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(1987). Ophiostoma Subannulatum, A New Fungal Species Pathogenic to Grand Fir Roots. Mycologia: Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 144-147.

Three main decay defects in Taiwan cypress trees are described. A large white pocket rot, caused by Echinodontium taxodii, in red cypress was most common and caused extensive decay in areas being logged. A less extensive small white pocket rot occurred around the hollow butts of red cypress. No basidiocarps were found and cultures from the rot could not be identified. A brown rot, mainly of yellow cypress, yielded cultures of Veluticeps berkeleyi.

Two wood-staining fungi were isolated from Dendroctonus adjunctus- killed ponderosa pines in southeastern New Mexico. One is described as a new species of Ceratocystis and the other as a new specie...

(1954). Poria Cocos, A Widely Distributed Wood-Rotting Fungus. Mycologia: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 234-237.

Twenty species of wood rot fungi were isolated from or collected on specimens of decayed wood in boats, barges, tugs, schooners, motor boats, etc., and sporophores of several additional species kno...

A fungus commonly identified as Piggotia Fraxinli Berk. & Curt. is among those most commonly and most widely found on the foliage of ashes throughout the United States. It appears appropriate herein to designate it Piggotia leaf disease of ash, since this stage of the causal fungus is most prominent and is best known to collectors. This disease is especially prevalent in nurseries and on small trees in the forest, but occurs also on large forest and shade trees. All of the more common species of ash are subject to attack, including white ash, Fraximi.s americaina L. (identical with F. acuminata Lam. and F. lanceolata Borkh. in some of the older collections) ; green ash, F. pennsylvanica Marsh. var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. (identical with F. viridis Michx.) ; Oregon ash, F. oregona Nutt.; and black ash, F. nigra Marsh. (identical with F. sambucifolia Lam.). During the past few years our contacts with those interested in forest-tree nursery diseases and our examination of collections in herbaria show that this leaf disease occurs in Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Washington, Wisconsin, and Virginia. Furthermore, a consideration of pertinent mycological studies shows that the taxonomy of the pathogen is in a confused

The common American hardwood staining species of Endoconidiophora previously referred to E. coerulescens Munch, a conifer fungus, is shown to be a distinct species and described as E. virescens. An...

Two species of the Ophiostomataceae group of wood-staining fungi are reported on sapwood of coniferous lumber in the western United States. A species very similar to Endoconidiophora coerulescens b...

In a preliminary report on the cause of pecky decay of bald cypress, Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. (5), it was stated that basidiocarps of a Stereum had been collected from this host and that cultures derived from spores of this Stereum were similar to cultures isolated from typical pecky decay. In the present paper this Stereum is described as a new species and compared with the better known S. sulcatum Burt, which it closely resembles. Several specimens of the cypress Stereum have been collected in the past by pathologists interested in cypress decay. Von Schrenk obtained a specimen, apparently from a cypress log, in Louisiana in March 1898. This is the specimen reported from Louisiana by Burt (2) as S. sulcatum. Long collected specimens of the same species on a cypress log in Texas in May 1918. Neither Long (16) nor von Schrenk (29) indicated that this Stereum might be connected with pecky cypress. One other specimen was collected by A. S. Rhoads near Gainesville, Florida, in December 1943. These three basidiocarp specimens and the one recently collected in Mississippi (5) suggest that the fungus is widespread on cypress in the South. Collections made since this study was started indicate that the species is common in mature cypress stands. The Stereum on cypress is especially interesting because its basidiocarps resemble those of S. sulcatum; however, on more careful examination, differences are apparent. Cultures of the two are quite distinct; those of S. sulcatum obtained from hosts such as Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry, and hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr., show no resemblance to cultures of the species on cypress. These differences are detailed in the following descriptions.

Among the specimens sent into the Washington laboratory of the Division of Forest Pathology for identification, there are occasional fungi of more than ordinary interest, either because of their scarcity or because, in the course of the work incidental to their identification, some new information is secured regarding them. These criteria apply to specimens of the two fungi with which this paper is concerned.

