Search

Indirect dark matter detection methods are used to observe the products of dark matter annihilations or decays originating from astrophysical objects where large amounts of dark matter are thought to accumulate. With neutrino telescopes, an excess of neutrinos is searched for in nearby dark matter reservoirs, such as the Sun and the Galactic Centre, which could potentially produce a sizeable flux of Standard Model particles. The KM3NeT infrastructure, currently under construction, comprises the ARCA and ORCA undersea \v{C}erenkov neutrino detectors located at two different sites in the Mediterranean Sea, offshore of Italy and France, respectively. The two detector configurations are optimised for the detection of neutrinos of different energies, enabling the search for dark matter particles with masses ranging from a few GeV/c$^2$ to hundreds of TeV/c$^2$. In this work, searches for dark matter annihilations in the Galactic Centre and the Sun with data samples taken with the first configurations of both detectors are presented. No significant excess over the expected background was found in either of the two analyses. Limits on the velocity-averaged self-annihilation cross section of dark matter particles are computed for five different primary annihilation channels in the Galactic Centre. For the Sun, limits on the spin-dependent and spin-independent scattering cross sections of dark matter with nucleons are given for three annihilation channels.

Let $E/F$ be a quadratic extension of totally real number fields. We show that the generalized Hirzebruch-Zagier cycles arising from the associated Hilbert modular varieties can be put in $p$-adic families. As an application, using the theory of base change, we give a geometric construction of the multivariable $p$-adic adjoint $L$-function twisted by the Hecke character of $E/F$, attached to Hida families of Hilbert modular forms over $F$., Comment: 55 pages, comments welcome

The KM3NeT Collaboration has tackled a common challenge faced by the astroparticle physics community, namely adapting the experiment-specific simulation software to work with the CORSIKA air shower simulation output. The proposed solution is an extension of the open-source code gSeaGen, allowing for the transport of muons generated by CORSIKA to a detector of any size at an arbitrary depth. The gSeaGen code was not only extended in terms of functionalities but also underwent a thorough redesign of the muon propagation routine, resulting in a more accurate and efficient simulation. This paper presents the capabilities of the new gSeaGen code as well as prospects for further developments., Comment: 27 pages, 13 figures

We compute the distribution of triplets of stationary points in the energy landscape of the spherical p-spin model, by evaluating the quenched three-point complexity by means of the Kac-Rice formalism. We show the occurrence of transitions in the organization of stationary points in the landscape, identifying regions where local minima and saddles accumulate and cluster around other stationary points, thus displaying the presence of correlations in the landscape. We discuss the implications of these findings for the dynamical exploration of the energy landscape in the activated regime, specifying conditions under which transitions between local minima are expected to exhibit correlated rates and when, conversely, activated jumps are likely to be memoryless.

We explore the indecomposable submodule structure of quantum Grassmann super-algebra $\Omega_q(m|n)$ and its truncated objects $\Omega_q(m|n,\textbf{r})$ in the case when $q=\varepsilon$ is an $\ell$-th root of unity. A net-like weave-lifting method is developed to show the indecomposability of all the homogeneous super subspaces $\Omega_q^{(s)}(m|n,\textbf{r})$ and $\Omega_q^{(s)}(m|n)$ as $\mathcal U_q(\mathfrak{gl}(m|n))$-modules by defining "energy grade" to depict their "$\ell$-adic" phenomenon. Their Loewy filtrations are described, the Loewy layers and dimensions are determined by combinatorial identities. The quantum super de Rham cochain short complex $(\mathcal D_q(m|n)^{(\bullet)},d^\bullet)$ is constructed and proved to be acyclic (Poincar\'e Lemma), where $\mathcal D_q(m|n)=\Omega_q(m|n)\otimes \sqcap_q(m|n)$ and $\sqcap_q(m|n)$ is the quantum exterior super-algebra, over which we define the $q$-differentials. %such that the product structure of $\sqcap_q(m|n)$, the quantum exterior super-algebra, is well-matched everywhere. However, the truncated quantum de Rham cochain subcomplexes $(\mathcal D_q(m|n,\textbf{r})^{(\bullet)},d^\bullet)$ we mainly consider are no longer acyclic and the resulting quantum super de Rham cohomologies $H^s_{DR}(\mathcal D_q(m|n, \mathbf r)^{(\bullet)})$ are highly nontrivial., Comment: 29 pages

