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info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This volume suggests a model of collective memory that distinguishes between two conceptual logics of memory fragmentation, vertical fragmentation and horizontal fragmentation. It offers a series of case studies of conflict and post-conflict collective memory, shedding light on the ways various actors participate in the production, dissemination and contestation of memory discourses. With attention to the characteristics of both vertical and horizontal memory fragmentation, the book addresses the plurality of diverging, and often conflicting, memory discourses that are produced within the public sphere of a given community. It analyses the juxtaposition, tensions and interactions between narratives produced beyond or below the central state, often transcending national boundaries. The book is structured according to the type of actors involved in a memory fragmentation process. It explores how states have been trying to produce and impose memory discourses on civil societies, sometimes even against the experiences of their own citizens, and how this process has led to horizontal and vertical memory fragmentation. Furthermore, it considers the attempts by states’ representatives to reassert control of national memory discourses and the subsequent resistances they face. As such, this volume will appeal to sociology and political science scholars interested in memory studies in post-conflict societies.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous proposons d’analyser les enjeux psychosociaux relatifs à la mobilisation de différents statuts moraux par les membres de minorités actives lors d’une demande de reconnaissance. Pour cela, nous avons étudié la façon dont les membres du groupe majoritaire réagissent aux différents statuts moraux mobilisés par la minorité et la façon dont les membres du groupe minoritaire mobilisent les statuts moraux. En effet, un certain nombre de recherches se sont intéressées aux conséquences positives de la reconnaissance d’un statut de victime, délaissant l’étude d’autres statuts moraux. La thèse a donc pour objectif d’investiguer l’impact de la mobilisation d’autres statuts, avec un accent principalement mis sur les statuts de victime (patient négatif) et de bienfaiteur (agent positif). La thèse est composée de quatre articles. Le premier article vise à investiguer la catégorisation morale de minorités par les membres du groupe majoritaire. Il présente trois études nous permettant d’établir un paysage national relatif aux minorités avec lesquelles les Belges sont amenés à interagir dans la vie de tous les jours mais aussi du passé.Le deuxième article nous amène à nous interroger quant aux conséquences de la reconnaissance du statut passé sur les attitudes intergroupes actuelles. Dans cet article, nous investiguons, au travers de deux études, l’impact de la mémoire collective coloniale sur les relations intergroupes qu’entretiennent les Belges et les Congolais de Belgique.Le troisième article vise à comprendre les différentes réactions du groupe majoritaire lorsqu’il reçoit une demande de reconnaissance sociale de la part d’un groupe minoritaire qui mobilise soit un statut d’agent positif, soit celui de patient négatif. Cet article est composé de trois études mettant en avant un certain nombre de coûts et bénéfices liés à chaque statut moral. Enfin, le quatrième article a pour objectif d’analyser, à travers une analyse thématique d’interviews, l, In this thesis, we propose to investigate the psychosocial issues related to the mobilization of different moral statuses by members of active minorities when seeking recognition. To this end, we have studied how members of the majority group react to the different moral statuses mobilized by the minority and how members of the minority group mobilize moral statuses. Indeed, a number of studies have focused in the past on the positive consequences of victim status recognition, leaving aside the study of other moral statuses. The thesis therefore aims to investigate the impact of the mobilization of other statuses, with a focus on victim (negative patient) and benefactor (positive agent) statuses.The thesis consists of four articles. The first article investigates the moral categorization of minorities by members of the majority group. It presents three studies that allow us to establish a national landscape of minorities with which Belgians interact in everyday life and in the past.The second article investigates the consequences of recognition of past status on current intergroup attitudes. In this article, we investigate, through two studies, the impact of colonial collective memory on intergroup relations between Belgians and Congolese people in Belgium.The third article aims to understand the different reactions of the majority group when it receives a request for social recognition from a minority group that mobilizes either a positive agent or a negative patient status. This article is composed of three studies highlighting a number of costs and benefits associated with each moral status.Finally, the fourth article aims to analyze, through a thematic analysis of interviews, how Afro-descendant activists in Belgium mobilize their own group's moral categorization and how they anticipate the responses of the majority in the context of collective mobilization. This article allows us to observe the multiplicity of moral statuses mobilized by members of this active, Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

interview par Bosco d’Otreppe

Collective memories are memories shared by a group that influence their social identity. The goal of this paper is to focus on two major limitations in current studies on collective memory and show how the hourglass metaphor can overcome those limitations. The first limitation concerns the partial nature of studies devoted to the analysis of collective memory. Studies tend to focus either on the choice of the past (how memory agents mobilise the past) or the weight of the past (how the past affects the individual or the group). The second limitation relates to the temporal dimension of research conducted so far. Most studies only assess memory over a single generation, yet it can have long-term effects. In this paper, we suggest considering memory work as an hourglass, with the collective and the individual at opposite ends and the sand of memories passing from one to the other, filtered through family values and representations. The hourglass metaphor thus provides a helpful tool to explain the formation of collective memories over time and the interactions between the macro, meso and micro levels. We approach the study of collective memory from an interdisciplinary perspective, mainly involving psychology, political science, and history. We conclude by suggesting three challenges that future studies of memory will need to address: 1) the need to combine multiple approaches; 2) the need to consider the role of generations; and 3) the need to bridge discussion across disciplines.

