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Herbicides have a high potential for phytotoxicity and generate oxidative stress, even on tolerant crops. The canola hybrid Hyola 571 CL obtained through Clearfield® technology shows tolerance to imidazolinones. Given the importance of this hybrid, this work assessed the effect of using herbicides with different mechanisms of action on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, ALA-D, gas exchange, and grain yield of canola hybrid tolerant to imidazolinones. Treatments applied to Hyola 571 CL canola hybrid were: control without herbicides, diclosulam, imazaquim, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron pendimenthalin, flumioxazin, imazethapyr + imazapic, imazapic + imazapyr, imazethapyr, imazamox, nicosulfuron, chlorimuron, netsulfuron-methyl, iodosulfuron, and pyroxsulam. Seven, 14, 21, and 28 days after application we assessed herbicide phytotoxicity to canola. Antioxidant enzyme systems, variables related to plant physiology, and grain yield of Hyola 571 CL were also determined. It was observed that the hybrid, even tolerant, showed sensitivity to herbicides. Pendimethalin, flumioxazin, chlorimuron-ethyl, metsulfuron-methyl, and iodosulfuron were the most harmful to Hyola 571 CL. Commercial mixtures by [imazethapyr + imazapic] and [imazapic + imazapyr], as well as imazamox, were the most selective ones. Catalase was inhibited by most treatments. Sulfentrazone promoted the greatest negative interference along with its mixture with diuron and nicosulfuron, chlorimuron, and metsulfuron-methyl. The hybrid showed sensitivity to herbicides and the differences in gas exchange rates and other analyzes for the types of treatment do not result in productivity.

A corn cultivar with resistance to 2,4-D, glyphosate, ammonium-glufosinate, and haloxyfop-R has been developed. However, it is known that the application of herbicides generally induces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause oxidative damage to plants. In this study, we applied these herbicides in Enlist™ corn hybrids, in the doses recommended for weed control of herbicides alone and in mixtures, being 0, 670, 1080 400, and 60 g ha-1 a.e. of glyphosate, 2,4-D, ammonium-glufosinate, and haloxyfop-R, respectively. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Erechim, RS, Brazil. The plants were grown in a soil and substrate mix (proportion of 1:1), in plastic vases (0.5 L). The design was completely randomized, with four replicates and two plants per replicate. The herbicides were sprayed 22 days after corn emergence (V2 stage). At seven days after the application, all plants were collected and macerated, then maintained in an ultra-freezer at -80 ºC until the biochemical analysis could be performed. The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ALA-D and the lipid peroxidation levels were evaluated to know the effects of herbicide application in these plants. The herbicides, especially the mixtures, increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes that decompose H2O2, such as CAT and APX, and also caused an inhibition of the activity of GPX and ALA-D while promoting lipid peroxidation. This may be associated with the increased generation of H2O2, which was added to the production of other ROS, causing an overload of the antioxidant defense system of transgenic corn, resulting in damage to plant lipids

The harmful effects of heavy metals on organisms have not been fully described. At present, there is a close relationship between neurodegenerative diseases and copper toxicity. In addition, the copper effect on the central nervous system is followed by high levels of free radicals in different body tissues. An increase in free radical levels leads to aging-related diseases, resulting in the appearance of senile comorbidities. An increase in the consumption of natural compounds that could help to reduce this dangerous effect on organisms was observed. Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) is a tropical fruit with great antioxidant potential and can help the organism with oxidative damage. This study evaluated the effect of H. undatus on zebrafish organisms in front of copper-induced toxicity. Therefore, the behavior, cholinergic system, antioxidant enzymes, and ALAD activity were evaluated as biomarkers. Our results highlight the great potential of Pitaya's pulp to reduce the levels of anxiety and aggressivity in fish and reduce cortisol levels. It could mediate the normal response of the cholinergic nervous system, antioxidant enzymes, and ALAD activity. Therefore, our data suggest that pitaya might improve the senile aging. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The potential practical application of this study is related to the neuroprotective effect of the Hylocereus undatus microencapsulated pulp extract against metal-induced impairments. The results have shown that this extract is able to reduce the copper-induced damage modulating the antioxidant system and the cholinergic nervous system. One of the implicated potentials of use for this extract is the food supplementation to its fortification.

