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Resumen Objetivo Verificar si el indice de masa triponderal (ITP) tiene una mayor precision que el indice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de cintura (CC) e indice cintura estatura (ICE) como predictores de obesidad en jovenes y adultos mayores de una region de Chile. Material y metodos Se efectuo un estudio descriptivo transversal en 1.176 sujetos (565 hombres y 611 mujeres), adultos de la region del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila desde los 20 hasta los 80 anos. Se evaluo el porcentaje de masa grasa (%MG) por medio de la absorciometria de rayos X de energia dual (DXA). Se evaluo el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calculo el ITP, IMC e ICE. Resultados Las predicciones del %MG para el IMC fueron 0,47% para hombres y 0,50% para mujeres; para ITP fue de 0,50% para hombres y 0,51% para mujeres; para la CC fue de 0,28% para hombres y 0,21% para mujeres; y finalmente, para el ICE en hombres fue de 0,28% en hombres y 0,21% en mujeres. El area bajo la curva (AUC) para el IMC en hombres fue de 0,85 y mujeres de 0,85; para el ITP fue de 0,87 en hombres y 0,86 en mujeres; para la ICE en hombres fue de 0,76 y en mujeres de 0,72; y para la CC, el AUC en hombre fue de 0,72 y en mujeres fue de 0,71. Conclusion Se demostro que el ITP es el indicador que presento mayor asociacion con el %MG y estima los niveles de grasa corporal con mayor precision que el IMC, CC e ICE. Los resultados sugieren su uso y aplicacion como un indicador que discrimina la obesidad en adultos de edad joven, media y tardia.

Resumen Objetivo Validar ecuaciones de regresion que predicen el estado de madurez (EM) para evaluar el crecimiento fisico y adiposidad corporal de ninos y adolescentes chilenos. Material y metodos Se efectuo un estudio transversal en 8.094 escolares de entre 6,0 y 18,9 anos. Se evaluo el peso, la estatura de pie, la estatura sentada y la circunferencia de cintura (CC). El pico de velocidad de crecimiento (PVC) se estimo por el modelo matematico 1 de Preece-Baines (MPB). Para estimar el EM, se utilizaron las ecuaciones de Mirwald (basadas en edad, peso, estatura de pie, estatura sentada y longitud de piernas) y las ecuaciones de Moore (basadas en edad, peso y estatura de pie). Se calculo el indice de masa corporal (IMC). Resultados El MPB evidencio que el PVC en hombres fue de 10,33 ± 0,29 anos y en mujeres fue a los 12,81 ± 0,27 anos. Por medio de la ecuacion de Mirwald, los hombres alcanzaron el EM a los 14,09 ± 0,8 APVC y las mujeres los 11,6 ± 0,9 APVC, mientras que, por la ecuacion de Moore, los hombres alcanzaron a los 13,7 ± 0,6 APVC y las mujeres a los 12,1 ± 0,6 APVC. Hubo diferencias significativas entre el MPB con Mirwald, MPB con Moore y entre Mirwald con Moore (p Conclusion Se verifico que las ecuaciones de Moore y Mirwald difieren con el modelo matematico MPB en ambos sexos, aunque, la ecuacion de Moore podria ser util para la evaluacion del EM en ninos y adolescentes chilenos.

Daily living skills may affect repetitive behavior patterns in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aimed to validate a scale to assess activities of daily living at home (SAADL) in children and adolescents with ASD. Content validity by expert judgment showed Aiken V values between 0.75 and 0.88. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed factor loadings (0.62 to 0.89) and high communalities. The % explanation of variance for dimension 1 (personal care) was 51.5% and for dimension 2 (mobility in the home) was 66.3%. The Cronbach's reliability was 0.87 and the retest values reflected high values of precision and accuracy. The SAADL is valid and reliable and can be used to assess activities of daily living of self-care and mobility at home.

The aim of this study was to compare bibliometric indicators of scientific productivity in physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Down syndrome (DS) in the PubMed database. A bibliometric study was conducted for the last 5 years (2017 to 2021). The data collected for each article were: year of publication, language of publication, country, journal name, and type of paper. The results showed that there was higher scientific productivity in the population with DS (20 studies) relative to their counterparts with ASD (31 studies). The language of publication in both cases was English. There were 10 countries that published on PA in ASD and 14 countries that published on DS. Overall, the greatest interest in publishing on PA in children and adolescents with ASD was in North America (6 studies), followed by Asia (5 studies) and Europe (4 studies). In the DS population it was in Europe (13 studies), North America (9 studies) and South America (4 studies). Nineteen journals were identified that published in the ASD population and 29 journals in DS. Six experimental studies were identified in ASD and 7 in DS. There was a higher scientific productivity with original studies. There was a positive trend of increasing scientific productivity over the years in both populations. We suggest the need to promote research on PA in both populations, regardless of the type of study, as it is an indicator of overall health status.