Neutrinos described as an open quantum system may interact with the environment which introduces stochastic perturbations to their quantum phase. This mechanism leads to a loss of coherence along the propagation of the neutrino $-$ a phenomenon commonly referred to as decoherence $-$ and ultimately, to a modification of the oscillation probabilities. Fluctuations in space-time, as envisaged by various theories of quantum gravity, are a potential candidate for a decoherence-inducing environment. Consequently, the search for decoherence provides a rare opportunity to investigate quantum gravitational effects which are usually beyond the reach of current experiments. In this work, quantum decoherence effects are searched for in neutrino data collected by the KM3NeT/ORCA detector from January 2020 to November 2021. The analysis focuses on atmospheric neutrinos within the energy range of a few GeV to $100\,\mathrm{GeV}$. Adopting the open quantum system framework, decoherence is described in a phenomenological manner with the strength of the effect given by the parameters $\Gamma_{21}$ and $\Gamma_{31}$. Following previous studies, a dependence of the type $\Gamma_{ij} \propto (E/E_0)^n$ on the neutrino energy is assumed and the cases $n = -2,-1$ are explored. No significant deviation with respect to the standard oscillation hypothesis is observed. Therefore, $90\,\%$ CL upper limits are estimated as $\Gamma_{21} < 4.6\cdot 10^{-21}\,$GeV and $\Gamma_{31} < 8.4\cdot 10^{-21}\,$GeV for $n = -2$, and $\Gamma_{21} < 1.9\cdot 10^{-22}\,$GeV and $\Gamma_{31} < 2.7\cdot 10^{-22}\,$GeV for $n = -1$, respectively., Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures

We define a new family of algebraic varieties, called exotic Spaltenstein varieties. These generalise the notion of Spaltenstein varieties (which are the partial flag analogues to classical Springer fibres) to the case of exotic Springer fibres. We show that, for self-adjoint nilpotent endomorphisms of order two, the top-dimensional irreducible components are in bijection with semi-standard Young bitableaux, via constructing an explicit map. Moreover, we are able to give a combinatorial formula for this top dimension. We conjecture that this description of the irreducible components holds for nilpotent endomorphisms of arbitrary order. Finally, we mention some connections to the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence., Comment: 40 pages

Understanding the flow dynamics of yield stress fluids in porous media presents a substantial challenge. Both experiments and extensive numerical simulations frequently show a non-linear relationship between the flow rate and the pressure gradient, deviating from the traditional Darcy law. In this article, we consider a tree-like porous structure and utilize an exact mapping with the directed polymer (DP) with disordered bond energies on the Cayley tree. Specifically, we adapt an algorithm recently introduced by Brunet et al. [Europhys. Lett. 131, 40002 (2020)] to simulate exactly the tip region of branching random walks with the help of a spinal decomposition, to accurately compute the flow on extensive trees with several thousand generations. Our results confirm the asymptotic predictions proposed by Schimmenti et al. [Phys. Rev. E 108, L023102 (2023)], tested therein only for moderate trees of about 20 generations., Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures

KM3NeT/ORCA is a water Cherenkov neutrino detector under construction and anchored at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The detector is designed to study oscillations of atmospheric neutrinos and determine the neutrino mass ordering. This paper focuses on an initial configuration of ORCA, referred to as ORCA6, which comprises six out of the foreseen 115 detection units of photo-sensors. A high-purity neutrino sample was extracted, corresponding to an exposure of 433 kton-years. The sample of 5828 neutrino candidates is analysed following a binned log-likelihood method in the reconstructed energy and cosine of the zenith angle. The atmospheric oscillation parameters are measured to be $\sin^2\theta_{23}= 0.51^{+0.04}_{-0.05}$, and $ \Delta m^2_{31} = 2.18^{+0.25}_{-0.35}\times 10^{-3}~\mathrm{eV^2} \cup \{-2.25,-1.76\}\times 10^{-3}~\mathrm{eV^2}$ at 68\% CL. The inverted neutrino mass ordering hypothesis is disfavoured with a p-value of 0.25., Comment: 29 pages, 12 figures

