criteria were (a) original studies (RCTs) in indexed databases; and (b) studies assessing the role of curcumin in the management of pain in the OFR. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The pattern of the present systematic review was customized to primarily summarize the pertinent information. Nineteen RCTs were included. Results from 79% of the studies reported that curcumin exhibits analgesic properties and is effective in reducing self-rated pain associated with the OFR. Three studies had a low risk of bias, while nine and seven studies had a moderate and high risk of bias, respectively. Curcumin can be used as an alternative to conventional therapies in alleviating pain in the OFR. However, due to the limitations and risk of bias in the aforementioned studies, more high-quality RCTs are needed.

Background and Objective: The review aims to fill the gap in literature by comparing the efficacy of herbal and chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes towards oral hygiene maintenance (OHM) in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment (OT)., Methods: Indexed databases were searched electronically to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for data gathering. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020182497). Risk of bias assessment, quality of evidence investigation and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate reported OHM-related parameters at time points before and after the use of chlorhexidine (control group) and herbal mouthwashes (intervention group). With 95% confidence intervals, mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to estimate effect size., Results: Out of eight RCTs, results from one RCT favoured chlorhexidine and the results from a second RCT favoured herbal mouthwashes. Results from three RCTs showed comparable effects for the respective investigated OHM-related parameters. Chlorhexidine demonstrated higher antimicrobial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in two studies, and one RCT found comparable antimicrobial efficacies. Risk of bias was low in two studies, and moderate and high in two studies each. Quality of evidence was very low to moderate for the respective investigated parameters. Sub-group analysis for parameters colony forming units (CFU) {SMD (0.40) [95% CI (-0.22, 1.03)], gingival index (GI) {MD (0.06) [95% CI (-0.08, 0.20)]}, plaque index (PI) {SMD 0.22 [95% CI (-0.23, 0.67)]} before the use of chlorhexidine and herbal mouthwashes remained inconclusive., Conclusion: The comparison between efficacy of herbal and chlorhexidine towards OHM in patients undergoing fixed OT remains debatable., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: The influence of low-level-laser therapy (LLLT) on the stability of orthodontic mini-screw implants (MSIs) has not been systematically reviewed., Objectives: The aim was to assess the influence of LLLT on the stability of orthodontic MSIs., Methods: An unrestricted search of indexed databases was performed., Selection Criteria: Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) investigating the influence of LLLT on orthodontic MSI stability., Data Collection and Analysis: Two authors independently performed study retrieval and selection, and data extraction. The risk of bias (RoB) of individual studies was assessed using the Cochrane RoB Tool for RCTs. Meta-analyses were performed separately for RCTs using periotest and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) to measure MSI stability; and a random effects model was applied. Subgroup analyses were performed based on the time-points of MSI stability evaluation. The quality of available evidence was evaluated using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach., Results: Initially, 1332 articles were screened. Six RCTs with a split-mouth design were included. The periotest was used in 4 RCTs and 2 RCTs used RFA to measure MSI stability. All RCTs had a low RoB. Subgroup analyses based on periotest indicated that MSIs treated with LLLT had significantly higher stability than untreated MSIs at 21 and 30 days [weighted mean difference (MD) = -2.76, confidence interval (CI): [-4.17, -1.36], P-value = 0.0001) and at 60 days (weighted MD = -3.47, CI: [-4.58, -2.36], P < 0.00001); and the level of certainty was high. Subgroup analyses based on RFA showed higher stability of MSIs treated with than without LLLT at 56 and 60 days (standardized MD = 0.82, CI: [0.32, 1.32], P = 0.001), and at 70 and 90 days (standardized MD = 0.86, CI: [0.36, 1.36], P = 0.0007); and the level of certainty was moderate., Limitations: Due to limited number of relevant studies, it was not possible to perform sensitivity analysis, subgroup analyses for patient and intervention-related characteristics, and reporting biases assessment., Conclusions: The role of LLLT on the secondary stability of MSIs placed in patients undergoing OT remains debatable., Clinical Trial Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42021230291)., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: Experimental studies have shown that essential oil (EO)-based extracts derived from medicinal plants exhibit antinociceptive activity. The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the anti-nociceptive efficacy of EO-based extracts for the management of orofacial pain (OFP)., Materials and Methods: To address the focused question "Are EO-based formulations effective for the management of OFP disorders?", indexed databases were searched without time and language restrictions using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed., Results: Eight studies were included and processed for data extraction. Two studies were clinical (one in adults and one in children) and 6 were performed in rodents. Results from one clinical study showed that inhalation of EO-extracts does not affect subjective toothache scores; and results from the study on children reported that inhalation of lavender oil reduces anxiety and pain during and after tooth extraction. Results from all experimental studies showed that administration of EO-extracts reduces orofacial nociceptive behavior. The ROB was high in 50% and 83.3% of the clinical and experimental studies, respectively., Conclusions: The anti-nociceptive efficacy of EO-extracts for the management of OFP remains debatable. Further well-designed and power-adjusted randomized clinical trials are needed in this regard.