Objetivos: a) Verificar la cantidad de estudios efectuados en Iberoamérica sobre función ejecutiva (FE) en adultos mayores; b) Identificar los instrumentos utilizados para medir las FE en adultos mayores durante los años 2009-2018. Material y métodos: Se efectuó un estudio bibliométrico sobre las FE en adultos mayores de Iberoamérica. La búsqueda de información se hizo en las base de datos Scopus y Scielo. Se consideraron estudios iberoamericanos publicados en idioma español y portugués, utilizándose ocho palabras clave y cinco indicadores registrados. Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 12 investigaciones originales en seis países iberoamericanos (España, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, y Perú). La mayor cantidad de investigaciones relacionadas con FE en asultos mayores tuvo lugar en los periodos 2009-2010 y 2013-2014. En estos estudios, se han utilizado varios instrumentos con el Trail Making Test (TMT) y la Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) como los de uso más frecuente. Conclusiones: Parece existir un interés limitado por investigar las FE en adultos mayores de Iberoamérica. La mayoría de los estudios idntificados en esta indagación utilizaron como tests cognitivos el TMT y la FAB.

Introduction: studying the percentage of body fat (%BF) in children and adolescents is very relevant, since a high level of body fat in childhood and adolescence represents overweight and obesity. Objective: to identify the anthropometric indicators related to %BF and to validate regression equations to predict %BF in children and adolescents using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Methods: a descriptive study (cross-sectional) was designed in 1126 schoolchildren (588 males and 538 females) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range ranged from 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height, two skinfolds (tricipital and subscapular and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), triponderal mass index (TMI), waist height index (WHtR) were calculated. Body fat percentage (%BF) was assessed by DXA scanning. Results: the relationships between Σ (Tricipital + Subscapular), TMI and WHtR with %BF (DXA) ranged from R2 = 52 % to 54 % in men, and from R2 = 41 % to 49 % in women. The equations generated for men were: %BF = 9.775 + [(0.415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35.084 * WHtR) - (0.828 * age), R2 = 70 %, and %BF = 20.720 + [(0.492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.354 * TMI) - (0.923 * age), R2 = 68 %], and for women: %BF = 8.608 + [(0.291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38.893 * WHtR) - (0.176 * age), R2 = 60 %, and %BF = 16.087 + [(0.306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.818 * TMI) - (0.300 * age), R2 = 59 %. Conclusion: this study showed that the sum of tricipital and subscapular skinfolds, IP and WHtR are adequate predictors of %BF. These indicators allowed the development of two regression equations acceptable in terms of precision and accuracy to predict %BF in children and adolescents of both sexes.Introducción: estudiar el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) en niños y adolescentes es muy relevante, puesto que un elevado nivel de grasa corporal en la infancia y la adolescencia representa sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: identificar los indicadores antropométricos que se relacionan con el %GC y validar ecuaciones de regresión para predecir el %GC de niños y adolescentes a partir del uso de la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) como método de referencia. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 1126 escolares (588 hombres y 538 mujeres) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila desde los 6,0 hasta los 17,9 años. Se evaluaron el peso, la estatura, dos pliegues cutáneos (tricipital y subescapular) y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice ponderal (IP) y el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se evaluó el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) por medio del escaneo DXA. Resultados: las relaciones entre Σ (Tricipital + Subescapular), IP e ICE con el %GC (DXA) fueron de R2 = 52-54 % en hombres y R2 = 41-49 % en mujeres. Las ecuaciones generadas para los hombres fueron: %GC = 9,775 + [(0,415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35,084 * ICE) - (0,828 * edad), R2 = 70 %, y %GC = 20,720 + [(0,492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,354 * IP) - (0,923 * edad), R2 = 68 %; y para mujeres: %GC = 8,608 + [(0,291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38,893 * ICE) - (0,176 * edad), R2 = 60 %, y %GC = 16,087 + [(0,306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,818 * IP) - (0,300 * edad), R2 = 59 %. Conclusión: este estudio demostró que la sumatoria de los pliegues cutáneos tricipital y subescapular, el IP y el ICE son adecuados predictores del %GC. Estos indicadores permitieron desarrollar dos ecuaciones de regresión aceptables en términos de precisión y exactitud para predecir el %GC en niños y adolescentes de ambos sexos.

