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3. A call for more clarity around causality in neuroscience

Author

Barack, David L, Miller, Earl K, Moore, Christopher I, Packer, Adam M, Pessoa, Luiz, Ross, Lauren N, and Rust, Nicole C

Subjects
Cognitive and Computational Psychology, Psychology, Neurosciences, Neurological, Causality, Humans, causality, inactivation, perturbation, stimulation, Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Biological psychology, Clinical and health psychology
Abstract

In neuroscience, the term 'causality' is used to refer to different concepts, leading to confusion. Here we illustrate some of those variations, and we suggest names for them. We then introduce four ways to enhance clarity around causality in neuroscience.

Published
2022

5. Dedicated anticoagulation management protocols in fragility femoral fracture care – a source of significant variance and limited effectiveness in improving time to surgery: The hip and femoral fracture anticoagulation surgical timing evaluation (HASTE) study

Author

Smith, Matthew, Yoong, Andrel, Lim, Jun Wei, Yousef, Omar, McDonald, Stephen, Chileshe, Chinga, Ramus, Camilla, Clements, Christopher, Barrett, Liam, Rockall, Oliver, Geetala, Rahul, Islam, Saif Ul, Nasar, Ahmad, Almond, Kieran, Hassan, Ladan Fatima Yusuf, Shah, Sohan, Brand, Robert Bruce, Yawar, Bakhat, Gilmore, Catherine, McAuley, Daryl, Khan, Waleed, Subramanian, Padmanabhan, Ahluwalia, Aashish, Ozbek, Leyla, Awasthi, Prashant, Sheikh, Hassaan, Barkley, Sarah, Ardolino, Toni, Denning, Alexander, Thiruchandran, Gaj, Fraig, Hossam, Salim, Omar, Iqbal, Rabia, Guy, Stephen, Hogg, Jack, Bagshaw, Oliver, Asmar, Samir, Mitchell, Stephen, Quek, Fang, Fletcher, James, French, Jonathan, Graham, Selina, Sloper, Philip, Sadique, Hammad, Matera, Valentina, Sohail, Zain, Leong, Justin Wei, Issa, Fares, Greasley, Lauren, Marsden, Samuel, Parry, Lucy, Mannan, Syed, Zaheen, Humayoon, Moriarty, Peter, Manning, William, Morris, Timothy, Brockbanks, Carole, Ward, Peter, Pearce, Kim, McMenemy, Louise, Mahmoud, Mohamed, Kieffer, Will, Lal, Aayush, Collis, Justin, Chandrasekaran, Karthik, Foxall-Smith, Michael, Raad, Marjan, Kempshall, Peter, Cheuk, Jocelyn, Leckey, Sam, Gupta, Rishav, Engelke, Daniel, Kemp, Mark, Venkatesan, Aakaash, Hussain, Adnan, Simons, Michiel, Raghavendra, Ram