Essential oil (EO)-based mouthwashes have been used for oral health maintenance due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim was to review clinical trials that assessed the role of EO-based mouthwashes in controlling gingivitis in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment (OT). The Patients, Interventions, Control and Outcome (PICO) format was based on the following: (a) P: Patients undergoing fixed OT (b) Intervention: EO-based mouth-wash; Control: Mouthwashes that did not contain EOs or no mouthwash (d) Outcome: Control of gingivitis measured by clinical indices. Databases were searched manually and electronically up to and including May 2021 using different medical subject subheadings. Data screening and extraction were performed. The risk of bias within randomized controlled trials was assessed using the revised Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool (RoB 2). The Risk of Bias In Non-randomized Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool was used for non-randomized controlled trials. Disagreements related to literature search and RoB evaluations were resolved via discussion. Six clinical studies were included. Four studies showed that Listerine ® is effective in controlling gingivitis in patients undergoing fixed OT. One study reported that the use of 5% Fructus mume mouthwash resulted in a significant reduction in gingival bleeding. Two mouthwashes that contained 1% Matricaria chamomilla L. and 0.5% Zingiber officinale were also found to be efficient in controlling gingival bleeding. Four, one and one studies had a low, moderate and high RoB, respectively. In conclusion, EO-based mouthwashes seem to be effective for the management of gingivitis among patients undergoing fixed OT. Further well-designed and power-adjusted clinical trials are needed.

Purpose: This study aimed at assessing changes in condylar position (CP) in growing patients with unilateral posterior crossbite (UPC) undergoing rapid maxillary expansion (RME) followed by fixed orthodontic treatment (FOT) (experimental-group); and growing patients without posterior crossbite (PC) treated with FOT alone (control-group)., Methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained before treatment (T0), 6 months after RME (T1) and after FOT (T2) for the experimental-group (n = 19); and at T0 and T2 for the control-group (n = 22). Condylar position-related measurements including the anterior joint space (AJS), superior joint space (SJS), posterior joint space (PJS), lateral position of condyle (LC) and condylar angle (CA) were measured. Non-parametric tests were used., Results: On the crossbite side, significant increases were found in LC (P = 0.039) and CA (P = 0.007), and on the non-crossbite side significant increases were observed in SJS (P = 0.027) and LC (P = 0.001) between T0, T1 and T2 in patients with UPC. On the right and left sides in the control-group, significant increases were identified in LC (P < 0.001 and P = 0.012, respectively) between T0 and T2., Conclusions: In growing patients with UPC, RME followed by FOT is associated with significant changes in CP-related measurements., (© 2021. European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry.)