Introduction: anemia in children can cause cognitive and motor deficits that can lead to difficulties in academic performance, physical endurance, affecting health and well-being Objective: to develop and validate a scale of beliefs about adherence to iron supplementation treatment in mothers of children with anemia (SBAIST) living in a high altitude region of Peru. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in 192 mothers of children with anemia living in a high altitude region of Peru. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was used to develop and validate the SBAIST. Expert judgment analysis (Aiken's V) was used for content validity and exploratory factor analysis for construct validity. Reliability was determined by internal consistency. Results: for content validity, Aiken's V test showed concordant values for relevance (0.60 to 0.90), relevance (0.75 to 0.95), clarity (0.80 to 0.90) and total scale (0.75 to 0.92). Cronbach's alpha values per question ranged from α = 0.70 to 0.81, and for total scale was α = 0.75. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reflected Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) values of 0.733, Bartlett's test of sphericity indicated a value of 968.680 (p0.001). The eigenvalues in the five dimensions reflected values from 1.05 to 4.03. The percentage of variance for factor 1 (barriers = 33.58 %), factor 2 (severity = 12.61 %), factor 3 (action cues = 10.78 %), factor 4 (barriers = 8.07 %), factor 5 (susceptibility = 7.63 %), and for the total scale was 74.12 %. Conclusion: HBM is a useful tool that allowed validation of the scale of beliefs about adherence to iron supplementation treatment in mothers of children with anemia living at high altitude in Peru.Introducción: la anemia en los niños puede provocar deficiencias cognitivas y motoras que pueden conducir a dificultades en el rendimiento académico y la resistencia física, afectando a la salud y el bienestar. Objetivo: desarrollar y validar una escala de creencias sobre la adherencia al tratamiento con suplemento de hierro en madres de niños con anemia (ECATSH) que viven en una región de altitud del Perú. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio transversal en 192 madres de niños con anemia que viven en una región de elevada altitud del Perú. Se utilizó el modelo de creencias de salud (MCS) para desarrollar y validar la ECATSH. Para la validez del contenido se utilizó el análisis de juicio de expertos (V de Aiken) y para la validez del constructo, el análisis factorial exploratorio. La confiabilidad se determinó por consistencia interna. Resultados: en la validez del contenido, la prueba V de Aiken reflejó valores concordantes para la pertinencia (0,60 a 0,90), relevancia (0,75 a 0,95), claridad (0,80 a 0,90) y la escala total (0,75 a 0,92). Los valores de la alfa de Cronbach por pregunta oscilaron desde α = 0,70 hasta 0,81, y para la escala total fue de α = 0,75. El análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) reflejó valores de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) de 0,733, la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett indicó un valor de 968,680 (p0,001). Los valores propios en las cinco dimensiones reflejaron valores desde 1,05 hasta 4,03. El porcentaje de la varianza para el factor 1 (barreras = 33,58 %), factor 2 (gravedad = 12,61 %), factor 3 (señales de acción = 10,78 %), factor 4 (barreras = 8,07 %), factor 5 (susceptibilidad = 7,63 %) y total de la escala fue de 74,12 %. Conclusión: el MCS es una herramienta útil que permitió validar la escala de creencias sobre la adherencia al tratamiento con suplemento de hierro en madres de niños con anemia que viven a elevada altitud del Perú.

Background: Excess fat mass (FM) has a higher risk of producing sarcopenia, physical deterioration and reduced quality of life in older people. Aim: To propose regression equations based on the Body Mass Index (BMI) to predict fat mass using double energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the gold standard. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study in 1,188 participants (523 men and 665 women) aged 60 to 85 years. Ten percent of these (59 men and 60 women) were randomly selected to propose FM equations using DXA. The remaining 90% was used to calculate FM and develop percentiles. Results: Two equations were proposed to estimate FM [men: FM = −29,502+ (1,912 * BMI) R2 = 79%, women: FM = −9,891+ (1,323 * BMI) R2 = 80%]. Ten, 50, 85 and 95 percentiles were developed to evaluate FM. Conclusions: This study developed reliable regression equations and referential values to estimate FM in older people.

La formación científica en las instituciones de educación superior, es fundamental para impulsar la investigación científica entre sus estudiantes. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue verificar las diferencias del uso del conocimiento científico por género, grado académico y experiencia docentes y buscar sus posibles relacione entre variables. Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo correlacional en 75 académicos (45 mujeres y 30 hombres). Se aplicó un cuestionario que mide el uso del conocimiento científico UCC (11 preguntas). El estudio demostró que la experiencia profesional es determinante en el UCC en una universidad regional, por lo que los resultados sugieren que las instituciones de educación superior deben vincular investigadores para fortalecer la alfabetización científica de los alumnos del pregrado. Scientific training in higher education institutions is essential to promote scientific research among its students. The objective of the present work was to verify the differences in the use of scientific knowledge by gender, academic degree and teaching experience and to look for its possible relationship between variables. A descriptive correlational study was carried out on 75 academics (45 women and 30 men). A questionnaire measuring the use of UCC scientific knowledge was applied (11 questions). The study showed that professional experience is decisive at the UCC in a regional university, so the results suggest that higher education institutions should link researchers to strengthen the scientific literacy of undergraduate students. La formation scientifique dans les établissements d'enseignement supérieur est essentielle pour promouvoir la recherche scientifique auprès de ses étudiants. L'objectif du présent travail était de vérifier les différences dans l'utilisation des connaissances scientifiques par sexe, diplôme universitaire et expérience d'enseignement et de rechercher sa relation possible entre les variables. Une étude corrélationnelle descriptive a été menée auprès de 75 universitaires (45 femmes et 30 hommes). Un questionnaire mesurant l'utilisation des connaissances scientifiques de l'UCC a été appliqué (11 questions). L'étude a montré que l'expérience professionnelle est décisive à l'UCC dans une université régionale, de sorte que les résultats suggèrent que les établissements d'enseignement supérieur devraient relier les chercheurs pour renforcer la culture scientifique des étudiants de premier cycle. Fil: Vargas-Almonacid, Carolina. Universidad Tecnológica de Chile; Chile Fil: Vidal-Espinoza, Rubén. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Jiménez-Oliva, Lorena. Universidad Tecnológica de Chile; Chile Fil: Gómez-Campos, Rossana. Universidad Católica del Maule. Facultad de Educación; Maule, Chile Fil: Cossio-Bolaños, Marco. Universidad Católica del Maule; Chile