We prove algebraicity of critical values of certain Spin $L$-functions. More precisely, our results concern $L(s, \pi \otimes \chi, \mathrm{Spin})$ for cuspidal automorphic representations $\pi$ associated to a holomorphic Siegel eigenform on $\mathrm{GSp}_6$, Dirichlet characters $\chi$, and critical points $s$ to the right of the center of symmetry. We use the strategy of relating the $L$-values to properties of Eisenstein series, and a significant portion of the paper concerns the Fourier coefficients of these Eisenstein series. Unlike in prior algebraicity results following this strategy, our Eisenstein series are on a group $G$ that has no known moduli problem, and the $L$-functions are related to the Eisenstein series through a non-unique model., Comment: 60 pages. Comments welcome

The current prevalence of conspiracy theories on the internet is a significant issue, tackled by many computational approaches. However, these approaches fail to recognize the relevance of distinguishing between texts which contain a conspiracy theory and texts which are simply critical and oppose mainstream narratives. Furthermore, little attention is usually paid to the role of inter-group conflict in oppositional narratives. We contribute by proposing a novel topic-agnostic annotation scheme that differentiates between conspiracies and critical texts, and that defines span-level categories of inter-group conflict. We also contribute with the multilingual XAI-DisInfodemics corpus (English and Spanish), which contains a high-quality annotation of Telegram messages related to COVID-19 (5,000 messages per language). We also demonstrate the feasibility of an NLP-based automatization by performing a range of experiments that yield strong baseline solutions. Finally, we perform an analysis which demonstrates that the promotion of intergroup conflict and the presence of violence and anger are key aspects to distinguish between the two types of oppositional narratives, i.e., conspiracy vs. critical., Comment: submitted to the Expert Systems journal

The dielectric constant ($\varepsilon^{\prime}$) of interfacial water is an important parameter, but its measurement has posed challenges, and no consensus has been reached on a generalized expression. We derived a formula for $\varepsilon^{\prime}$ of a buried interface using the slab model for a half-solvated sphere: $ \varepsilon^{\prime}=\varepsilon_1 \varepsilon_2\left(\varepsilon_2-\varepsilon_1+6\right) / 2\left(2 \varepsilon_2+\varepsilon_1\right)$, where $\varepsilon_1$ and $\varepsilon_2$ are the dielectric constants of the solid and liquid phases, respectively. We experimentally validated this expression using vibrational sum frequency generation and Fresnel factor calculations for interfaces of alumina with water ($ \mathrm{H_2O} $ and $ \mathrm{D_2O} $) and acetonitrile. This fills an important knowledge gap in the description of the dielectric constant of interfaces.

We study graded twisted tensor products and graded twists of twisted generalized Weyl algebras (TGWAs). We show that the class of TGWAs is closed under these operations assuming mild hypotheses. We generalize a result on cocycle equivalence amongst multiparameter quantized Weyl algebras to the setting of TGWAs. As another application we prove that certain TGWAs of type $A_2$ are noetherian., Comment: 15 pages

In this paper, we consider the problem of numerical investigation of the counting statistics for a class of one-dimensional systems. Importance sampling, the cornerstone technique usually implemented for such problems, critically hinges on selecting an appropriate biased distribution. While exponential tilt in the observable stands as the conventional choice for various problems, its efficiency in the context of counting statistics may be significantly hindered by the genuine discreteness of the observable. To address this challenge, we propose an alternative strategy which we call importance sampling with the local tilt. We demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach through the analysis of three prototypical examples: a set of independent Gaussian random variables, Dyson gas, and Symmetric Simple Exclusion Process (SSEP) with a steplike initial condition., Comment: 11 pages, 14 figures. v2

How the human brain processes information during different cognitive tasks is one of the greatest questions in contemporary neuroscience. Understanding the statistical properties of brain signals during specific activities is one promising way to address this question. Here we analyze freely available data from implanted electrocorticography (ECoG) in five human subjects during two different cognitive tasks in the light of information theory quantifiers ideas. We employ a symbolic information approach to determine the probability distribution function associated with the time series from different cortical areas. Then we utilize these probabilities to calculate the associated Shannon entropy and a statistical complexity measure based on the disequilibrium between the actual time series and one with a uniform probability distribution function. We show that an Euclidian distance in the complexity-entropy plane and an asymmetry index for complexity are useful for comparing the two conditions. We show that our method can distinguish visual search epochs from blank screen intervals in different electrodes and patients. By using a multi-scale approach and embedding time delays to downsample the data, we find important time scales in which the relevant information is being processed. We also determine cortical regions and time intervals along the 2-second-long trials that present more pronounced differences between the two cognitive tasks. Finally, we show that the method is useful to distinguish cognitive processes using brain activity on a trial-by-trial basis.