The role of thyroxine administration on orthodontically induced tooth movement and/or inflammatory root resorption remains unclear. The aim was to assess the influence of thyroxine administration on orthodontically induced tooth movement and/or inflammatory root resorption. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020164151). An electronic search of indexed databases was conducted without time or language restrictions up to and including May 2020. The following eligibility criteria were imposed: (a) original prospective controlled clinical studies and/or experimental studies on animal models; (b) subjects undergoing orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances; (c) presence of a control group [orthodontic tooth movement without thyroxine administration]; and (d) intervention: orthodontic tooth movement with thyroxine administration. Review articles, commentaries, letters to the editor, case reports/series, studies with no control group, cross-sectional studies, retrospective studies and studies where thyroxine was administered along with other interventions such as calcitonin and prostaglandins were excluded. Quality of available evidence and risk of bias within studies were assessed. Any disagreements were resolved via consensus discussions. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, 8 animal studies were included. Four studies reported that thyroxine administration increases the rate of orthodontic tooth movement; 3 studies did not show a significant difference. Three studies showed that thyroxine administration decreases orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption; 2 studies found no significant difference. The risk of bias among studies was high. In conclusion, the influence of thyroxine administration on orthodontic tooth movement and/or orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption in animal models remains unclear., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: The primary aim was to compare patients' and parents' orthodontic treatment expectations at the Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (UR) in the United States. Secondary aims were to assess the association between sociodemographic factors and UR participants' expectations; and compare participants' expectations between UR, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) and King's College Dental Hospital, London, United Kingdom (KC) (previously published data)., Methods: One hundred and forty participants [70 patients and one of their parents (n = 70)] completed a validated questionnaire (10 questions) to measure orthodontic treatment expectations before screening at the Orthodontic Department at UR. Various sociodemographic factors were assessed. The paired t test (for continuous responses) and the Fisher exact test (for categorical responses) were used to compare UR patients' and parents' responses. Two-sample t test and the Fisher exact test were used to compare participants' responses among sociodemographic groups. One-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test, and the Fisher exact test were used to compare participants' responses between UR, and ACTA and KC (data collected from previous publications). A multiplicity correction was performed to control the false discovery rate., Results: Patients at UR expected less check-up and diagnosis, and less discussion about treatment at the initial visit, more dietary restrictions, and less improvement in smile esthetics and social confidence with orthodontic treatment than parents. Participants' responses differed by sociodemographic factors at UR and between UR, ACTA, and KC., Conclusions: Expectations of orthodontic treatment differ between patients and their parents, are associated with sociodemographic factors, and vary among United States and European University centers., (Copyright © 2020 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim and Objective: This retrospective study aimed to assess changes in airway dimensions with non-extraction clear-aligner-therapy (NE-CAT) in adult patients with mild-to-moderate crowding., Materials and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomographic images were evaluated for 24 adults (16 females and 8 males) with mild-to-moderate crowding, and Class I or mild skeletal Class II malocclusion before and after NE-CAT. Cross-sectional and volumetric airway measurements were performed at the level of the nasal cavity, upper pharyngeal airway space (UAS), and lower pharyngeal airway space (LAS). The Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA), point A-nasion-point B (ANB) angle, and intermolar width were measured. A paired t- test was used to assess changes in airway measurements. Linear regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of the pharyngeal airway volume change at the levels of the UAS and LAS., Results: There was a significant decrease ( p = 0.004) in UAS mean volume (486.63± 752.73 mm 3 ), LAS mean volume ( p = 0.006), and cross-sectional airway area ( p = 0.022) (1536.92± 2512.02 mm 3 and 34.66± 69.35 mm 2 , respectively) with NE-CAT. The mean airway volume of the nasal cavity, mean cross-sectional airway areas of the nasal cavity and UAS, and mean minimum cross-sectional pharyngeal airway area did not change significantly with NE-CAT. Changes in pharyngeal airway volume were not significantly associated with patients' age, gender, treatment duration, pretreatment ANB angle, and changes in FMA and maxillary first intermolar width with NE-CAT., Conclusion: Significant changes in the pharyngeal airway dimensions of the UAS and LAS with NE-CAT in adult patients with mild-to-moderate crowding were identified., Clinical Significance: The results of the present study show that NE-CAT is not associated with an improvement in airway dimensions in adults with mild to moderate crowding.

Purpose: The aim was to evaluate the scope and potential ethical concerns related to the use of teledentistry in clinical orthodontics., Methods: Indexed databases were searched up to and including October 2020. The eligibility criteria were as follows: (a) original clinical studies, and (b) case reports/series. Historic reviews, commentaries, experimental studies, and letters to the editor, were excluded. The pattern of the present review was customized to summarize the relevant information., Results: A total of 4 clinical studies (out of 1016) were included in the present evidence-based review. Three studies reported that teledentistry is useful in clinical orthodontics. In 1 study, a clear conclusion could not be derived regarding the benefits of teledentistry in clinical orthodontics. Two out of 4 studies did not obtain prior approval from an Institutional Review Board or Ethical Committee. Three studies did not report any measures that were undertaken to safeguard the electronic transfer of patient-related health information., Conclusions: Teleorthodontics facilitates treatment planning/monitoring by sharing orthodontics-based patient records among oral healthcare providers; however, the importance of direct patient supervision and routine follow-ups during orthodontic therapy cannot be overlooked. Further studies are needed to establish ethical guidelines and a standard of care in this emerging field., (© 2020 American Dental Education Association.)