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre los indicadores de adiposidad corporal con la coordinación motora (CM) en niños de ambos sexos entre 8 a 11 años de edad. Metodología: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo (correlacional). Se estudió a 82 escolares (36 niñas y 46 niños) entre 8 a 11 años de edad. Se evaluó el peso, estatura y circunferencia de la cintura. Se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal IMC. Se evaluó la prueba de coordinación motora CM de Körper koordinations test Für Kinder (KTK). Se determinó tres categorías por IMC (Normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad). Resultados: Se observó correlaciones negativas entre los valores del cociente del KTK con el IMC y CC. En las niñas (r= -0.24 a -0.28) y en los niños (r= -0.46 a -0.48). Los niños clasificados como normopeso presentaron mayor cociente de KTK (121.4±29.2puntos) que los clasificados con sobrepeso (102.3±26.3puntos) y obesidad (89.2±21.3puntos) (p

El fortalecimiento de los valores éticos, estéticos, y emocionales son indispensables para los futuros profesionales. El objetivo fue explorar la auto-percepción sobre valores en universitarios. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre elección y preferencias de valores para contextos multiculturales (corporales, intelectuales, afectivos, individuales, estéticos, morales, sociales, ecológicos, instrumentales y religiosos). Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de desarrollar las competencias para estimular la práctica de los valores en todas las Carreras profesionales.

Objetivos: Analizar los rangos de edad mas investigados en ninos con paralisis cerebral (PC). Identificar las regiones anatomicas tratadas mediante electro-estimulacion (EE). Determinar la frecuencia y duracion de los protocolos utilizados en los estudios efectuados entre el 2009 al 2019. Metodologia: Se efectuo un estudio bibliografico de revision sistematica sobre el uso de EE en ninos con PC en los ultimos 10 anos. Se considero la busqueda en la base de datos Pub Med. Se utilizo la tecnica de la observacion para extraer la informacion y se registraron los indicadores en una ficha de evaluacion (tipo de estudio, muestra, region anatomica tratada, sujetos investigados, frecuencia y duracion de las terapias). Resultados: La mayoria de los estudios han desarrollado los tratamientos con EE en las piernas y en los extensores del codo y la muneca y un estudio -al mismo tiempo- en rostro y piernas. Las edades investigadas oscilan desde 1 hasta los 16 anos. Los protocolos han sido utilizados desde 3 hasta 5 veces por semana, y van desde 2 semanas hasta 12 semanas. El tiempo de administracion de la EE oscilo entre 20 a 60 minutos. Conclusion: Para conseguir beneficios positivos es necesario desarrollar programas desde 3-5 veces por semana y cada sesion en periodos de 20 a 60 minutos. Esta sistematizacion podria contribuir a una organizacion eficaz en futuros programas de intervencion y en la estimulacion de otras regiones anatomicas poca exploradas

one of the causes of nutritional anemia is that the amount of iron absorbed is insufficient to meet the body's needs.to determine the effects of microencapsulated and heminic iron supplementation to increase hemoglobin levels and body weight in iron-depleted rats.a randomized experimental study was designed. Four study groups were formed. Control group (GC), experimental group (GE1) (MC microencapsulated iron supplementation), experimental group 2 (GE2) (heminic iron supplementation) and experimental group 3 (GE3) (MC + heminic iron supplementation). A dry powdered diet containing all normal nutrients except iron was fed to the four groups for 15 days (three times a day). Weight, length and hemoglobin (Hb) were evaluated at pre- and post-test under similar conditions.in Hb, no significant differences were observed in the CG (p = 0.225), despite a -9.6 % decrease in the post-test. GE1 significantly increased hemoglobin (14.3 %, Hb 2.1 g/dl) and body weight (21.6 %, 25.8 g) (p0.05) in the post-test. Similarly, GE2 significantly increased hemoglobin (14.5 %, Hb 2.1 g/dl) and body weight (44.5 %, 52.3 g) (p0.05). However, in GE3, despite significantly increasing weight (30.2 %, 35.2 g), the increase in hemoglobin levels was similar to what occurred in GE1 and GE2 groups (increasing by 14.5 % and Hb 2.2 g/dl). There were no significant differences in rat length between pre- and post-test in the four groups.these results suggest that heme iron together with quinoa and cañihua flour could be exploited as a new safe and efficient iron supplement compared to microencapsulated iron, given its higher iron bioavailability and its ability to increase body weight.