Copper (Cu) is an essential metal and it is important for metabolism. However, in high concentrations, it becomes toxic. Metal-induced toxicity is the cause of many neurodegenerative diseases. So it is necessary to search mechanisms to find ways of healthy aging. Natural compounds and diets based on fruits are increasingly common and could lead to a healthy life. Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) is a tropical and Latin American, fruit that is gaining more popularity due to its antioxidant properties. Here, we evaluate the preventive and curative effect of different doses of microencapsulated pulp H. undatus extract on copper-induced toxicity. For this we use the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, to investigate the effects of pitaya extract on behavior, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant chaperon, and cholinergic nervous system (ColNS). Results showed behavioral changes, decreased cell death biomarkers, and lipid peroxidation caused by copper, and these toxic effects were prevented and reverted by Pitaya's extract. After all, the extract can be used in diet as a supplement and studied to treat or prevent specific diseases, some of them linked to contamination and senility-related conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This research has been aimed to provide the uses of Hylocereus undatus microencapsulated pulp extract for the prevention and treatment of copper-induced toxicity. We have been shown that Pitaya is a good source of antioxidant compounds that can ameliorate the antioxidant system as well as the cholinergic nervous system avoiding behavior changes before and after the metal toxicity of copper. Therefore, the potential applications and common use of this extract can serve as food supplementation to prevent metal oxidative damage as well as to repair clinical cases of copper poisoning.

Enlist™ technology confers resistance to 2,4-D herbicides, glyphosate, and ammonium glufosinate for soybeans. However, the application of herbicides to plants can generate stress, even in resistant crops. Thus, here we evaluated whether the application of herbicides in transgenic soybean farms, resistant to these herbicides, adversely affects the activity of antioxidant enzymes and porphobilinogen formation by delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D) activity. At seven days after herbicide application, the aerial part of the plants was collected and used to determine the activity of antioxidant enzymes as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase, such as lipid peroxidation levels and the activity of the ALA-D enzyme. At seven days after herbicide application, the aerial part of plants was collect and used to determine the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase, as well as the levels of lipid peroxidation and the activity of the ALA-D enzyme. The activity of important antioxidant enzymes involved in the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased in the soybean cultivar with the Enlist™ technology, while no severe damage to lipids was detected. However, the activity of ALA-D was inhibited, which could potentially impair the formation of porphobilinogen and decrease photosynthetic efficiency. Thus, these results indicate that herbicides can affect the activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes even in transgenic, herbicide-resistant plants.

High fat diets are associated with the promotion of neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer disease (AD). This study aim investigate the high fat diets role to promotion of AD using as biochemistry parameter of status of central nervous system through the NTPDase, 5'-nucleotidase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in brain of young rats. The intake of high fat diets promotes an inhibition of purinergic and cholinergic functions, mainly in the long-term exposure to saturated and saturated/unsaturated diets. The AChE activity was decreased to supernatant and synaptosomes tissues preparations obtained from cerebral cortex in average of 20%, to both groups exposed to saturated and saturated/unsaturated diets, when compared to the control group. Very similar results were found in hippocampus and cerebellum brain areas. At same time, the adenine nucleotides hydrolysis in synaptosomes of cerebral cortex were decreased to ATP, ADP and AMP after the long-term exposure to high fat diets, as saturated and saturated/unsaturated. The inhibition of ATP hydrolysis was of 26% and 39% to saturated and saturated/unsaturated diets, respectively. ADP hydrolysis was decreased in 20% to saturated diet, and AMP hydrolysis was decreased in 25% and 33% to saturated and saturated/unsaturated diets, respectively, all in comparison to the control. Thus, we can suggest that the effects of high diets on the purinergic and cholinergic nervous system may contribute to accelerate the progressive memory loss, to decline in language and other cognitive disruptions, such as AD patients presents.