In this paper, we propose the replication of scientific experiments, with the participation of the general public, as one of the possible strategies to confront science deniers. Using the social media of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), the project entitled : The Magic of Physics and the Universe, invited the public to reproduce the experiment carried out by the Greek Eratosthenes over 2,100 years ago, which he proved that the Earth is spherical. We present a report of this experience to suggest that it is possible for citizens to experience scientific knowledge and observe the phenomena in a simple way, in order to develop a critical interpretation of false information that circulates in society. This proposal distinctively geeks to deconstruct the denial of the Earth's curvature through direct and collective participation of citizens in Eratosthenes' experiment, which permit more reflection on how the scientific method used to study this subject works., Comment: This article is written in Portuguese

Gamma-ray bursts are promising candidate sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. The recent GRB 221009A event, identified as the brightest gamma-ray burst ever detected, provides a unique opportunity to investigate hadronic emissions involving neutrinos. The KM3NeT undersea neutrino detectors participated in the worldwide follow-up effort triggered by the event, searching for neutrino events. In this letter, we summarize subsequent searches, in a wide energy range from MeV up to a few PeVs. No neutrino events are found in any of the searches performed. Upper limits on the neutrino emission associated with GRB 221009A are computed., Comment: 11 pages, 2 PDF figures. Submitted to JCAP

The interaction of condensed phase systems with external electric fields is crucial in myriad processes in nature and technology ranging from the field-directed motion of cells (galvanotaxis), to energy storage and conversion systems including supercapacitors, batteries and solar cells. Molecular simulation in the presence of electric fields would give important atomistic insight into these processes but applications of the most accurate methods such as ab-initio molecular dynamics are limited in scope by their computational expense. Here we introduce Perturbed Neural Network Potential Molecular Dynamics (PNNP MD) to push back the accessible time and length scales of such simulations at virtually no loss in accuracy. The total forces on the atoms are expressed in terms of the unperturbed potential energy surface represented by a standard neural network potential and a field-induced perturbation obtained from a series expansion of the field interaction truncated at first order. The latter is represented in terms of an equivariant graph neural network, trained on the atomic polar tensor. PNNP MD is shown to give excellent results for the dielectric relaxation dynamics, the dielectric constant and the field-dependent IR spectrum of liquid water when compared to ab-initio molecular dynamics or experiment, up to surprisingly high field strengths of about 0.2 V/A. This is remarkable because, in contrast to most previous approaches, the two neural networks on which PNNL MD is based are exclusively trained on zero-field molecular configurations demonstrating that the networks not only interpolate but also reliably extrapolate the field response. PNNP MD is based on rigorous theory yet it is simple, general, modular, and systematically improvable allowing us to obtain atomistic insight into the interaction of a wide range of condensed phase systems with external electric fields., Comment: 23 pages, 5 figures, 4 supplementary figures

In Natural Language Generation (NLG), contemporary Large Language Models (LLMs) face several challenges, such as generating fluent yet inaccurate outputs and reliance on fluency-centric metrics. This often leads to neural networks exhibiting "hallucinations". The SHROOM challenge focuses on automatically identifying these hallucinations in the generated text. To tackle these issues, we introduce two key components, a data augmentation pipeline incorporating LLM-assisted pseudo-labelling and sentence rephrasing, and a voting ensemble from three models pre-trained on Natural Language Inference (NLI) tasks and fine-tuned on diverse datasets., Comment: Under revision at SemEval 2024

A light guide is an essential part of many scintillator counters and light collection systems. Our main interest is a light guide for a thin wide scintillator which has high light transmission while converting the area of the light source to the shape of a photo-detector. We propose a variation of the light guide which avoids a 90$\rm ^o$ twist of the strips, reduces the length of the light pipe, and reduces the complexity of production. Detailed Monte Carlo simulation studies have been performed for a 3-strip S-shaped light-guide system., Comment: 6 pages, 17 figures

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly powerful and have become capable of solving a plethora of tasks through proper instructions in natural language. However, the vast majority of testing suites assume that the instructions are written in English, the de facto prompting language. Code intelligence and problem solving still remain a difficult task, even for the most advanced LLMs. Currently, there are no datasets to measure the generalization power for code-generation models in a language other than English. In this work, we present RoCode, a competitive programming dataset, consisting of 2,642 problems written in Romanian, 11k solutions in C, C++ and Python and comprehensive testing suites for each problem. The purpose of RoCode is to provide a benchmark for evaluating the code intelligence of language models trained on Romanian / multilingual text as well as a fine-tuning set for pretrained Romanian models. Through our results and review of related works, we argue for the need to develop code models for languages other than English., Comment: Accepted at LREC-COLING 2024