The aim of the study was to validate an instrument and propose standards to measure the language skills of school adolescents. 2270 adolescents (1134 males and 1136 females) in the region of Maule (Chile) was studied. The age range is between 10 to 18 years. The validated instrument has three categories (verbal, paralinguistic and non-verbal) and a total of 26 items. The instrument showed to be valid after the confirmatory analysis and Cronbach α (0.86 to 0.88) showed highly reliable values. The LMS method to develop percentiles, let p10, p50 and p90 calculated by age and sex. The instrument measures developed language skills valid and reliable also adopted cutoffs allow diagnose and adolescents by age and sex. These results suggest the use and application of the instrument as an everyday tool in social, cultural and educational contexts.

Objetivos: Analizar la relación de la fuerza de prensión manual FPM con el Flujo espiratorio Máximo FEM y verificar como estos parámetros en conjunto pueden contribuir sobre la salud ósea en niños y adolescentes. Metodología: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo (correlacional). Se estudió de forma probabilística a 253 niños y adolescentes (134 hombres y 119 mujeres). El rango de edad fue de 6,0 hasta 15,0 años. Se evaluó el peso, la estatura de pie, estatura sentada, longitud del antebrazo derecho, el diámetro del fémur derecho, la fuerza de prensión manual FPM derecha e izquierda y el flujo espiratorio máximo FEM. Se calculó la densidad mineral ósea DMO y el contenido mineral óseo CMO por medio de ecuaciones de regresión antropométrica. Resultados: Se observó correlaciones positivas entre FPM con el FEM en ambos sexos (R2adjust = 30 a 37%). La FPM de forma individual explica la DMO y el CMO entre 58 a 69%, mientras que el FEM entre 35 a 42%. Ambas variables en conjunto (FPM derecha e izquierda + FEM) explican la DMO y el CMO entre 67 a 68%. Conclusión: Se observó correlaciones positivas entre la FPM y FEM en escolares de ambos sexos. Ambos variables son determinantes para predecir la salud ósea de niños y adolescentes. Estos resultados sugieren que ambos parámetros pueden servir como indicadores de aptitud funcional para identificar la fragilidad ósea entre niños y adolescentes. Abstract. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between manual grasping force (FPM) and Maximum expiratory flow (FEM), and to verify how these parameters together can contribute to bone health in children and adolescents. Methodology: A descriptive (correlational) study was carried out. A total of 253 children and adolescents (134 boys and 119 girls) were selected probabilistically. The age range is 6.0 to 15.0 years old. Weight, standing height, sitting height, right forearm length, right biepicondylar femur diameter, right and left FPM, and peak FEM were evaluated. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (CMD) were calculated by means of anthropometric regression equations. Results: Positive correlations were observed between FPM and FEM in both sexes (R2adjust = 30 to 37%). FPM individually explains BMD and CMD by 58% to 69%, while FEM by 35% to 42%. Both variables together (right and left FPM + FEM) explain BMD and CMD by 67% to 68%. Conclusion: Positive correlations were observed between FPM and FEM in schoolchildren of both sexes. Both variables are determinant to predict children's and adolescents' bone health. These results suggest that both parameters can serve as indicators of functional aptitude to identify bone fragility among children and adolescents.

The components of physical fitness, aerobic capacity and anthropometric characteristics play an important role in maintaining and protecting cardiorespiratory functioning during all stages of life. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between body fat indicators and aerobic capacity of students in a physical education program. A descriptive study (cross-sectional) was carried out with 110 physical education university students (75 males and 35 females). Ages ranged between 17.7 and 26.1 years old. Weight, standing height, sitting height, waist circumference (WC), and seven skinfolds (mm) were evaluated. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. The Navette test (20m back and forth run) was used to assess the students. The correlations between adiposity and aerobic capacity for males varied from r= -0.21 to 0.34 and for females, from r= -0.21 to 0.34. In general, greater body adiposity (BMI, WC, and skinfolds) was a determinant in the males (R2= 14 to 27%). For the females, the Σ 7 skinfolds explained 11% of the adiposity. Males and females classified as having a high level of aerobic capacity showed less fat tissue (Σ 7 skinfolds) than those with moderate and low aerobic capacity (p

ObjectiveKnowledge of the biological parameters of pubertal growth spurt allows verification of secular changes and exploration of the timing of puberty. The aim of the study was to estimate final height, age at peak height velocity (APHV), and peak height velocity PHV (cm/y) in children and adolescents living at moderate altitude in Colombia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was designed in 2.295 schoolchildren from Bogotá (Colombia) with an age range from 5.0 to 18.9 years. Height (cm) was assessed. Preece–Baines model 1 (1PB) was used to make inferences about mathematical and biological parameters.ResultsThe five mathematical parameters estimated in general have reflected quality in the fit to the model, reflecting a small residual error. Final height was reached in boys at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm and in girls at 157.9 ± 0.2 cm. APHV was estimated at 12.71 ± 0.1 years in boys and 10.4 ± 0.2 years in girls. Girls reached APHV 2.2 years earlier than boys. In relation to PHV (cm/y), boys reached higher growth speed in height (7.4 ± 0.4 cm/y), and in girls it was (7.0 ± 0.2 cm/y).ConclusionIt was determined that final height was reached at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm in boys and 157.9 ± 0.2 cm in girls, and APHV (years) and PHV (cm/ye) were reached relatively early and with average peak velocity similar to Asian and Western populations. A large-scale longitudinal study is needed to confirm these findings.