The aim was to assess the role of probiotics in oral health maintenance among patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy (OT). An unrestricted search of indexed databases was performed until April 2020 using the following Mesh-terms: (1) probiotic and (2) orthodontic. Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the influence of probiotic therapy (PT) towards oral health maintenance/improvement in patients undergoing fixed OT were included. Data screening, selection, and extraction were performed; and the risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. All evaluations were performed by 2 independent researchers; and disagreements were resolved via discussion. Nine RCTs were included. Eight studies reported that PT improves oral health in patients undergoing fixed OT. Seven studies showed that PT reduces the counts of oral pathogenic bacteria in the oral biofilm and/or saliva. One study reported that PT reduces halitosis in patients undergoing fixed OT. One study found that PT reduces the scores of plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI); and one study reported that PT has no significant influence on PI and GI in patients undergoing fixed OT. One study reported that PT does not prevent the formation of white spot lesions during fixed OT. Three and 6 studies had a moderate and low risk of bias, respectively. A power analysis was performed in 4 studies. In conclusion, probiotics exhibit antimicrobial activity against oral pathogenic bacteria; however, due to the limitations of the studies assessed, further well-designed RCTs are needed.

Objective: To compare dental and skeletal ages among African American (AA), Caucasian (C) and Hispanic (H) subjects (chronological ages 9 to 15-years)., Material and Methods: A total of 168 subjects (9 to 15 years old) were equally divided into AA, C, and H groups, with an equal number of males and females. Each group was divided equally into 7 chronological age-groups, ranging from 9 to 15 years. Dental age was determined from panoramic radiographs as primary, early mixed, late mixed, or permanent dentition (scored as 1-4). Skeletal age was calculated from hand-wrist radiographs using Fishman's Skeletal Maturation Index (SMI 1-11). One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test were used to compare skeletal and dental ages among AA, C and H subjects; and AA, C and H subjects in each chronological age-group. The two-sample t-test was used to compare SMI and dental age among females and males., Results: Skeletal and dental age were not significantly different between AA, C and H subjects. Mean SMI was higher in females than males; and there were no significant gender differences regarding dental age. Mean SMI and dental age were significantly different among AA, C and H subjects in the 12-year-old and 11-year-old age groups, respectively., Conclusions: Dental and skeletal maturation are fairly similar among AA, C and H subjects (aged 9 to 15 years)., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Orthodontic Science.)

Objectives: To assess the impact of increased body mass index (BMI) on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and related parameters in children and adolescents., Search Sources: A search of six electronic databases and manual searching were performed up to June 2019 without language and time restrictions., Data Selection: Eligibility criteria were as follows: (1) longitudinal controlled clinical studies; (2) children and adolescents undergoing orthodontic therapy (OT); (3) no systemic diseases; (4) experimental group: patients with increased BMI; and (5) control group: patients with normal BMI., Data Extraction: Screening, study selection and data extraction were performed; bias within studies was assessed using the Risk of Bias In Non-randomised Studies (ROBINS-I) tool., Results: Seven studies were included. One study showed that an increased BMI is associated with less wear-time of removable orthodontic appliances and one study found no significant association. One study showed that an increased BMI is associated with less cooperation during OT; however, not with the treatment results. One study reported higher pain experience during OT in adolescents with than without increased BMI. Two studies showed that increased BMI in adolescents is related to OTM, one with increased and one with decreased rates of OTM, respectively. One study reported an association between increased BMI and incidence of white spot lesions and gingivitis during OT. The ROBINS-I tool showed low to moderate risk of bias within studies., Conclusions: The influence of BMI on OTM and related parameters in children and adolescents remains debatable.

Objectives: To examine normal Overbite Depth Indicator (ODI) and Anteroposterior Dysplasia Indicator (APDI) values in African Americans and to compare them with mean values from white patients. Secondary aims were to compare mean ODI and APDI values among different age, gender, and combined age-gender groups in African American patients., Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 160 African American patients (97 boys and 63 girls; age, 7 to 14 years) with normal occlusion and no history of orthodontic treatment were collected from the Bolton-Brush Growth Center. Cephalometric images were hand traced, and ODI and APDI values were assessed. Two-sample t tests were used to compare mean ODI and APDI values between African American and white patients; and between male and female African American patients. One-way analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey test, was used to compare mean ODI and APDI values among different African American age and combined age-gender groups., Results: Mean ODI and APDI values were significantly lower ( P < .0001) in African American than white patients with normal occlusion and no history of orthodontic treatment. Mean ODI and APDI values increased with age in African American patients, and there were no significant gender differences., Conclusions: The mean ODI and APDI values in 7- to 14-year-old African Americans with normal occlusion and no history of orthodontic treatment were 70.9° and 78.1°, respectively, and were significantly lower than the mean values for white patients in the same age range.