In the Civilian Conservation Corps program in timber stand improvement work, which began in 1933, the Division of Forest Pathology became increasingly interested in cankers of hardwoods. The interest at that time was mainly from the standpoint of formulating methods of disease control. Cultures were obtained of a number of the more important canker fungi such as species of Strumella, Nectria, and Eutypella and some have been maintained in the stock culture collection of the Division of Forest Pathology at Beltsville, Maryland, since that time. Strumella canker (caused by 5. coryneoidea Sacc. and Wint.) has long been regarded as one of the more important defects of species of oak and several other hardwoods (1, 3, 4, 6, 8). The perfect stage of the fungus causing this canker was not known but has been the subject of speculation among forest pathologists. The perfect stage has not been taken into consideration in formulating control practices and this may be illustrated by the following quotation from Boyce (2) : "If cankered living trees with dead or likely-to-be-killed branches or sprouts adjacent to cankers cannot be removed, the branches or sprouts should be knocked off. . . . Furthermore, all standing dead trees with bark on should be knocked down." This was based on the observation that conidia of the fungus develop in abundance on infected dead standing trees although it has not been demonstrated that conidia are the source of infections. In fact, none of the investigators has been able to germinate conidia on artificial media (1,6,8).

The original description ofFomes occidentalis Overh, is validated by a Latin diagnosis. The new combinationsPhellinus occidentalis andPhellinus repandus are proposed. These fungi are known only from western North America. Morphological characters of basidiocarps and cultures of the two species are given with data on their distribution, substratum relationships, associated rot, and relation to similar species.

Sporophores of a small Fomes sp. from living giant cactus (Cereus gigantens) and some large, living chollas (Opuntia spp.) were studied and compared with Fomes sporophores from several other woody ...

This paper consists of some of the results of a collecting trip made by the senior author to the Grand Mesa National Forest, Colorado, during the period of June 12 to July 20, 1930. Al? though the fungi here discussed represent only a small percentage of the total number of collections, it seems that the species of Sclerotinia were sufficient in number and interest to justify a separate account. The Grand Mesa National Forest is on the western slope of the Continental Divide in the west-central part of Colorado, and Grand Mesa Mountain, where most of the species of Sclerotinia were obtained, has sufricient moisture from melting snow and summer rains to make possible a rich fungus flora. Most of the fungi were found near the top of the mountain, at an elevation of about 10,000 feet; Sclerotinia gregaria, however, occurred approximately 2,000 feet lower, several miles down the mountain from Mesa Lakes.

Three new species in the genus Europhium (E. clavigerum, E. aureum, and E. robustum) with Verticicladiella imperfect states are described and figured. Cleistothecia are found on bark, sapwood, and in old beetle galleries of beetle-infested, blue-stained pines, including lodgepole (pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.), ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa Laws.), limber (Pinus flexilis James), and western white (pinus monticola Dougl.). Europhium clavigerum was found on all hosts, E. aureum on lodgepole, and E. robustum on ponderosa. Perfect states of all three species are similar and species separation is based on differences between the imperfect states. A key is provided to separate the Verticicladiella states of the three new species of Europhium and the Leptographium state of E. trinacriforme Parker.

Five new species ofCeratocystis wood staining fungi are described. The speciesCeratocystis abiocarpa is common in recently killed subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook)Nutt.), trees or felled logs in the Central Rocky Mountain area from Wyoming to Northern Arizona and New Mexico. It also occurs commonly in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanniiPerry) logs infested withIps sp. bark beetles in this same area.

SUMMARY Two new fungi, Ceratocystis alba and C. californica, were found among the Ceratocystis, Graphium, Leptographium, and Chalaropsis species which often colonize freshly injured bark tissues of some deciduous fruit trees. Ceratocystis alba isolated from bark injuries on almond, apricot or walnut trees, is distinguished mainly by its hyaline perithecia, filiform ascospores, conidia size and growth characteristics. C. californica, isolated from a bark injury on a prune tree, is distinguished from a closely related species, C. pluriannulata, by smaller size perithecia, by the tendency of its perithecia to form in dense patches, and by narrower conidia. The new species are not pathogenic on stone fruit trees or walnuts. The association of C. alba with insects such as Carpophilus freemani, Chymomyza procnemoides, and Litargus balteatus is described.

Four species of the Ophiostomataceae have been found associated with Dendroctonus engelmanni Hopkins in bark of dying Picea engelmannii Parry in Colorado. Leptographium engelmannii, the perfect sta...