The multi-staged XENON program at INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso aims to detect dark matter with two-phase liquid xenon time projection chambers of increasing size and sensitivity. The XENONnT experiment is the latest detector in the program, planned to be an upgrade of its predecessor XENON1T. It features an active target of 5.9 tonnes of cryogenic liquid xenon (8.5 tonnes total mass in cryostat). The experiment is expected to extend the sensitivity to WIMP dark matter by more than an order of magnitude compared to XENON1T, thanks to the larger active mass and the significantly reduced background, improved by novel systems such as a radon removal plant and a neutron veto. This article describes the XENONnT experiment and its sub-systems in detail and reports on the detector performance during the first science run., Comment: 32 pages, 19 figures

The KM3NeT/ARCA neutrino detector is currently under construction at 3500 m depth offshore Capo Passero, Sicily, in the Mediterranean Sea. The main science objectives are the detection of high-energy cosmic neutrinos and the discovery of their sources. Simulations were conducted for the full KM3NeT/ARCA detector, instrumenting a volume of 1 km$^3$, to estimate the sensitivity and discovery potential to point-like neutrino sources and an all-sky diffuse neutrino flux. This paper covers the reconstruction of track- and shower-like signatures, as well as the criteria employed for neutrino event selection. By leveraging both the track and shower observation channels, the KM3NeT/ARCA detector demonstrates the capability to detect the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux within half a year of operation, achieving a 5$\sigma$ statistical significance. With an angular resolution below 0.1$^\circ$ for tracks and under 2$^\circ$ for showers, the sensitivity to point-like neutrino sources surpasses existing observed limits across the entire sky., Comment: 20 pages, 30 figures, Published by EPJ-C

We show that two-body losses induce a collective excitation in a harmonically trapped one-dimensional Bose gas, even in the absence of a quench in the trap or any other external perturbation. Focusing on the dissipatively fermionized regime, we perform an exact mode expansion of the rapidity distribution function and characterize the emergence of the collective motion. We find clear coherent oscillations in both the potential and kinetic energies as well as in the phase space quadrupole mode of the gas. We also discuss how this loss induced collective mode differs from the well known breathing mode studied in the absence of dissipation., Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures

The use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has greatly advanced our capacity for comprehensive Earth monitoring, providing detailed insights into terrestrial surface use and cover regardless of weather conditions, and at any time of day or night. However, SAR imagery quality is often compromised by speckle, a granular disturbance that poses challenges in producing accurate results without suitable data processing. In this context, the present paper explores the cutting-edge application of Quantum Machine Learning (QML) in speckle filtering, harnessing quantum algorithms to address computational complexities. We introduce here QSpeckleFilter, a novel QML model for SAR speckle filtering. The proposed method compared to a previous work from the same authors showcases its superior performance in terms of Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) on a testing dataset, and it opens new avenues for Earth Observation (EO) applications., Comment: We have submitted this paper to IGARSS 2024

We reveal an interplay between temperature and radical concentration necessary to establish thermal mixing (TM) as an efficient dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) mechanism. We conducted DNP experiments by hyperpolarizing widely used DNP samples, i.e., sodium pyruvate-1-$^{13}$C in water/glycerol mixtures at varying nitroxide radical (TEMPOL) concentrations and microwave irradiation frequencies, measuring proton and carbon-13 spin temperatures. Using a cryogen consumption-free prototype-DNP apparatus, we could probe cryogenic temperatures between 1.5 and 6.5 K, i.e., below and above the boiling point of liquid helium. We identify two mechanisms for the breakdown of TM: (i) Anderson type of quantum localization for low radical concentration, or (ii) quantum Zeno localization occurring at high temperature. This observation allowed us to reconcile the recent diverging observations regarding the relevance of TM as a DNP mechanism by proposing a unifying picture and, consequently, to find a trade-off between radical concentration and electron relaxation times, which offers a pathway to improve experimental DNP performance based on TM., Comment: Main article 15 pages, 5 figures. Appendix 6 pages, 7 figures