Mohan, Rohra, Satish, Deo, Sunny, Vasarhelyi, Ferenc, Thelwall, Claire, Cullen, Krista, Al-Obaidi, Bilal, Fell, Adam, Thaumeen, Ahmad, Dadabhoy, Maria, Ali, Mira, Ijaz, Sameer, Lin, David, Khan, Basharat, Alsonbaty, Mohamed, Lebe, Moritz, Millan, Ravi Kant, Imam, Sam, Theobald, Emma, Cormack, Jonathan, Sharoff, Lokesh, Eardley, Will, Jeyapalan, Rathan, Alcock, Liam, Clayton, Julia, Bates, Natalie, Mahmoud, Yousif, Osborne, Alex, Ralhan, Shvaita, Carpenter, Catriona, Ahmad, Mahmood, Ravi, Sanjeev Musuvathy, Konbaz, Tarek, Lloyd, Thomas, Sheikh, Nomaan, Swealem, Ahmed, Soroya, Emma, Rayan, Faizal, Ward, Thomas, Vasireddy, Aswinkumar, Clarke, Ellisiv, Sikdar, Oishi, Smart, Yat Wing, Windley, Joseph, Ilagan, Belen, Brophy, Edel, Joseph, Sarah, Lowery, Kathryn, Jamjoom, Ammer, Ismayl, Ghiath, Aujla, Randeep, Sambhwani, Sharan, Ramasamy, Arul, Khalaf, Ahmed, Ponugoti, Nikhil, Teng, Wai Huang, Masud, Saqib, Otoibhili, Eghe, Clarkson, Martin, Nafea, Mohamed, Sarhan, Mohamed, Hanna, Shady, Kelly, Andrew, Curtis, Alex, Gourbault, Lysander, Tarhini, Mariam, Platt, Nicholas, Fleming, Thomas, Pemmaraju, Gopalakrishna, Choudri, Mohammed Junaid, Burahee, Abdus, Hassan, Labiba, Hamid, Laveeza, Loveday, David, Edres, Kareem, Schankat, Kerstin, Granger, Luke, Goodbun, Matthew, Parikh, Sunny, Johnson-Lynn, Sarah, Griffiths, Alexandra, Rai, Avinash, Chandler, Henry, Guiot, Luke, Appleyard, Thomas, Robinson, Karen, Fong, Angus, Watts, Anna, Stedman, Tobias, Walton, Victoria, Inman, Dominic, Liaw, Frank, Hadfield, James, McGovern, Julia, Baldock, Thomas, White, Jonathan, Seah, Matthew, Jacob, Neville, Ali, Zaid Haj, Goff, Thomas, Sanalla, Ahmed, Gomati, Ayoub, Nordin, Louise, Hassan, Eslam, Ramadan, Omar, Teoh, Kar Hao, Baskaran, Dinnish, Ngwayi, James, Abbakr, Lina, Blackmore, Noah, Mansukhani, Sameer, Guryel, Enis, Harper, Adam, Cashman, Emily, Brooker, Joanne, Pack, Louise, Regan, Nora, Wagner, Wilhelm, Selim, Amr, Archer, Debbie, McConaghie, Gregory, Patel, Ravi, Gibson, William, Pasapula, Chandra S, Youssef, Hesham, Aziz, Md Abdul, Subhash, Sadhin, Banaszkiewicz, Paul, Elzawahry, Ahmed, Neo, Chryssa, Wei, Nicholas, Bhaskaran, Arun, Sharma, Abhishek, Factor, Danielle, Shahin, Fatma, Shields, David, Ferreira, Catarina Dores