α-Tocopherol (α-Toc) is involved in various physiologic processes, which present antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. High-fat diets have an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disturbances. This study aimed to investigate the effects of treatment with α-Toc and the consumption of high-fat diets on ectonucleotidase activities in synaptosomes of cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of rats. Animals were divided into four different groups, which received standard diet (control), high-fat saturated diet (HF), α-Toc and high-fat saturated diet plus α-Toc (α-Toc + HF). High-fat saturated diet was administered ad libitum and α-Toc by gavage using a dose of 50 mg·kg–1. After 3 months of treatment, animals were submitted to euthanasia, and cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum were collected for biochemical assays. Results showed that adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) hydrolysis in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum were decreased in HF in comparison to the other groups (P

Al adjuvants are used in vaccines to increase the immune response. NTPDase and AChE play a pivotal role and act in the regulation of the immune system. The effect of Al exposure in vitro and in vivo on NTPDase and AChE activities in the lymphocytes of rats was determined. In vitro, ATP hydrolysis was decreased by 20.4% and 17.3% and ADP hydrolysis was decreased by 36.5% and 34.8%, in groups D and E, respectively, when compared to the control. AChE activity was increased by 157.3%, 152.5%, 74.7% and 90.8% in groups B, C, D, and E, respectively, when compared to the control. In vivo, ATP hydrolysis was increased by 85% and 86% and ADP hydrolysis was increased by 104.2% and 74%, in Al plus citrate and Al groups, respectively, when compared to the control. AChE activity was increased by 50.7% in Al plus citrate and by 28.6% in Al groups, when compared to the control. Our results show that Al exposure both in vitro and in vivo altered NTPDase and AChE activities in lymphocytes. These results may demonstrate the ability of Al to elicit the immune system, where NTPDase and AChE activities can act as purinergic and cholinergic markers in lymphocytes.

NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase activities in synaptosomes and platelets and oxidative stress parameters, such as TBARS levels, non-protein thiols and catalase activity were analyzed in rats submitted to demyelination by ethidium bromide (EB) and treated with vitamin E. The following groups were studied: I control (saline); II (canola oil); III (vitamin E); IV (EB) and V (EB and vitamin E). 2mg/kg of vitamin E were injected intraperitoneally in animals from groups III and V for seven days. After this time, the animals were submitted to euthanasia and samples were collected for biochemical assays. The results showed that NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase activities were significantly increased in synaptosomes and platelets of rats from group IV when compared with the groups I, II, III and V (p

Four different procedures for the determination of aluminum in tissues by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) were investigated. They consisted of conventional acid digestion carried out before and after sample drying, associated or not with fat extraction. Drying was carried out in a conventional oven at 65 degrees C for 24 h. For fat extraction, different solvents and solvent mixtures were investigated considering both extraction yield and sample adequacy for further AAS measurement. Acid digestion was carried out with pure HNO3 or with its mixture with HClO4. After digestion, aluminum was measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Tissues were collected from Al-exposed and nonexposed mice. The results indicated that drying the sample prior to digestion is advantageous as the amount of acid necessary can be significantly reduced. This procedure does not contribute to increase the aluminum level in the samples providing that careful measures to avoid contamination are taken, as the same procedures carried out without taking any precautions to avoid contamination produced imprecise results. Finally, aluminum was not found in the fatty fraction of any sample, even in exposed mice, demonstrating that aluminum does not accumulate in this part of the tissues.

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability particularly in the elderly. Hypertension is the most important risk factor in strokes, representing roughly 70% of all cases. Oxidative stress is believed to be one of the mechanisms taking part in neuronal damage in stroke. It is well documented that cholinergic system plays a key role in normal brain functions and in memory disturbances of several pathological processes, such as in cerebral blood flow regulation. This study investigated the oxidative status and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in whole blood in patients diagnosed with acute and chronic stages of ischemia, as well as with hypertension. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and protein carbonylation content showed increased levels both in the acute ischemic groups and in the hypertensive group, when compared to the control. Catalase activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in the acute group were also higher than in the hypertensive, chronic ischemic and control groups (p < 0.05). The activity of AChE in acute ischemic patients was significantly higher than that presented by the control, hypertensive and chronic ischemic patients (p < 0.05). The hypertensive group presented AChE activity significantly lower than control and chronic groups. In spite of having a defined location the ischemic event results in a systemic disorder that induces changes, which can be detected by measuring the peripheral markers of oxidative stress and AChE activity in erytrocytes.

