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INTRODUCTION: Recent technological advances have increased the risk that de-identified brain images could be re-identified from face imagery. The Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is a leading source of publicly available de-identified brain imaging, who quickly acted to protect participants privacy. METHODS: An independent expert committee evaluated 11 face-deidentification (de-facing) methods and selected four for formal testing. RESULTS: Effects of de-facing on brain measurements were comparable across methods and sufficiently small to recommend de-facing in ADNI. The committee ultimately recommended mri_reface for advantages in reliability, and for some practical considerations. ADNI leadership approved the committees recommendation, beginning in ADNI4. DISCUSSION: ADNI4 de-faces all applicable brain images before subsequent pre-processing, analyses, and public release. Trained analysts inspect de-faced images to confirm complete face removal and complete non-modification of brain. This paper details the history of the algorithm selection process and extensive validation, then describes the production workflows for de-facing in ADNI. HIGHLIGHTS: ADNI is implementing de-facing of MRI and PET beginning in ADNI4. De-facing alters face imagery in brain images to help protect privacy. Four algorithms were extensively compared for ADNI and mri_reface was chosen. Validation confirms mri_reface is robust and effective for ADNI sequences. Validation confirms mri_reface negligibly affects ADNI brain measurements.

This chapter examines the craft of storytelling for the purpose of developing followers and exploring leader-follower transitions, while offering storytelling methods, classroom activities, and critical components of crafting a story. Through stories about the American Civil Rights icon, Mrs. Rosa Parks, and an unfamiliar Civil Rights activist, Sister Madeline Dorsey, a humble leader turned effective follower, it is possible to more easily appreciate the reflexive transition of follower to leader and leader to follower.

Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) commonly coexist in turfgrass ecosystems but differ in drought tolerance, contributing to uneven turf quality. This study was conducted to examine the physiological and metabolic responses of P. annua and A. stolonifera to drought stress and rewatering and identify major metabolites associated with the interspecific variation in drought tolerance and recovery. Plants grown in controlled‐environment chambers were well irrigated (non‐stress control) or subjected to drought stress by withholding irrigation for 21 days. For the evaluation of post‐stress recovery, drought‐stressed plants were rewatered for an additional 21 days. Leaf relative water content, visual turf quality, green canopy cover, and leaf electrolyte leakage were measured weekly. Metabolomic analysis was performed with leaf tissue collected at 21 days of drought stress and 21 days of rewatering. Poa annua demonstrated lower drought tolerance and post‐stress recovery compared to A. stolonifera when drought‐stressed plants were compared to their respective control across physiological parameters. Metabolomic analysis identified a relatively greater upregulation of sugars and amino acids in A. stolonifera and downregulation of more carbon intermediates and nucleic acids in P. annua in response to drought stress. Upon rewatering, both species had declined sugar content and increased carbon intermediates and nucleic acids. The differential response to drought stress and recovery between A. stolonifera and P. annua could be attributed to a greater accumulation of sugars and amino acids involved in osmotic adjustment during drought stress and their utilization upon rewatering to stimulate post‐stress recovery in A. stolonifera. Core Ideas: Agrostis stolonifera had superior drought tolerance and greater recovery upon rewatering relative to Poa annua.Superior drought tolerance in A. stolonifera was associated with more accumulation of compatible metabolites for osmotic adjustment than in P. annua.Greater post‐stress recovery in A. stolonifera was associated with lesser extent of drought damage and more carbon or amino acid reserves relative to P. annua. Plain Language Summary: The differential response to drought stress and recovery between A. stolonifera and P. annua could be attributed to a greater accumulation of sugars and amino acids involved in osmotic adjustment during drought stress and their utilization upon rewatering to stimulate post‐stress recovery in A. stolonifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cool‐season turfgrasses widely used on golf courses, athletic fields, and other landscapes are environmentally and economically important, but they are functionally and aesthetically damaged under prolonged exposure to high temperatures because of their sensitivity to heat stress. Because the consequences of climate change include elevated global temperatures, it is necessary to understand mechanisms underlying heat tolerance in cool‐season turfgrasses to improve heat tolerance and maintain high‐quality turf during the summer, when heat stress is most severe. This paper identifies major metabolic pathways associated with genes differentially expressed in heat‐tolerant cultivars or species of different turfgrasses by overviewing research from studies using comparative transcriptomics, proteomics, and biotechnological approaches and provides insight into progress toward elucidating the genetic and molecular factors regulating heat tolerance in cool‐season turfgrasses. Key molecular factors and genes associated with heat tolerance in cool‐season turfgrasses include those in the following cellular and metabolic processes or pathways: (1) cell cycle and DNA synthesis, replication, stability, and binding factors; (2) heat shock proteins for stress protection and protease enzymes controlling protein degradation or turnover; (3) carbohydrate metabolism for chloroplast development, chlorophyll degradation enzymes regulating the stay‐green phenotype, photochemical efficiency, carboxylation, and cytochrome respiratory activities; (4) activation of antioxidant metabolism for oxidation protection; (5) modulation of lipid saturation and composition to maintain cellular membrane integrity; and (6) upregulation of secondary metabolism for stress defense. Understanding how these regulatory mechanisms cohesively operate during heat stress will facilitate the development of cool‐season turfgrass germplasm with greater heat tolerance through breeding and biotechnological methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurophysiological animal models suggest that anterior auditory cortex (AC) areas process sound-identity information, whereas posterior ACs specialize in sound location processing. In humans, inconsistent neuroimaging results and insufficient causal evidence have challenged the existence of such parallel AC organization. Here we transiently inhibit bilateral anterior or posterior AC areas using MRI-guided paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while subjects listen to Reference/Probe sound pairs and perform either sound location or identity discrimination tasks. The targeting of TMS pulses, delivered 55–145 ms after Probes, is confirmed with individual-level cortical electric-field estimates. Our data show that TMS to posterior AC regions delays reaction times (RT) significantly more during sound location than identity discrimination, whereas TMS to anterior AC regions delays RTs significantly more during sound identity than location discrimination. This double dissociation provides direct causal support for parallel processing of sound identity features in anterior AC and sound location in posterior AC.