Kniest dysplasia is a rare autosomal dominant chondrodysplasia that is characterized by distinct musculoskeletal and craniofacial irregularities. These craniofacial abnormalities include cleft palate, midface anomalies, tracheomalacia, and hearing loss. This article illustrates a case of Kniest dysplasia that presented for orthodontic treatment. The purpose of this literature review is to describe clinical manifestations, radiographic features, histopathological features, genetic mutation, and management of Kniest dysplasia.

Objective: The aim was to assess the influence of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on orthodontically-induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR)., Methods: A systematic search was conducted in indexed databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The eligibility criteria were as follows: (a) original clinical and animal/experimental studies; (b) prospective studies; (c) intervention: effect of LLLT on OIIRR; (d) control group (OIIRR without LLLT); (e) statistical analysis; and (f) tomographic or histologic assessment of OIIRR. Quality assessment of the experimental and clinical studies was performed following the Animal Research Reporting In-vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) and Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines, respectively. The risk of bias of the included studies was also determined., Results: Nine (7 experimental and 2 clinical) of the initially identified 39 studies were included. One clinical and 2 experimental studies showed that LLLT during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) significantly reduces OIIRR. One experimental study reported that LLLT during OTM in sockets treated with alloplastic materials significantly reduces OIIRR. One experimental study found that LLLT after OTM significantly repairs OIIRR, whereas one clinical study did not report a significant reparative affect. Three experimental studies showed that LLLT increases OIIRR during OTM, corticotomized-OTM, and OTM into grafted defects, respectively. The minimum, median and highest ARRIVE scores (out of 20) of the included experimental studies were 15, 17 and 19, respectively. The mean CONSORT score of the included clinical studies was 23 (out of 25)., Conclusions: In conclusion, the influence of LLLT on OIIRR remains debatable., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The aim of the present study was to comprehensively review indexed literature regarding the potential role of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in Orthodontics., Methods: Indexed databases were searched up to and including January 2019 using the following key words: (a) antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; (b) antimicrobial photodynamic chemotherapy; (c) orthodontic; and (d) orthodontics. Original (clinical and experimental) studies, case-reports, and case-series were included. Letters to the Editor, commentaries and review articles were excluded., Results: Out of the 29 studies identified in the initial search, 4 studies were processed for data extraction. Three studies were randomized clinical trials performed in humans and 1 study was experimental. Results from 2 studies showed that aPDT is effective in the treatment of gingival inflammation in patients undergoing orthodontic therapy (OT). One study showed that oral decontamination can be successfully performed using aPDT among patients undergoing OT. Results of the experimental study showed that aPDT helps in surface decontamination of orthodontic instruments., Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence in indexed literature to justify the potential role of aPDT in OT. Hence, further studies are required in this regard., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Dentofacial disharmony in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) can lead to low self-esteem and functional limitations. However, medical and behavioral challenges in patients with developmental disorders often prevent dental practitioners from offering the necessary treatment. This report describes the clinical interdisciplinary management of a 20-year-old man with CP, including orthodontic, periodontal, and orthognathic surgery therapy. The patient presented with the chief complaint of having difficulty chewing, was wheelchair dependent, had poor orofacial muscle control, and exhibited a Class III malocclusion with a skeletal anterior open bite. The lower midline was shifted 3 mm to the right, there was severe maxillary spacing, and the patient had gingival overgrowth. A combined orthodontic, periodontal, and orthognathic surgery treatment approach was chosen to meet the patient's interdisciplinary needs. Because of his physical limitations, it was necessary to avoid complicated and prolonged orthodontic treatment mechanics. Interdisciplinary therapy improved the patient's oral function, periodontal health, and facial esthetics and led to a good occlusion, which remained stable 1 year after treatment. Regardless of the treatment challenges, combined orthodontic and surgical therapy in the present patient with CP led to favorable treatment results and improved the patient's self-esteem, confidence in social interactions, and speaking and chewing abilities., (Copyright © 2018 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The aim was to assess the influence of corticosteroid therapy (CST) on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). A narrative review of studies performed in animal models. Indexed databases were searched up to and including May 2018 to address the following focused question: "Does CST affect OTM?" The following eligibility criteria were imposed: (a) original studies; (b) presence of a control group (OTM without CST); (c) intervention: effect of CST on OTM; and (d) statistical analysis. Quality assessment was performed using the Animal Research Reporting In Vivo Experiment (ARRIVE) guidelines. Case series, case reports, commentaries, historic reviews and letters to the Editor were