This dissertation studies the role of the EU in three environmental forums: the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm (BRS) Conventions and the United Nations Environmental Assembly (UNEA). The project focuses on three dimensions of that role: the ambition of the EU’s positions in terms of environmental protection, the diplomatic activities conducted by the EU, and the influence of the EU on the outcome of the negotiations. It answers the following research question: What role does the EU have in international environmental negotiations and how can variation in this role be explained? The overall research question is addressed in two parts, applying a mixed-method design. I combine one quantitative with several qualitative measures. The first part focuses on developing a typology of roles and mapping the EU’s roles. The second part of the dissertation explains the EU’s ambition, diplomatic activity and influence. Taken together, the two parts of this dissertation make several contributions to the literature. Empirically, this dissertation shows that the EU is a reformist leader in environmental negotiations which usually defends ambitious positions, is diplomatically active and appears influential. This observation holds true in all three environmental forums. Theoretically, this dissertation provides novel insights into role theory. Contrary to the general assumption of role theory that ego and alter perceptions would differ, my research does not identify substantial differences between the two perspectives., (POLS - Sciences politiques et sociales) -- UCL, 2022

The thesis deals with restorative justice in France, which appeared through the inquiry as an extra “touch of soul” to the criminal justice system. It is mainly rooted in the sociology of professions, the sociology of the State, and a political sociology of justice. The thesis analyzes the conditions of the emergence of restorative justice in the country and those of its integration into the penal institution. It unpacks the different types of investments - personal, professional and sociopolitical - that allow it to maintain itself within it. In doing so, it clears an object that has never been studied through this prism in France, and for which empirical inquiries on its practices are also lacking in the international literature. In the thesis, we meet the functioning of a State that tries with restorative justice to remotivate its employees by offering them a new project, a new tool, but above all an extra “touch of soul” to their activity in a context of rationalization and managerialization of judicial activity perceived as burdensome. More broadely, the study of its diferent investments shows how expectations in terms of listening, dialogue and empathy progressively transform the penal institution. These come from all persons subject to the law but also from its own workers and parajudicial partners. The investigation draws mainly on a multi-sited and sustained ethnography of the world of restorative justice in France. This ethnography lasted for more than three years, between 2016 and 2020. It is also based on 71 semi-structured interviews conducted in eighteen different cities. These interviews were held with individuals involved in restorative justice at different levels and from different sectors in France., La thèse porte sur la justice restaurative en France, objet par lequel elle réalise une sociologie politique d’un « supplément d’âme » à la justice pénale. Elle est principalement ancrée dans la sociologie des professions, de l’action publique, et une sociologie politique de la justice. Elle étudie les conditions de l’émergence de la justice restaurative en France, de son intégration dans l’institution pénale, et les différents investissements, personnels, professionnels et sociopolitiques, qui la maintiennent en son sein. Ce faisant, elle défriche un objet encore jamais étudié par ce prisme dans ce pays, et dont les enquêtes sur ses pratiques font également défaut dans la littérature internationale. On y découvre entre autres le fonctionnement d’un Etat qui tente de remotiver ses employés en leur offrant un nouveau projet, un nouvel outil, mais surtout un « supplément d’âme » à leur activité dans un contexte de rationalisation et de managérialisation de l’activité judiciaire perçu comme pesant. Plus largement, en étudiant ses différents investissements, la thèse montre comment l’institution pénale est progressivement transformée par des attendus à son endroit, en termes d’écoute, de dialogue et d’empathie, de la part des justiciables mais également de ses propres travailleurs. L’enquête repose principalement sur une ethnographie multi-située et soutenue du monde de la justice restaurative en France durant plus de trois ans, entre 2016 et 2020. Elle s’appuie également sur 71 entretiens semi-directifs réalisés depuis dix-huit villes différentes, essentiellement avec des individus investis à différentes échelles et depuis différents secteurs dans la justice restaurative en France., (POLS - Sciences politiques et sociales) -- UCL, 2022

Do parties handle conflicting justice notions when they negotiate about the legacy of a colonial past? This question is at the core of an increasing number of judicial and non-judicial processes around the world. In settler-colonial societies, this debate is far from new. The objective of this article is neither to consider the general debate about reparations nor to study theoretically how communities can digest “a past that is hard to swallow.” It is to detect the conflicting justice notions mobilized in the negotiation process when seeking to come to an agreement or other kind of conclusion to the process. Do the parties explicitly refer to these conflicting justice notions or do they avoid them? To address this question, the article focuses on one in-depth empirical case study, namely the Belgian case.