There have been numerous calls for increased research in the field of organization development (OD), change, management, and leadership (Bartunek et al., 2007; Bartunek & Rynes, 2014; Bergh et al., 2017; Burke, 1976; 2011; 2018; Hamel & Birkenshaw, 2023; Pfeffer & Sutton, 2006), including by Shufutinsky, Brendel, and Matthews (2022), who recognized the intervention research often performed, but additionally called for increased evidence-based practice in development, publishing, and distribution of thought leader material. In this paper, we address thought leadership and introduce the reciprocal role of thought followership as a pivotal dichotomy in scholarship and practice across disciplines, including OD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recent technological advances have increased the risk that de-identified brain images could be re-identified from face imagery. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is a leading source of publicly available de-identified brain imaging, who quickly acted to protect participants' privacy., Methods: An independent expert committee evaluated 11 face-deidentification ("de-facing") methods and selected four for formal testing., Results: Effects of de-facing on brain measurements were comparable across methods and sufficiently small to recommend de-facing in ADNI. The committee ultimately recommended mri_reface for advantages in reliability, and for some practical considerations. ADNI leadership approved the committee's recommendation, beginning in ADNI4., Discussion: ADNI4 de-faces all applicable brain images before subsequent pre-processing, analyses, and public release. Trained analysts inspect de-faced images to confirm complete face removal and complete non-modification of brain. This paper details the history of the algorithm selection process and extensive validation, then describes the production workflows for de-facing in ADNI., Highlights: ADNI is implementing "de-facing" of MRI and PET beginning in ADNI4. "De-facing" alters face imagery in brain images to help protect privacy. Four algorithms were extensively compared for ADNI and mri_reface was chosen. Validation confirms mri_reface is robust and effective for ADNI sequences. Validation confirms mri_reface negligibly affects ADNI brain measurements., (© 2024 The Author(s). Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.)