In past years there has been much research on blue stain in pine sapwood especially in pines killed by bark beetles (1). One year ago, a brown stain was observed in one inch ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws) boards brought to the Colorado State University wood research laboratory for kiln drying. Samples were obtained of this stained wood and the brown stain fungus was readily isolated (Figs. 1, 2).1 In culture, the fungus grew fairly rapidly with brown mycelium but developed no conidia or fruiting structures by which it could be identified. Recently, the Wood Research Laboratory obtained one thousand 2 x 4's cut from ponderosa pines from northern New Mexico. The trees were from fairly dense young stands so that they contained much sapwood. They were held in moist condition in the Wood Research Laboratory with plastic sheets so that the sapwood became infested with blue stains and molds such as fast-growing Trich? oderma and Penicillium species. Examination also disclosed scattered pockets of a brown stain in many ofthe 2 x 4's. Isolations from this brown stain proved it to be caused by the same fungus as that from ponderosa pine boards obtained earlier. Parts ofthe 2 x 4's containing brown stain were placed in a damp chamber. In 3-4 wk, brown, perithecium-like structures developed on the surface of the brown-stained areas. White, waxy columns issued from the tips of these fruiting bodies and consisted of hyaline cylindrical spores or spermatia about 8 x 1 ^m. They did not germinate to form cultures when transferred in mass to culture medium. The fruiting bodies were about 103 mm in diam, and dark brown to black. It is hoped that future investigators will discover this fungus in mature condition on overwintered pine wood for positive identification.

(1978). A Species of Ceratocystis Closely Associated with Endothia Cankers on American Chestnut in Eastern United States. Mycologia: Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 853-855.

A number of workers have reported a variety of reactions in attempts to determine sexual processes in species of Ceratostomella as was pointed out by Leach' in 1934. At the suggestion of Andrus, a similar study was made to determine whether C. multiannulata Hedgc. and Davidson was heterothallic. This study was referred to by Andrus in 1936 but was never published in detail. The results which were from single-ascospore and single-conidium cultures may be of interest to other workers and are recorded here. Nine single-conidium cultures of C. multiannulata were secured from a perithecium-producing colony. None of these cultures produced fertile perithecia, but upon making all possible crosses with them, one of them formed perithecia when crossed with each of the other eight. Eight single-ascospore cultures were then obtained, none of which formed fertile perithecia. Four of these formed fertile perithecia when crossed with any one of the other four. The results of all possible crosses of these single-ascospore and single-conidium cultures are shown in Table 1. These results show that C. multiannulata is heterothallic with two sex

Hirsch, H. M. 1954. Environmental factors influencing the differentiation of protoperithecia and their relation to tyrosinase and melanin formation in Neurospora crassa. Physiol. PI. (Copenhagen) 7: 72-97. Leonard, T. J. 1971. Phenoloxidase activity and fruiting body formation in Schisophyllum coZmmune. J. Bactcriol. 106: 162-167. . 1972. Phenoloxidase activity in mycelia carrying modifier mutations that affect sporocarp development in Schizophylluml coltmmune. J. Bacteriol. 111: 292-293. --, and L. E. Phillips. 1973. Study of phenoloxidase activity during the reproductive cycle in Schizophyllum commune. J. Bacteriol. 114: 7-10. Leslie, J. F. 1979. Genetic and physiologic aspects of monokaryotic fruiting in the basidiomycetous fungus Schisophylllm commune. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. --, and T. J. Leonard. 1979. Three independent genetic systems that control initiation of a fungal fruiting body. Molec. Gen. Genet. 171: 257-260. Perkins, J. H., and J. R. Raper. 1970. Morphogenesis in Schizophyllum colmmune: III. A mutation that blocks initiation of fruiting. Molec. Ge. Genet. 106: 151-154. Phillips, L. E. 1974. Studies of phenoloxidase activity during development in Schizophyllum co01mmun7e. Ph.D. thesis, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. --, and T. J. Leonard. 1976a. Extracellular and intracellular phenoloxidase activity during growth and development in Schisophyllum. Mycologia 68: 268-276. --, and . 1976b. Benzidene as a substrate for measuring phenoloxidase activity in crude cell-free extracts of Schizophyllum commune. Mycologia 68: 277-285. Raper, J. R., and P. G. Miles. 1958. The genetics of Schizophyllum, . Genetics 43: 530-546.