Fernandes, Jeyakumar, Gowsikan, Liao, Quintin, Sinnerton, Robert, Ashwood, Neil, Sarhan, Islam, Ker, Andrew, Phelan, Sean, Paxton, James, McAuley, Joseph, Moulton, Lawrence, Mohamed, Ahmed, Dias, Ana, Ho, Beatrice, Francis, Daniel, Miller, Sarah, Phillips, Jon, Jones, Robin, Arthur, Calum, Oag, Erlend, Thutoetsile, Kamogelo, Bell, Katrina, Milne, Kirsty, Whitefield, Reiss, Patel, Kuntal, Singh, Abhimanyu, Morris, Geraint, Parkinson, Dawn, Patil, Amogh, Hamid, Hassan, Syam, Kevin, Singh, Rohit, Menon, Deepak, Crooks, Sophie, Borland, Steven, Rohman, Adam, Nicholson, Alys, Smith, Ben, Hafiz, Nauman, Kolhe, Shivam, Waites, Matthew, Piper, Dani, Westacott, David, Grimshaw, Jessica, Bott, Alasdair, Berry, Alexander, Battle, Joseph, Flannery, Oliver, Iyengar, Karthikeyan P, Thakur, Abdul Wadood, Yousef, Mina, Bansod, Vaibhav, El-nahas, Walaa, Dawe, Edward, Oladeji, Emmanuel, Federer, Simon, Trompeter, Alex, Pritchard, Anna, Shurovi, Badrun, Jordan, Chris, Little, Max, Sivaloganathan, Sivanshankar, Shaunak, Shalin, Watters, Hazel, Luck, Joshua, Zbaeda, Mohamed, Frasquet-Garcia, Antonio, Warner, Christian, Telford, Jeremy, Rooney, Joanna, Attwood, Joseph, Wilson, Faye, Panagiotopoulos, Andreas, Keane, Conal, Scott, Helen, Mazel, Rebecca, Maggs, Joanna, Skinner, Edward, McMunn, Finlay, Lau, Joshua, Ravikumar, Kasetti, Thakker, Dev, Gill, Moneet, McCarthy, Phillip, Fossey, Gavin, Shah, Sohaib, McAlinden, Gavan, McGoldrick, Peter, O'Brien, Scarlett, Patil, Sunit, Millington, Antonia, Umar, Hamza, Sehdev, Simran, Dyer-Hill, Thomas, Yu Kwan, Tsun, Tanagho, Andy, Hagnasir, Ahmed, White, Thomas, Bano, Christopher, Kissin, Eleanor, Ghani, Rafia, Thomas, Philip S W, McMullan, Mark, Walmsley, Matthew, Elgendy, Mohamed, Winstanley, Robert, Round, Joanne, Baxter, Mark, Thompson, Emett, Hogan, Kathryn, Youssef, Khaled, Fetouh, Sherif, Hopper, Graeme P, Simpson, Cameron, Warren, Craig, Waugh, Dominic, Nair, Gopikrishnan, Ballantyne, Andy, Blacklock, Calum, O'Connell, Ciara, Toland, Gemma, McIntyre, Joshua, Ross, Lauren, Badge, Ravindra, Loganathan, Deeraj, Turner, Ian, Ball, Matthew, Maqsood, Saad, Deierl, Krisztian, Beer, Alexander, Tan, Arthur Chen Wun, Mackinnon, Thomas, Gade, Venkat, Gill, James, Yu San, Kay, Archunan, Maheswaran Warren, Shaikh, Mariyam, Ugbah, Onyinye, Uwaoma, Sade, Pillai, Anand, Nath, Upamanyu, Rohan, Farhan-Alanie, M. M., Dixon, J., Irvine, S., Walker, R., and Eardley, W. G. P.