Depression, a prominent contributor to global disability, affects a substantial portion of the population. Efforts to detect depression from social media texts have been prevalent, yet only a few works explored depression detection from user-generated video content. In this work, we address this research gap by proposing a simple and flexible multi-modal temporal model capable of discerning non-verbal depression cues from diverse modalities in noisy, real-world videos. We show that, for in-the-wild videos, using additional high-level non-verbal cues is crucial to achieving good performance, and we extracted and processed audio speech embeddings, face emotion embeddings, face, body and hand landmarks, and gaze and blinking information. Through extensive experiments, we show that our model achieves state-of-the-art results on three key benchmark datasets for depression detection from video by a substantial margin. Our code is publicly available on GitHub., Comment: Accepted at 46th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR 2024)

We construct a one-parameter family of half-BPS solutions of type IIB supergravity using a consistent truncation to gauged five-dimensional supergravity. For small values of the parameter, the solution reduces to the linear perturbation of AdS$_5\times S^5$ dual to the chiral primary operator in the stress-tensor multiplet, and we give evidence that the geometry is regular and asymptotes AdS in a normalisable way for arbitrarily large values of the parameter. We conjecture that the solution is the gravity dual of a ``heavy" multi-trace operator in $\mathcal{N}=4$ $SU(N)$ Super Yang-Mills made by $p$ copies of the stress-tensor chiral primary operator, with $p$ of order $N^2$ in the large $N$ limit. We perform some holographic checks supporting this duality map., Comment: 36 pages, 1 figure

The flow of yield stress fluids in porous media presents interesting complexity due to the interplay between the non-linear rheology and the heterogeneity of the medium. A remarkable consequence is that the number of flow paths increases with the applied pressure difference and is responsible for a non-linear Darcy law. Previous studies have focused on the protocol where the pressure difference is imposed. Here we consider instead the case of imposed flow rate, $Q$. In contrast to Newtonian fluids, the two types of boundary conditions have an important influence on the flow field. Using a two-dimensional pore network model we observe a boundary layer of merging flow paths of size $\ell(Q) \sim Q^{-\mu/\delta}$ where $\mu = 0.42 \pm 0.02$ and $\delta \simeq 0.63 \pm 0.05$. Beyond this layer the density of the flow paths is homogeneous and grows as $Q^\mu$. Using a mapping to the directed polymer model we identify $\delta$ with the roughness exponent of the polymer. We also characterize the statistics of non-flowing surfaces in terms of avalanches pulled at one end.

We study an XXZ spin chain at zero magnetization coupled to a collection of local harmonic baths at zero temperature. We map this system on a (1+1)D effective field theory using bosonization, where the effect of the bath is taken care of in an exact manner. We provide analytical and numerical evidence of the existence of two phases at zero temperature: a Luttinger liquid (LL) and an antiferromagnetic phase (AFM), separated by a phase transition akin to the Berezinsky--Kosterlitz--Thouless (BKT) type. While the bath is responsible for the LL-AFM transition for subohmic baths, the LL-AFM transition for superohmic baths is due to the interactions within the spin chain., Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures

We study a discrete model of an heterogeneous elastic line with internal disorder, submitted to thermal fluctuations. The monomers are connected through random springs with independent and identically distributed elastic constants drawn from $p(k)\sim k^{\mu-1}$ for $k\to0$. When $\mu>1$, the scaling of the standard Edwards-Wilkinson model is recovered. When $\mu<1$, the elastic line exhibits an anomalous scaling of the type observed in many growth models and experiments. Here we derive and use the exact expression for the exact probability distribution of the line shape at equilibrium, as well as the spectral properties of the matrix containing the random couplings, to fully characterize the sample to sample fluctuations. Our results lead to novel scaling predictions that partially disagree with previous works, but which are corroborated by numerical simulations. We also provide a novel interpretation of the anomalous scaling in terms of the abrupt jumps in the line's shape that dominate the average value of the observable.

The detection of toxic language in the Arabic language has emerged as an active area of research in recent years, and reviewing the existing datasets employed for training the developed solutions has become a pressing need. This paper offers a comprehensive survey of Arabic datasets focused on online toxic language. We systematically gathered a total of 54 available datasets and their corresponding papers and conducted a thorough analysis, considering 18 criteria across four primary dimensions: availability details, content, annotation process, and reusability. This analysis enabled us to identify existing gaps and make recommendations for future research works. For the convenience of the research community, the list of the analysed datasets is maintained in a GitHub repository (https://github.com/Imene1/Arabic-toxic-language).