A soccer player should possess a reasonable level of different skills and abilities, so the playing position, level of training, style of play, physical and physiological demands can influence his performance. The objective was to identify the intervention programs that have been applied in search of generating positive effects on explosive strength and speed in young soccer players, as well as to identify the percentage of improvement among soccer players. A bibliographic study of systematic review was carried out. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, bibliographic searches were performed in the PubMed database. The following descriptors were used: Explosive Strength, soccer players, jump performance, CMJ, SJ, VJ, Plyometrics, power, speed, sprint, kicking speed, change of direction speed, soccer player, football and training, intervention. Articles were included only if they were original articles, studied populations of young soccer players and showed an intervention program related to explosive strength and speed. Six studies were identified that applied intervention programs to look for changes in speed and explosive strength in young soccer players. In the 5m speed tests, significant changes were observed, improving from (0.26 to 0.53m/s), 10m speed (0.07 to 0.27m/s), 20m speed (0.08 to 1.92m/s) and 40m speed (0.25 to 0.62m/s). In explosive strength, performance in the test squat jump SJ (4.1 to 8.6cm), countermovement jump CMJ (1.0 to 8.8cm), horizontal jump HJ (12.17 to 24.4cm) and vertical jump VJ (5.0 to 11.0cm). Speed and explosive strength are relevant components of athletic performance and can be improved through training programs that include 20 to 40min sessions, training two to five times per week over a period of approximately 6 to 9 weeks.

Background The relationship between the Body Mass Index (BMI) with physical fitness in children and adolescent populations from diverse regions are consistent. However, the relationship between the Ponderal Index (PI) with physical fitness, based on what is known to date, has not been examined in depth. The objective was to evaluate the relationships between BMI and PI with three physical fitness tests of students living at moderate altitudes in Peru. Methods A descriptive correlational study was carried out with 385 adolescents, between the ages of 10.0 to 15.9 years old, from the province of Arequipa, Peru. Weight, height, and three physical fitness tests (horizontal jump, agility, and abdominal muscle resistance) were evaluated. BMI and PI were calculated, and they were, then, categorized into three strata (low, normal, and excessive weight). Specific regressions were calculated for sex, using a non-lineal quadratic model for each item adjusted for BMI and PI. Results The relationship between BMI and PI with the physical tests reflected parabolic curves that varied in both sexes. The regression values for BMI in males oscillated between R2 = 0.029 and 0.073 and for females between R2 = 0.008 and 0.091. For PI, for males, it varied from R2 = 0.044 to 0.82 and for females, from R2 = 0.011 to 0.103. No differences occurred between the three nutritional categories for BMI as well as for PI for both sexes (p range between 0.18 to 0.38), as well as for low weight (BMI vs PI), normal weight (BMI vs PI), and excessive weight (BMI vs PI) (p range between 0.35 to 0.64). Conclusions BMI showed inferior quadratic regressions with respect to the PI. In addition, physical performance was slightly unfavorable when it was analyzed by BMI. PI could be a useful tool for analyzing and predicting physical fitness for adolescents living at a moderate altitude since it corrects for the notable differences for weight between adolescents.