Published
2024
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6. The impact of anticoagulant medications on fragility femur fracture care: The hip and femoral fracture anticoagulation surgical timing evaluation (HASTE) study

Author

Smith, Matthew, Yoong, Andrel, Lim, Jun Wei, Yousef, Omar, McDonald, Stephen, Chileshe, Chinga, Ramus, Camilla, Clements, Christopher, Barrett, Liam, Rockall, Oliver, Geetala, Rahul, Islam, Saif Ul, Nasar, Ahmad, Almond, Kieran, Hassan, Ladan Fatima Yusuf, Shah, Sohan, Brand, Robert Bruce, Yawar, Bakhat, Gilmore, Catherine, McAuley, Daryl, Khan, Waleed, Subramanian, Padmanabhan, Ahluwalia, Aashish, Ozbek, Leyla, Awasthi, Prashant, Sheikh, Hassaan, Barkley, Sarah, Ardolino, Toni, Denning, Alexander, Thiruchandran, Gaj, Fraig, Hossam, Salim, Omar, Iqbal, Rabia, Guy, Stephen, Hogg, Jack, Bagshaw, Oliver, Asmar, Samir, Mitchell, Stephen, Quek, Fang, Fletcher, James, French, Jonathan, Graham, Selina, Sloper, Philip, Sadique, Hammad, Matera, Valentina, Sohail, Zain, Leong, Justin Wei, Issa, Fares, Greasley, Lauren, Marsden, Samuel, Parry, Lucy, Mannan, Syed, Zaheen, Humayoon, Moriarty, Peter, Manning, William, Morris, Timothy, Brockbanks, Carole, Ward, Peter, Pearce, Kim, McMenemy, Louise, Mahmoud, Mohamed, Kieffer, Will, Lal, Aayush, Collis, Justin, Chandrasekaran, Karthik, Foxall-Smith, Michael, Raad, Marjan, Kempshall, Peter, Cheuk, Jocelyn, Leckey, Sam, Gupta, Rishav, Engelke, Daniel, Kemp, Mark, Venkatesan, Aakaash, Hussain, Adnan, Simons, Michiel, Raghavendra, Ram Mohan, Rohra, Satish, Deo, Sunny, Vasarhelyi, Ferenc, Thelwall, Claire, Cullen, Krista, Al-Obaidi, Bilal, Fell, Adam, Thaumeen, Ahmad, Dadabhoy, Maria, Ali, Mira, Ijaz, Sameer, Lin, David, Khan, Basharat, Alsonbaty, Mohamed, Lebe, Moritz, Millan, Ravi Kant, Imam, Sam, Theobald, Emma, Cormack, Jonathan, Sharoff, Lokesh, Eаrdley, Will, Jeyapalan, Rathan, Alcock, Liam, Clayton, Julia, Bates, Natalie, Mahmoud, Yousif, Osborne, Alex, Ralhan, Shvaita, Carpenter, Catriona, Ahmad, Mahmood, Ravi, Sanjeev Musuvathy, Konbaz, Tarek, Lloyd, Thomas, Sheikh, Nomaan, Swealem, Ahmed, Soroya, Emma, Rayan, Faizal, Ward, Thomas, Vasireddy, Aswinkumar, Clarke, Ellisiv, Sikdar, Oishi, Smart, Yat Wing, Windley, Joseph, Ilagan, Belen, Brophy, Edel, Joseph, Sarah, Lowery, Kathryn, Jamjoom, Ammer, Ismayl, Ghiath, Aujla, Randeep, Sambhwani, Sharan, Ramasamy, Arul, Khalaf, Ahmed, Ponugoti, Nikhil, Teng, Wai Huang, Masud, Saqib, Otoibhili, Eghe, Clarkson, Martin, Nafea, Mohamed, Sarhan, Mohamed, Hanna, Shady, Kelly, Andrew, Curtis, Alex, Gourbault, Lysander, Tarhini, Mariam, Platt, Nicholas, Fleming, Thomas, Pemmaraju, Gopalakrishna, Choudri, Mohammed Junaid, Burahee, Abdus, Hassan, Labiba, Hamid, Laveeza, Loveday, David, Edres, Kareem, Schankat, Kerstin, Granger, Luke, Goodbun, Matthew, Parikh, Sunny, Johnson-Lynn, Sarah, Griffiths, Alexandra, Rai, Avinash, Chandler, Henry, Guiot, Luke, Appleyard, Thomas, Robinson, Karen, Fong, Angus, Watts, Anna, Stedman, Tobias, Walton, Victoria, Inman, Dominic, Liaw, Frank, Hadfield, James, McGovern, Julia, Baldock, Thomas, White, Jonathan, Seah, Matthew, Jacob, Neville, Ali, Zaid