The ethidium bromide (EB) demyelinating model was associated with interferon beta (IFN-beta) to evaluate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the striatum (ST), hippocampus (HP), cerebral cortex (CC), cerebellum (CB), hypothalamus (HY), pons (PN) and synaptosomes from the CC. Rats were divided into four groups: I control (saline), II (IFN-beta), III (EB) and IV (EB and IFN-beta). After 7, 15 and 30 days rats (n = 6) were sacrificed, and the brain structures were removed for enzymatic assay. AChE activity was found to vary in all the brain structures in accordance with the day studied (7-15-30 days) (P0.05). In the group III, there was an inhibition of the AChE activity in the ST, CB, HY, HP and also in synaptosomes of the CC (P0.05). It was observed that IFN-beta per se was capable to significantly inhibit (P0.05) AChE activity in the ST, HP, HY and synaptosomes of the CC. Our results suggest that one of the mechanisms of action of IFN-beta is through the inhibition of AChE activity, and EB could be considered an inhibitor of AChE activity by interfering with cholinergic neurotransmission in the different brain regions.

Apyrase and 5'-nucleotidase activities were analyzed in an ethidium bromide (EB) demyelinating model associated with interferon-beta (IFN-beta). The animals were divided in groups: I, control (saline); II, saline and IFN-beta; III, EB and IV, EB and IFN-beta. After 7, 15 and 30 days the animals (n = 5) were sacrificed and the cerebral cortex was removed for synaptosome preparation and enzymatic assays. Apyrase activity using ATP as substrate increased in groups II, III and IV (P0.001) after 7 days and in groups III and IV (P0.001) after 15 days. Using ADP as substrate, an activation of this enzyme was observed in group III (P0.05) after seven and 15 days. The 5'-nucleotidase activity increased in group III (P0.05) after 7 days and in groups II, III and IV (P0.001) after 15 days. After 30 days treatment, no significant alteration was observed in enzyme activities. Results showed that apyrase and 5'-nucleotidase activities are altered in demyelination events and that IFN-beta was able to regulate the adenine nucleotide hydrolysis.

Aluminum (Al), oxidative stress and impaired cholinergic functions have all been related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study evaluates the effect of aluminum on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and lipid peroxidation in the mouse brain. Mice were loaded by gavage with Al 0.1 mmol/kg/day 5 days per week during 12 weeks. The mice were divided into four groups: (1) control; (2) 10 mg/mL of citrate solution; (3) 0.1 mmol/kg of Al solution; (4) 0.1 mmol/kg of Al plus 10 mg/mL of citrate solution. AChE activity was determined in the hippocampus, striatum, cortex, hypothalamus and cerebellum and lipid peroxidation was determined in the hippocampus, striatum and cortex. An increase of AChE activity was observed in the fourth group (Al + Ci) in the hippocampus (36%), striatum (54%), cortex (44%) and hypothalamus (22%) (p