In October 1976 a canker of Endothia parasitica (Murr.) P. J. & H. W. And. from American chestnut, Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh, was sent to me for examination to determine whether or not the fungus Ceratocystis microspora (Davids.) Davidson was present. Previously, C. microspora had been reported in close association with the Endothia cankers on live oaks in Williamsburg, Va. (1). On examination, this canker and seven others received during 1977, also from American chestnut from western North Carolina, were found to have C. microspora perithecia present on them (3). My study of these eight cankers, incubated in damp chambers, showed a second species of Ceratocystis to be fruiting in abundance on seven of them. The perithecia of this species were smaller and more superficial than those of C. microspora. Ascospores from mature perithecia were held at the tip of the long perithecial necks in a white spherical mass (FIG. 1), whereas ascospores at the tips of perithecial necks of C. microspora were held in an irregular light brown mass. This feature and differences in size of perithecia make the species easily distinguishable. Both species were easily isolated and grown on culture medium by transferring the spore masses with a sterile needle. The cultures were also strikingly different. Ceratocystis microspora was somewhat slower growing and perithecia developed more slowly (FIGS. 2, 3). Cultures of the second species developed a slightly raised, dense, white surface mat with black perithecia starting to develop in 2 wk and maturing in 4 to 5 wk. (FIG. 4). It is here described as a new species.

(1942). Some Additional Species of Ceratostomella in the United States. Mycologia: Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 650-662.

The fungi here described include one pyrenomycete and four discomycetes collected on conifers in various localities of the United States. Specimens cited are deposited in the Mycological Collections of the Bureau of Plant Industry; type material of the Cenangium has also been sent to the herbaria of the New York Botanical Garden and the University of Michigan and to the Farlow Herbarium of Harvard University.

In 1930 Hirt 1 reported sterile conks on beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart.), which were associated with a normal fruiting body of Fomes Everhartii (Ellis & Gall.) Schrenk. During the summer of 1938 another type of sterile conk, with or without associated cankers, was found commonly on beech in the Green Mountain National Forest. These sterile conks, except for their smaller size, resembled those on birch recently reported by Campbell and Davidson 2 to be a sterile form of a Poria (probably Poria obliqua). Because of this resemblance and because P. obliqua or a similar Poria had been collected on beech in Pennsylvania and New Hampshire, it was originally thought that the sterile conks might be the sterile form of it. However, pure cultures of Polyporus glomeratus Peck, described by the writers,3 were isolated from the sterile conks and the associated decay. In addition, P. glomeratus fruited on down beech on which there were sterile conks and cankers. Later in the season a number of red maples (Acer rubrum Linn.) on the Gale River Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, were found to be badly cankered and decayed. Sterile fungus material characteristic of P. glomeratus was associated with the cankers and pure cultures from this material and from the decay confirmed the

Ascocarps innate-erumpent, depressed-pulvinate, circular or irregular in outline, densely gregarious, smooth, black; locules single or occasionally several, thick lenticular, astomous (FIG. 1, A, B); asci polysporous (24 or more spores), cylindric-clavate, short stipitate, 90-115 X 12-15 u, aparaphysate; spores when mature muriform with 3 transverse septa and frequently 1 or rarely 2 longitudinal septa in the upper cells, clavate, constricted in the middle, upper half broader, hyaline, 15-18 X 5-6 x. Conidia in culture hyaline, 1-celled, 8-15 X 4-6 e in size, borne on the mycelium as in Dematium; pycnidia in culture on sterilized willow twigs resemble those of the genus Dothichiza Lib., producing hyaline, 1-celled spores, 6-10 X 3-5 /u in size.

The identity of the sterile fungus, so common on living birches in certain localities, and its relation to other fungi have long been disputed. It has usually been considered a sterile form of some Fomes species. Lindroth (5) and Neger (6) described sterile conks on living birches in Europe and called them abortive sporophores of Polyporus nigricans Fries. Weir (9) mentioned the occurrence of the sterile fungus and normal sporophores of Fomes igniarius (L.) Gill. on the same tree and considered the two to be the same. He found the sterile form associated with dead, sunken, canker-like areas on the trunks of living birches and suggested that moisture and freezing and thawing coupled with certain chemical substances within the wound, maintained the mycelium in a vegetative condition, thus preventing the formation of normal sporophores. Katayevskaya (4) studied F. igniarius and the sterile fungus in culture and, although she demonstrated marked differences in the appearance and in microscopic structures of the isolates from the two sources, tentatively identified the latter as a sterile form of F. igniarius. Verrall (8) in an extensive study of variation in F. igniarius concluded from a consideration of the similarity of cultures and the association of the sterile conks and normal F. igniarius sporophores on the same tree that the two were the same. Campbell (3) described the cultural characteristics of a considerable number of species of Fomes, including the sterile fungus from birch and demonstrated that cultures of this