Haj, Goff, Thomas, Sanalla, Ahmed, Gomati, Ayoub, Nordin, Louise, Hassan, Eslam, Ramadan, Omar, Teoh, Kar Hao, Baskaran, Dinnish, Ngwayi, James, Abbakr, Lina, Blackmore, Noah, Mansukhani, Sameer, Guryel, Enis, Harper, Adam, Cashman, Emily, Brooker, Joanne, Pack, Louise, Regan, Nora, Wagner, Wilhelm, Selim, Amr, Archer, Debbie, McConaghie, Gregory, Patel, Ravi, Gibson, William, Pasapula, Chandra S, Youssef, Hesham, Aziz, Md Abdul, Subhash, Sadhin, Banaszkiewicz, Paul, Elzawahry, Ahmed, Neo, Chryssa, Wei, Nicholas, Bhaskaran, Arun, Sharma, Abhishek, Factor, Danielle, Shahin, Fatma, Shields, David, Ferreira, Catarina Dores Fernandes, Jeyakumar, Gowsikan, Liao, Quintin, Sinnerton, Robert, Ashwood, Neil, Sarhan, Islam, Ker, Andrew, Phelan, Sean, Paxton, James, McAuley, Joseph, Moulton, Lawrence, Mohamed, Ahmed, Dias, Ana, Ho, Beatrice, Francis, Daniel, Miller, Sarah, Phillips, Jon, Jones, Robin, Arthur, Calum, Oag, Erlend, Thutoetsile, Kamogelo, Bell, Katrina, Milne, Kirsty, Whitefield, Reiss, Patel, Kuntal, Singh, Abhimanyu, Morris, Geraint, Parkinson, Dawn, Patil, Amogh, Hamid, Hassan, Syam, Kevin, Singh, Rohit, Menon, Deepak, Crooks, Sophie, Borland, Steven, Rohman, Adam, Nicholson, Alys, Smith, Ben, Hafiz, Nauman, Kolhe, Shivam, Waites, Matthew, Piper, Dani, Westacott, David, Grimshaw, Jessica, Bott, Alasdair, Berry, Alexander, Battle, Joseph, Flannery, Oliver, Iyengar, Karthikeyan P, Thakur, Abdul Wadood, Yousef, Mina, Bansod, Vaibhav, El-nahas, Walaa, Dawe, Edward, Oladeji, Emmanuel, Federer, Simon, Trompeter, Alex, Pritchard, Anna, Shurovi, Badrun, Jordan, Chris, Little, Max, Sivaloganathan, Sivanshankar, Shaunak, Shalin, Watters, Hazel, Luck, Joshua, Zbaeda, Mohamed, Frasquet-Garcia, Antonio, Warner, Christian, Telford, Jeremy, Rooney, Joanna, Attwood, Joseph, Wilson, Faye, Panagiotopoulos, Andreas, Keane, Conal, Scott, Helen, Mazel, Rebecca, Maggs, Joanna, Skinner, Edward, McMunn, Finlay, Lau, Joshua, Ravikumar, Kasetti, Thakker, Dev, Gill, Moneet, McCarthy, Phillip, Fossey, Gavin, Shah, Sohaib, McAlinden, Gavan, McGoldrick, Peter, O'Brien, Scarlett, Patil, Sunit, Millington, Antonia, Umar, Hamza, Sehdev, Simran, Dyer-Hill, Thomas, Yu Kwan, Tsun, Tanagho, Andy, Hagnasir, Ahmed, White, Thomas, Bano, Christopher, Kissin, Eleanor, Ghani, Rafia, Thomas, Philip S W, McMullan, Mark, Walmsley, Matthew, Elgendy, Mohamed, Winstanley, Robert, Round, Joanne, Baxter, Mark, Thompson, Emett, Hogan, Kathryn, Youssef, Khaled, Fetouh, Sherif, Hopper, Graeme P, Simpson, Cameron, Warren, Craig, Waugh, Dominic, Nair, Gopikrishnan, Ballantyne, Andy, Blacklock, Calum, O'Connell, Ciara, Toland, Gemma, McIntyre, Joshua, Ross, Lauren, Badge, Ravindra, Loganathan, Deeraj, Turner, Ian, Ball, Matthew, Maqsood, Saad, Deierl, Krisztian, Beer, Alexander, Tan, Arthur Chen Wun, Mackinnon, Thomas, Gade, Venkat, Gill, James, Yu San, Kay, Archunan, Maheswaran Warren, Shaikh, Mariyam, Ugbah, Onyinye, Uwaoma, Sade, Pillai, Anand, Nath, Upamanyu, Rohan, Farhan-Alanie, M.M., Chinweze, R., Walker, R., and Eardley, W.G.P.