Para contornar os casos de plantas daninhas resistentes ao glyphosate torna-se necessario o uso de herbicidas com outros mecanizamos de acao. Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar a eficacia e a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados isolados ou em mistura de tanque para o manejo de plantas daninhas infestante da soja resistente ao glyphosate. Os tratamentos foram aplicados de forma sequencial, em pre-emergencia: clomazone (900 g ha -1 i.a.); flumioxazin (50 g ha -1 i.a.); diclosulam (35,02 g ha -1 i.a.); s-metolachlor (1152 g ha -1 i.a.); sulfometuron + chlorimuron-ethyl (18,75 + 18,75 g ha -1 i.a.); pendimethalin (1250 g ha -1 i.a.); sulfentrazone (250 g ha -1 i.a.); sulfentrazone + chlorimuron-ethyl (250 + 20 g ha -1 i.a.); imazethapyr + sulfentrazone (100 + 250 g ha -1 i.a.) e imazaquin (150 g ha -1 i.a.) e em pos-emergencia sobre esses mesmos tratamentos usou-se o glyphosate (1080 g ha -1 e.a.). Em pos-emergencia aplicou-se de modo isolado o glyphosate (1080 g ha -1 e.a.) e misturados ao tanque do pulverizador com glyphosate (1080 g ha -1 e.a.), imazethapyr (100 g ha -1 i.a.), clethodim (96 g ha -1 i.a.) e chlorimuron-ethyl (20 g ha -1 i.a.), mais as testemunhas infestada e capinada. A area experimental estava infestada com uma porcentagem de 75% de plantas de papua ( Urochloa plantaginea ) e 25% com plantas de milha ( Digitaria ciliaris ), nas densidades medias de 133 e 45 plantas m -2 , respectivamente. Aos 14 e 21 dias apos a aplicacao dos tratamentos (DAT) a aplicacao de glyphosate + [sulfometuron + chlorimuron-ethyl] ocasionou fitotoxicidade a soja de 67 e 62% respectivamente. Para o controle de milha e papua essa mesma mistura apresentou indice de 88% aos 21 DAT, sendo que o controle para os demais tratamentos ultrapassou os 91% em todas as epocas avaliadas. Todos os tratamentos avaliados ocasionaram controle das duas plantas daninhas maior que 91%, exceto o glyphosate + [sulfometuron + chlorimuron-ethyl]. As associacoes dos herbicidas ao glyphosate ocasionaram controle das plantas daninhas e foram seletivas a soja, com excecao do sulfometuron + chlorimuron-ethyl, que apresentou menor controle e elevada fitotoxicidade. Alguns herbicidas prejudicaram os componentes de rendimento da soja, porem somente a mistura de sulfometuron + chlorimuron-ethyl apresentou diminuicao da produtividade de graos.