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: a) analizar la relacion entre las variables antropometricas, edad cronologica, maduracion somatica y flujo espiratorio maximo con la Masa libre de grasa (MLG) de jovenes nadadores y b) proponer ecuaciones de regresion que permitan predecir la MLG de nadadores por edad biologica y sexo. Se estudio a 36 nadadores (21 hombres y 15 mujeres) entre los 10.0 a 16.9 anos, de la seleccion de Natacion del Maule (Chile). Se evaluo el peso, estatura, estatura sentada, longitud del antebrazo, circunferencia de la pantorrilla y el Flujo espiratorio Maximo (FEM). Se calculo la edad cronologica y edad biologica por antropometria. Se obtuvo los valores de la composicion corporal (MLG, Masa osea y masa grasa) por medio de la Absorciometria dual de rayos X (DXA). La MLG se relaciono con la edad cronologica (R 2 = 0.46), biologica (R 2 = 0.69), Peso (R 2 = 0.86), estatura (R 2 = 0.77), estatura sentada (R 2 = 0.66) longitud del antebrazo (R 2 = 0.69), circunferencia del brazo derecho (R 2 = 0.55) y FEM (R 2 = 0.69). Se generaron cuatro ecuaciones de regresion para cada sexo las que evidenciaron un R 2 Ajustado entre 86 a 90% en hombres y en mujeres entre 95 a 97%. La edad biologica, la longitud del antebrazo, la circunferencia de la pantorrilla y el FEM son excelentes predictores de la MLG. Las ecuaciones generadas sirven para controlar, diagnosticar, monitorizar la MLG de los jovenes nadadores por edad biologica y sexo. Abstract. The objectives of this work were: a) to analyze the relationship between anthropometric variables, chronological age, somatic maturation and maximum expiratory flow with Fat Free Mass (MLG) of young swimmers and b) propose regression equations that allow to predict MLG of swimmers by biological age and sex. We studied 36 swimmers (21 men and 15 women) between 10.0 and 16.9 years old, from the selection of Maule Swimming (Chile). Weight, height, sitting height, forearm length, calf circumference and Maximum Expiratory Flow (FEM) were evaluated. Chronological age and biological age were calculated by anthropometry. The values of body composition (MLG, Bone Mass and fat mass) were obtained by means of Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). MLG was related to chronological age (R 2 = 0.46), biological age (R 2 = 0.69), weight (R 2 = 0.86), height (R 2 = 0.77), sitting height (R 2 = 0.66) forearm length (R 2 = 0.69), circumference of the right arm (R 2 = 0.55) and FEM (R 2 = 0.69). Four regression equations were generated for each sex, which showed an adjusted R 2 between 86% and 90% in men, and in women between 95% and 97%. The biological age, the length of the forearm, the circumference of the calf and the FEM are excellent predictors of MLG. The generated equations serve to control, diagnose, and monitor the MLG of young swimmers by biological age and sex.

Introduction Aerobic fitness is an important predictor that contributes to the preservation of functional independence during the aging process. Its measurement represents a fundamental tool in the identification of multiple health problems. Objective To compare the aerobic capacity of adults and elderly subjects through international studies and to develop percentiles by age group using the LMS method. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 1146 subjects (437 men and 709 women). The age group of the sample ranged from 50 to 84 years. The subjects evaluated came from the physical activity programs offered by the National Sports Institute (IND) and by the city council of Talca (Chile). Body mass, stature, oxygen saturation (SatO2), six-minute walk test, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for both sexes. The LMS method was used to propose the percent distribution. Results Aerobic capacity decreases with age (28.5% for men and 29.9% for women). There was a negative relationship between age and the six-minute walk test (men r = -0.13 and women r = -0.39). There was a discrepancy between the elderly subjects in the current study and those from international studies. The normative data for the classification of aerobic fitness were expressed in percentiles (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 and p97). Conclusion The aerobic performance of elderly subjects diminishes as they age; in addition, the current results differ from international studies, which motivated the development of percentiles to classify aerobic fitness in everyday situations, especially in places with few resources and particularly where field tests are considered a priority for large-scale physical evaluation. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic studies – investigation of diagnostic test. RESUMO Introdução A aptidão aeróbia é importante preditor que contribui com a preservação da independência funcional à medida que se envelhece. Sua mensuração transforma-se em ferramenta fundamental na identificação de múltiplos problemas de saúde. Objetivo Comparar a capacidade aeróbia de adultos e idosos com estudos internacionais e desenvolver percentis por faixas etárias, utilizando o método LMS. Métodos Elaborou-se um estudo descritivo transversal com 1.146 sujeitos (437 homens e 709 mulheres). A faixa etária da amostra variou de 50 a 84 anos. Os sujeitos avaliados eram oriundos dos programas de atividade física oferecidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Desporto (IND) e pela prefeitura de Talca (Chile). Avaliaram-se massa corporal, estatura, saturação de oxigênio (SatO2), teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e pressão arterial diastólica e sistólica. Calculou-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC) para ambos os sexos. Utilizou-se o método LMS para propor a distribuição percentílica. Resultados A capacidade aeróbia diminui com o decorrer da idade (28,5% para os homens e 29,9% para as mulheres). Houve relação negativa entre a idade e o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (homens: r = -0,13; mulheres: r = -0,39). Observou-se discrepância entre os idosos do presente estudo com os de estudos internacionais. Os dados normativos para a classificação da aptidão aeróbia foram expressos em percentis (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 y p97). Conclusão Os idosos diminuem o desempenho aeróbio conforme a idade avança. Os presentes resultados diferem dos estudos internacionais, o que motivou o desenvolvimento dos percentis para classificar a aptidão aeróbia em situações cotidianas, especialmente em locais com poucos recursos e principalmente onde os testes de campo são considerados prioritários para avaliação física em larga escala. Nível de evidência II; Estudos diagnóstico - investigação de teste diagnóstico. RESUMEN Introducción La aptitud aeróbica es un importante predictor que contribuye con la preservación de la independencia funcional a medida que se envejece. Su medición se transforma en una herramienta fundamental en la identificación de múltiples problemas de salud. Objetivo Comparar la capacidad aeróbica de adultos y ancianos con estudios internacionales y desarrollar percentiles por grupos de edad utilizando el método LMS. Métodos Se elaboró un estudio descriptivo transversal con 1146 sujetos (437 hombres y 709 mujeres). El grupo de edad de la muestra varió de 50 a 84 años. Los sujetos evaluados eran oriundos de los programas de actividad física ofrecidos por el Instituto Nacional de Deporte (IND) y por la Municipalidad de Talca (Chile). Se evaluaron masa corporal, estatura, saturación de oxígeno (SatO2), test de seis minutos de caminata y presión arterial diastólica y sistólica. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) para ambos sexos. Se usó el método LMS para proponer la distribución de percentil. Resultados La capacidad aeróbica disminuye con el transcurso de la edad (28,5% para los hombres y 29,9% para las mujeres). Hubo relación negativa entre la edad y el test de caminata de seis minutos (hombres r= -0,13 y mujeres r= -0,39). Se observó discrepancia entre los ancianos del presente estudio con los de estudios internacionales. Los datos normativos para la clasificación de la aptitud aeróbica fueron expresados en percentiles (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 y p97). Conclusión Los ancianos disminuyen el rendimiento aeróbico conforme avanza la edad. Los presentes resultados difieren de los estudios internacionales, lo que motivó el desarrollo de los percentiles para clasificar la aptitud aeróbica en situaciones cotidianas, especialmente en locales con pocos recursos y principalmente donde los tests de campo son considerados prioritarios para la evaluación física a larga escala. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios diagnóstico-investigación de test diagnóstico.