Published
2024
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12. The doctrine of specific etiology

Author

Ross, Lauren N

Subjects
Philosophy and Religious Studies, History and Philosophy Of Specific Fields, Causation, Biomedicine, Biology, Medicine, Explanation, Biological Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Science Studies, Biological sciences, Philosophy and religious studies, Psychology
Abstract

Modern medicine is often said to have originated with nineteenth century germ theory, which attributed diseases to bacterial contagions. The success of this theory is often associated with an underlying principle referred to as the “doctrine of specific etiology”. This doctrine refers to specificity at the level of disease causation or etiology. While the importance of this doctrine is frequently emphasized in the philosophical, historical, and medical literature, these sources lack a clear account of the types of specificity that it involves and why exactly they matter. This paper argues that nineteenth century germ theory involves two types of specificity at the level of etiology. One type receives significant attention in the literature, but its influence on modern medicine has been misunderstood. A second type is present in this model, but it has been completely overlooked in the extant literature. My analysis clarifies how these types of specificity led to a novel conception of etiology that continues to figure in medicine today.

Published
2018

13. The Use of Nonword Keywords in the Speech Assessment of English Second Language Learners

Author

Ross, Lauren, Geertsema, Salomé, le Roux, Mia, and Alet Graham, Marien

Abstract

Use of nonwords is a potentially more appropriate method of assessment for English second language (EL2) learners. A mixed comparative design was used to compare the effects when using nonwords instead of picture-based stimuli to assess articulation of EL2 learners. Subaims were to compare results between two tests and age groups. In all, 16 Setswana L1 children assigned to two age cohorts were assessed using the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation--second edition (GFTA-2), and nonword list was created via a registered Speech Motor Learning website. Results of the two assessments differed significantly, indicating that lack of semantic information may yield different outcomes for articulation assessments of EL2 learners. Speech sound differences on the GFTA-2 were sounds not found in L1. This agrees with previous research indicating incorrect diagnosis due to speech and language differences. There was no significant difference between the two age cohorts. This research forms the basis for investigations into nonwords as a more accurate method for assessment of EL2 learners.

Published
2020
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17. Is Occam’s razor losing its edge? New perspectives on the principle of model parsimony

Author

Dubova, Marina, primary, Chandramouli, Suyog, additional, Gigerenzer, Gerd, additional, Grünwald, Peter, additional, Holmes, William, additional, Lombrozo, Tania, additional, Marelli, Marco, additional, Musslick, Sebastian, additional, Nicenboim, Bruno, additional, Ross, Lauren, additional, White, Martha, additional, Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan, additional, Bürkner, Paul - Christian, additional, and Sloman, Sabina, additional

Published
2024
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21. The Evolving Landscape of Cross-Border Tax Examination: Critical strategies for tax departments to consider and pitfalls to avoid in the complex landscape of foreign tax audits

Author

Akins, Sean, Otero, Kevin, Ross, Lauren Ann, and Kothari, Pooja Shah

Subjects
Corporations -- Taxation, Tax auditing -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Management, Government regulation, Company business management, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business, Economics, Law
Abstract

Our clients and our practice group members are increasingly occupied (and preoccupied) not only with challenges from the Internal Revenue Service but also with audit and enforcement actions from foreign [...]

Published
2022

23. Social modulation of pain: A mediation model with shared reality and emotion

Author

Ross, Lauren Page and Ross, Lauren Page

Abstract

Physical pain is a ubiquitous human experience with complexities spanning from physical to psychological domains. Though pain has historically been thought of as a physical and sensory process, the modern definition of pain now includes cognitive, social and emotional factors (Craig, 2002; iasp-pain.org/terminology; Williams & Craig, 2016), indicating growing appreciation of the impact of broader psychological context on people’s pain experiences. Support for this distinction comes from literatures exploring the many constructs proposed to moderate or mediate pain experience through psychological channels. In the pain literature social contact, which can include interactions with others, the mere presence of another person, or even the perceived presence of another person, often predicts reduced perceptions of acute experimental pain. However, this association is not always present and, at times, social contact enhances perceived pain (Che, Cash, Chung, Fitzgerald, & Fitzgibbon, 2018a; Che, Cash, Ng, Fitzgerald, & Fitzgibbon, 2018b; Krahé, Springer, Weinman, & Fotopoulou, 2013). The mixed influence of social contact may suggest that, in the face of pain, not all social contact is created equal. A parallel literature investigating the influence of emotion on pain perception demonstrates that modulating positive and negative emotion can more consistently predict pain outcomes, such that increasing positive emotion reduces perceived pain, while increasing negative emotion increases perceived pain (e.g., Zelman, Howland, Nichols, & Cleeland, 1991). Therefore it was hypothesized that emotion modulation resulting from social contact may predict perceived pain. Shared reality, the experience of validating one’s perception of reality through social contact, has been theorized to modulate emotion (Echterhoff, Higgins & Levine, 2009). Therefore the current work investigated sharing reality as a key moderator of the relationship between social contact and perceived pain. It wa

Published
2024

24. Explanation in Biology

Author

Ross, Lauren N. and Ross, Lauren N.