SUMMARY New species, Ceratocystis ponderosae, isolated from blue stain of ponderosa pine, and C. fraxinopennsylvanica, isolated from brown stain associated with bark beetle larvae galleries in green ash, are described. Ceratocystis ponderosae is morphologically similar to C. pilifera but differs in growth habit and staining ability. The ostiolar tip and imperfect state of C. fraxinopennsylvanica separate this species from others.

Pure-culture studies of wood-rotting fungi, which are conducted as an aid in distinguishing macroscopically similar rots and determining their relative importance, frequently also clarify the taxonomic relationships of the species involved. Such is the case with Poria Andersonii (Ellis & Ev.) Neuman and Polyporus glomeratus Peck, two species frequently isolated in a decay study, which to date have not been clearly separated by mycologists and pathologists. Peck (10) in 1873 described P. glomeratus and it has since been recognized by most mycologists as a well-defined species of Polyporus. Unfortunately the taxonomic position of P. Andersonii has not been so well established. In 1890 Ellis and Everhart (5) described Mucronoporus Andersoni as a resupinate polypore fruiting under the bark of an " oak log." Only a fragment of the type specimen is still in existence in The New York Botanical Garden and it appears to be as originally described. This fungus has since been confused with P. glomeratus. In fact Ellis and Everhart themselves were in part responsible for this confusion because they issued exsiccati sets in which they included a resupinate form of P. glomeratus, from maple, under the name M. Andersoni. In 1894 Underwood (11) described a fungus similar to M. Andersoni on the under side of poplar logs in Indiana as Polyporus (Poria) xanthosporus. Murrill (7) in 1916 described a new genus Xanthoporia based on Ellis and Everhart's Mucronoporus Andersoni. Neuman (8) listed the Ellis and Everhart species as Poria Andersonii and gave Poria xanththospora as a synonym. Lloyd at first separated P. glomeratus from P. xanthospora, as he classified his

Routine isolations from decay in living hardwoods occasionally reveal the presence of fungi not previously known to invade living trees. The decay fungi may be species that fruit commonly on old logs or stumps, as Stereum gausapatumn Fries in oaks and Polyporus glomeratus Peck in maple, or little known fungi such as Poria Andersonii (Ellis & Ev.) Neum. and Polyporus cormnpactus Overh. in oaks. Identification of cultures of the former group do not present such a difficult problem since it is usually possible to obtain sporophore cultures for comparison, but cultures of the latter group are much more difficult to identify. However, the identity of an isolate is sometimes suggested through comparisons of some microscopic features of the culture with described characteristics of sporophores. For instance, Overholts (6) described the context of P. comwpactus as composed largely of hyaline chlamydospores, whereas the most distinguishing characteristic of cultures of this fungus are the conspicuous masses of similar chlamydospores. The identities of cultures of Poria Aindersonii and Polyporus gloimeratus were first suspected by the presence of abundant hyphal setae which are conspicuous in sporophores of these species (1). In 1935 Hepting (2) referred to 60 unidentified isolates obtained in a decay study in Mississippi Delta hardwoods. Among these was a culture from decay in the heartwood of willow oak (Quercus phellos L.) that formed abundant brown conidia. Another culture of what appeared to be the same fungus species was isolated in 1938 from heartwood of a living water oak (Q. nligra L.) from Florida. At that time a careful search of the literature disclosed the fact that brown conidia described by Patouillard (7, p. 133)

By checking these specimens with the numbers and dates given in Arthur's paper, it was found that many were duplicates of those already studied. In most instances all data except num? bers and date of collection were missing. S. F. Blake identified many of the hosts and others were determined from the rust present. The interesting rust on Senecio sp. was found by S. F. Blake while examining some specimens of plants from Venezuela. Specimens of the two new species have been sent to Dr. Arthur and he also believes them to be undescribed.