The objectives of this study were to a)verify the validity and reliability of a scale to assess skill levels to learn content knowledge (SLACK) and b) develop percentile norms to assess the SLACK of adolescent students. The study included 2270 students (1134 males and 1136 females) ranging in age from 10.0 to 18.9 years old. A scale was used to measure the SLACK. The results showed high values of validity (saturation between 0.32 and 0.54) and with internal consistency from 0.83 and 0.84. The LMS method made it possible to create percentiles p10, p50, and p90 in order to classify the (SLACK) based on category, age, and sex. The results suggested the use and application of the scale with the school education system by using the percentiles to diagnosis, classify, and monitor the skills for learning knowledge validly and reliably.

Los objetivos del estudio son comparar los niveles de adiposidad corporal expresado por medio de Índice de Masa Corporal IMC y circunferencia de la cintura CC con la referencia americana del Centro para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades CDC-2012 y analizar si estos niveles de adiposidad corporal difieren entre los adolescentes, según categorías de actividad física AF. Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 765 adolescentes (432 hombres y 333 mujeres). La selección de la muestra fue no-probabilística (cuotas). El rango de edad oscila de 10.0 a 18,9 años. Se evaluó el peso, la estatura, CC y se calculó el IMC. Se aplicó un cuestionario de AF. No hubo diferencias significativas de IMC y CC con la referencia del CDC-2012 en adolescentes de ambos sexos (p

La evaluación y monitorización del nivel de actividad física (AF) debe ser realizada constantemente. Los objetivos del estudio fueron a) Verificar la validez y confiabilidad de un cuestionario que mide el nivel de AF y b) desarrollar percentiles para clasificar los niveles de AF de escolares según edad y sexo. Se efectuó un estudio de descriptivo de corte transversal en 6 establecimientos Públicos de la Provincia de Arequipa, Perú. Fueron encuestados 1,339 adolescentes de ambos sexos (661 hombres y 678 mujeres). Se utilizó un cuestionario de 11 preguntas para medir la AF. Se validó por medio de análisis factorial confirmatorio y la fiabilidad por medio de consistencia interna. Se desarrollaron percentiles. La edad promedio de los hombres fue de 15,24±1,82 años y de las mujeres de 15,39±1,64 años. Las saturaciones oscilaron entre 0.30 a 0.55. El modelo de la medida de adecuación de KMO fue de 0.83 (X2= 2206.1, gl=55, pp85). Se ha verificado que el cuestionario de AF utilizado es válido y confiable, además los percentiles desarrollados son una herramienta útil para diagnosticar, clasificar y monitorizar los niveles de AF de adolescentes que viven a moderar altitud del Perú. Abstract. The evaluation and monitoring of physical activity (PA) levels must be carried out constantly. The objectives of the study were a) To verify the validity and reliability of a questionnaire that measures the level of PA and b) to establish percentiles to classify PA levels of schoolchildren by age and gender. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 6 public establishments in the Province of Arequipa, Peru. A total of 1,339 adolescents (661 boys and 678 girls) were surveyed. A questionnaire comprising 11 items was used to measure PA. Validation was carried out using confirmatory factor analysis, whereas reliability was assessed by means of internal consistency. Percentiles were established. The average age of boys was 15.24 ± 1.82 years old, whilst girls were 15.39 ± 1.64 years old. Saturations ranged from 0.30 to 0.55. KMO adequacy measure was 0.83 (X2 = 2206.1, df = 55, p p85). The used PA questionnaire is valid and reliable; in addition, the developed percentiles are a useful tool to diagnose, classify, and monitor PA levels of adolescents who live at moderate altitudes in Peru.