Abstract

This book examines philosophical accounts of scientific explanation, particularly those that apply to biology and the life sciences. Two main categories of scientific explanation are examined in detail—causal explanations and non-causal explanations. The first section of this book provides a brief history and some basics on philosophical accounts of scientific explanation. Section two covers causal explanation, first by discussing foundational topics in the area, such as defining causation, causal selection, and reductive explanation. This is followed by an examination of distinct types of causal explanation, including those that appeal to mechanisms, pathways, and cascades. The third section of this book covers non-causal, mathematical explanations, which have received significant attention in recent philosophy of biology and the life sciences. Three main types of non-causal, mathematical explanation are discussed: topological and constraint-based explanation, optimality and efficiency explanations, and minimal model explanations. This work examines similarities and differences across accounts of scientific explanation, while situating them in the context of common goals, methods, and reasoning present in biology and the life sciences.

Published
2024

29. Koch’s postulates: An interventionist perspective

Author

Ross, Lauren N and Woodward, James F

Subjects
Philosophy and Religious Studies, History and Philosophy Of Specific Fields, Biomedical Research, Causality, History, 19th Century, Microbiology, Koch's postulates, Causation, Interventionism, Causal specificity, Koch’s postulates, Historical Studies, History and Philosophy of Specific Fields, Philosophy, Science Studies, History and philosophy of specific fields
Abstract

We argue that Koch's postulates are best understood within an interventionist account of causation, in the sense described in Woodward (2003). We show how this treatment helps to resolve interpretive puzzles associated with Koch's work and how it clarifies the different roles the postulates play in providing useful, yet not universal criteria for disease causation. Our paper is an effort at rational reconstruction; we attempt to show how Koch's postulates and reasoning make sense and are normatively justified within an interventionist framework and more difficult to understand within alternative frameworks for thinking about causation.

Published
2016

31. From Biological Practice to Scientific Metaphysics

Author

Creath, Richard, additional, Ereshefsky, Marc, additional, Kaiser, Marie I., additional, Reydon, Thomas A. C., additional, Ross, Lauren N., additional, Trappes, Rose, additional, Weber, Marcel, additional, and Wimsatt, William C., additional

Published
2023
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34. What is social structural explanation? A causal account.

Author

Ross, Lauren N.

Subjects
*SOCIAL scientists, *SOCIAL hierarchies, *SOCIAL structure, *SOCIAL influence, *ECONOMIC systems
Abstract

Social scientists appeal to various "structures" in their explanations including public policies, economic systems, and social hierarchies. Significant debate surrounds the explanatory relevance of these factors for various outcomes such as health, behavioral, and economic patterns. This paper provides a causal account of social structural explanation that is motivated by Haslanger (2016). This account suggests that social structure can be explanatory in virtue of operating as a causal constraint, which is a causal factor with unique characteristics. A novel causal framework is provided for understanding these explanations–this framework addresses puzzles regarding the mysterious causal influence of social structure, how to understand its relation to individual choice, and what makes it the main explanatory (and causally responsible) factor for various outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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38. Estuaire et nappes profondes de Gironde

Author

Schmidt, Sabine, primary, Baron, Jérôme, additional, Felts, Didier, additional, Garnier, Emmanuel, additional, Dupuy, Alain, additional, Grissac, Bruno de, additional, Sottolichio, Aldo, additional, Chaalali, Aurélie, additional, Coynel, Alexandra, additional, Doxaran, David, additional, Etcheber, Henri, additional, Hanquiez, Vincent, additional, Le Hir, Pierre, additional, Ross, Lauren, additional, and Jalon-Rojas, Isabel, additional

Published
2020
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39. Qualité des eaux de surface : vers un bouchon vaseux et des désoxygénations plus prononcés dans l’estuaire fluvial ?