excluded. Ten studies performed on animal models were included. The experimental duration ranged between 3 and 49 days. Two studies reported that CST decreases the magnitude of OTM, two studies showed no significant influence of CST on OTM, and two studies found that CST increases OTM. Two studies reported CST significantly decreases bone density and increases bone resorption during OTM. In one study, CST significantly decreased orthodontically induced root resorption. The minimum, median and highest scores (out of 20) based on ARRIVE guidelines were 7, 15.5 and 18, respectively. The influence of CST on OTM in animal models remains debatable., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: The objective of this systematic review was to assess the impact of nicotine administration on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM)., Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE (OVID) and Web of Knowledge databases and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Studies evaluating the influence of nicotine on OTM, and with the presence of a control group (OTM without nicotine administration), were included. Quality assessment of the selected studies was performed following the Animal Research Reporting in Vivo Experiment (ARRIVE) guidelines., Results: Six of the initially identified 108 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected. All included studies were performed in male rats, which underwent OTM with or without nicotine administration. Since there was a variation among the included studies regarding nicotine dosage and the duration and magnitude of force application during OTM only a qualitative analysis could be performed. The studies reported that nicotine administration accelerated OTM by inducing alveolar bone resorption around the moving teeth. It was also found that nicotine increased root resorption during experimental OTM. More standardized animal research or clinical studies are warranted to further evaluate the impact of nicotine on OTM., Conclusions: On an experimental level, nicotine exposure in rats jeopardizes OTM by increasing alveolar bone loss and root resorption. From a clinical perspective, further studies are needed to assess the impact of habitual use of tobacco products on OTM., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine the usefulness of panoramic radiographs in determining the labio-palatal position of maxillary impacted canines (MICs) and root resorption of permanent incisors on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in correlation with the mesiodistal position of MICs on panoramic radiographs., Materials and Methods: This retrospective radiographic study reviewed 64 patients with 86 MICs. Subjects were divided into two groups: group I (<15 years old) and group II (>15 years old). The mesiodistal position of the MICs' cusp tips was classified into five sectors on panoramic radiographs. The labio-palatal position of the MICs and root resorption of permanent incisors were evaluated on CBCT. The statistical correlation between panoramic radiograph and CBCT results was examined using the chi-square test and the Fisher exact test., Results: Most of the positions of MICs were palatal (67%), followed by labial (28%) and mid-alveolus (5%; P < .05). Labial positioned MICs on CBCT were more frequent in panoramic sector 1, mid-alveolus MICs were more common in sector 2, and palatally positioned MICs were more frequent in sectors 3, 4, and 5. The association between sectors of the MICs on panoramic images and the labio-palatal position of the MICs on CBCT was statistically significant ( P < .001). Root resorption of adjacent incisors showed a significant difference according to sector location ( P < .01) and was mainly found in sectors 4 and 5., Conclusions: This study showed that the labio-palatal position of MICs and resorption of permanent incisors might be predicted using sector location on panoramic radiographs.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the total volume and cross-sectional areas of the pharyngeal airway after bilateral condylar replacement and mandibular advancement surgery., Materials and Methods: A total of 137 patients (126 women and 11 men) underwent bilateral temporomandibular joint total joint replacement performed by 1 surgeon. A subsample of 30 patients who underwent condylar replacement and only mandibular advancement were evaluated for impact on the airway. Measurements were taken preoperatively, postoperatively, and at a follow-up 1 year after surgery on cone beam computed tomography scans. InVivoDental 3-dimensional imaging (Anatomage, San Jose, CA) was used to measure airway space regarding total volume (in cubic centimeters); minimum cross-sectional area (in square millimeters); minimum cross sections of the first, second, and third cervical vertebrae; and whether the patient had mandibular retrognathia before surgery. A second operator was used to test for interoperator error. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed, and the P value was set at .05., Results: There was a significant increase in all measurements at the follow-up visit compared with the preoperative visit. There were no significant differences between groups based on simultaneous Le Fort I surgery, mandibular retrognathia, and gender. However, there were statistically significant differences in cross sections 1 and 2, as well as minimum cross-sectional area, regarding age. Condylar replacement and mandibular advancement have a significant association with an increase in airway space. The intraclass correlation coefficient showed excellent agreement between interoperator measurements., Conclusions: Patients undergoing bilateral temporomandibular joint replacement and mandibular advancement surgery showed an increase in pharyngeal airway space at a 1-year follow-up. In this study, age was significantly associated with the cross-sectional areas of the airway, with older patients having smaller values., (Copyright © 2018 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)