Author

Schmidt, Sabine, primary, Baron, Jérôme, additional, Felts, Didier, additional, Garnier, Emmanuel, additional, Dupuy, Alain, additional, Grissac, Bruno de, additional, Sottolichio, Aldo, additional, Chaalali, Aurélie, additional, Coynel, Alexandra, additional, Doxaran, David, additional, Etcheber, Henri, additional, Hanquiez, Vincent, additional, Le Hir, Pierre, additional, Ross, Lauren, additional, and Jalon-Rojas, Isabel, additional

Published
2020
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40. Variabilité physique de l’estuaire, évolution géomorphologique et dynamique hydro-sédimentaire

Author

Baron, Jérôme, primary, Felts, Didier, additional, Garnier, Emmanuel, additional, Dupuy, Alain, additional, Grissac, Bruno de, additional, Schmidt, Sabine, additional, Sottolichio, Aldo, additional, Chaalali, Aurélie, additional, Coynel, Alexandra, additional, Doxaran, David, additional, Etcheber, Henri, additional, Hanquiez, Vincent, additional, Le Hir, Pierre, additional, Ross, Lauren, additional, and Jalon-Rojas, Isabel, additional

Published
2020
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41. Les inondations de l’estuaire : quelle situation après une histoire mouvementée ?

Author

Schmidt, Sabine, primary, Baron, Jérôme, additional, Felts, Didier, additional, Garnier, Emmanuel, additional, Dupuy, Alain, additional, Grissac, Bruno de, additional, Sottolichio, Aldo, additional, Chaalali, Aurélie, additional, Coynel, Alexandra, additional, Doxaran, David, additional, Etcheber, Henri, additional, Hanquiez, Vincent, additional, Le Hir, Pierre, additional, Ross, Lauren, additional, and Jalon-Rojas, Isabel, additional

Published
2020
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42. Conclusion générale

Author

Schmidt, Sabine, primary, Baron, Jérôme, additional, Felts, Didier, additional, Garnier, Emmanuel, additional, Dupuy, Alain, additional, Grissac, Bruno de, additional, Sottolichio, Aldo, additional, Chaalali, Aurélie, additional, Coynel, Alexandra, additional, Doxaran, David, additional, Etcheber, Henri, additional, Hanquiez, Vincent, additional, Le Hir, Pierre, additional, Ross, Lauren, additional, and Jalon-Rojas, Isabel, additional

Published
2020
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43. Introduction générale

Author

Baron, Jérôme, primary, Felts, Didier, additional, Garnier, Emmanuel, additional, Dupuy, Alain, additional, Grissac, Bruno de, additional, Schmidt, Sabine, additional, Sottolichio, Aldo, additional, Chaalali, Aurélie, additional, Coynel, Alexandra, additional, Doxaran, David, additional, Etcheber, Henri, additional, Hanquiez, Vincent, additional, Le Hir, Pierre, additional, Ross, Lauren, additional, and Jalon-Rojas, Isabel, additional

Published
2020
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49. Causal Constraints in the Life and Social Sciences

Author

Ross, Lauren N. and Ross, Lauren N.

Abstract

This paper examines constraints and their role in scientific explanation. Common views in the philosophical literature suggest that constraints are non-causal and that they provide non-causal explanations. While much of this work focuses on examples from physics, this paper explores con- straints from other fields, including neuroscience, physiology, and the social sciences. I argue that these cases involve constraints that are causal and that provide a unique type of causal explanation. This paper clarifies what it means for a factor to be a constraint, when such constraints are causal, and how they figure in scientific explanation.

Published
2023

50. Proximal and Distal Causes in Medicine

Author

Ross, Lauren N., Kendler, Kenneth, Ross, Lauren N., and Kendler, Kenneth

Abstract

The proximal-distal model of disease causation is often used to capture how social causes influence health outcomes. This model serves as a conceptual framework for many analyses of social determinants of health-—it does so by locating social factors as distal causes, which are upstream of proximal biology. In an influential paper, Krieger criticizes this model for being inaccurate and confused, and suggests that we “abandon the deeply confused language of the terms proximal and distal” (Krieger 2008). While we agree with many of Krieger’s criticisms, we examine different weaknesses of this model and argue that it has important strengths. We examine three causal scenarios to show how social and biological causes interrelate in various ways, which are only partly captured by this model. In particular, we show how social factors can play three types of causal roles: they can be distal causes, parallel causes, and proximal causes. We argue that-instead of eliminating “proximal” and “distal” causal terminology—accurate use of these terms is not only possible, but instrumental in capturing how social causes influence health and disease.

Published
2023

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