α-Tocopherol (α-Toc) is involved in various physiologic processes, which present antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. High-fat diets have an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disturbances. This study aimed to investigate the effects of treatment with α-Toc and the consumption of high-fat diets on ectonucleotidase activities in synaptosomes of cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of rats. Animals were divided into four different groups, which received standard diet (control), high-fat saturated diet (HF), α-Toc and high-fat saturated diet plus α-Toc (α-Toc + HF). High-fat saturated diet was administered ad libitum and α-Toc by gavage using a dose of 50 mg·kg(-1). After 3 months of treatment, animals were submitted to euthanasia, and cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum were collected for biochemical assays. Results showed that adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) hydrolysis in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum were decreased in HF in comparison to the other groups (P0·05). When rats that received HF were treated with α-Toc, the activity of the ectonucleotidases was similar to the control. ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum were increased in the α-Toc group when compared with the other groups (P0·05). These findings demonstrated that the HF alters the purinergic signaling in the nervous system and that the treatment with α-Toc was capable of modulating the adenine nucleotide hydrolysis in this experimental condition.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior In this study, the effects of Aluminium (Al) and of different diets, both individually and in association, were investigated through the determination of NTPDase, 5 -nucleotidase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in rat brain. In addition, we investigated said effects on oxidative stress by determining activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase as well as lipid peroxidation by measuring TBARS levels. Male rats were exposed to Al (50 mg/kg/day) by gavage during three months. NTPDase and 5 -nucleotidase activities were then determined in synaptosomes of cerebral cortex and hippocampus, as well as in platelets. ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis was increased in both synaptosomes of cerebral cortex and hippocampus, as well as in platelets. AChE activity and TBARS levels were determined in homogenate of different brain structures in mice exposed to Al (2.7 mg/kg/day) by gavage during three months. The group that received Al+sodium citrate presented an increase in AChE activity in hippocampus, striatum, cortex and hypothalamus. On the other hand, the group that received only Al presented a decrease in AChE activity in hypothalamus and an increase in striatum. Moreover, AChE was determined in S1 of different brain structures, synaptosomes of cerebral cortex and erythrocytes of male rats exposed to Al (50 mg/kg/day) by gavage during three months. There was an increase in AChE activity in S1 of striatum and hypothalamus and in synaptosomes of cerebral cortex and erythrocytes. However, in S1 of cerebellum, hippocampus and cortex there was a decrease. In addition, the effect of diets rich in saturated fat and refined sugar on AChE activity in homogenate of different brain structures, on catalase activity in liver and on TBARS levels in plasma and liver were determined in female and male rats. There was a decrease in AChE activity in hippocampus, cortex and hypothalamus of male and female rats given both a diet rich in saturated fat and a diet rich in refined sugar. There was no alteration of AChE activity in cerebellum and striatum. For both diets, catalase activity was increased in liver of male and female rats. In addition, considering the alterations brought about by the individual exposure to both environmental factors, Al and diets, the effect of the association of both factors was evaluated. Thus, after a period of three months of exposure to both Al (50 mg/kg/day) by gavage and diets rich in saturated fat and saturated/polyunsaturated fat ad libitum, NTPDase and 5 -nucleotidase activities were determined in synaptosomes of cerebral cortex and platelets of rats. Animals receiving both diets in association with Al and Al/Ci presented an increase in ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis in synaptosomes of cerebral cortex and platelets. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate that exposure to both environmental factors, Al and diets rich in saturated fat and refined sugar, either individually or in association, affected the purinergic and cholinergic systems and caused oxidative stress in rats. Neste estudo, investigamos os efeitos do alumínio (Al) e de diferentes dietas, individualmente e em associação, através da determinação da atividade das enzimas NTPDase, 5 -nucleotidase e acetilcolinesterase (AChE) no encéfalo de roedores. Adicionalmente, investigamos o estresse oxidativo, através da atividade da enzima antioxidante catalase, e a peroxidação lipídica pela medida dos níveis de TBARS. Ratos machos foram expostos ao Al (50 mg/kg/dia) através de gavagem, por um período de 3 meses. Após o tratamento, foi determinada a atividade das enzimas NTPDase e 5 -nucleotidase em sinaptossoma de córtex cerebral, hipocampo e plaquetas. A hidrólise dos nucleotídeos ATP, ADP e AMP foi aumentada, nas frações sinaptossomais de córtex cerebral e hipocampo bem como nas plaquetas. A atividade da AChE e os níveis de TBARS foram determinados em homogeneizado de diferentes estruturas cerebrais de camundongos expostos ao Al (2,7 mg/kg/dia), através de gavagem, por um período de 3 meses. Quanto à atividade da AChE, o grupo que recebeu Al+citrato de sódio apresentou um aumento da atividade desta enzima em hipocampo, estriado, córtex e hipotálamo. Já o grupo que recebeu só Al apresentou uma diminuição da atividade em hipotálamo e um aumento em estriado. Além disto, a atividade da AChE foi determinada em S1 de diferentes estruturas cerebrais, sinaptossoma de córtex cerebral, e em eritrócitos de ratos machos expostos à Al (50 mg/kg/dia), através de gavagem, por 3 meses. A atividade da AChE apresentou um aumento em S1 de estriado e hipotálamo, e em sinaptossoma de córtex cerebral e eritrócitos. Porém, em sobrenadante (S1) de cerebelo, hipocampo e córtex houve uma diminuição. Adicionalmente, foi determinado o efeito de dietas ricas em gordura saturada e açúcar refinado sobre a atividade da enzima AChE em homogeneizado de diferentes estruturas encefálicas, e atividade da enzima catalase em fígado, e os níveis de TBARS em plasma e fígado de ratos machos e fêmeas. A atividade da AChE em hipocampo, córtex e hipotálamo de ratos machos e fêmeas foi diminuída, após exposição a ambas as dietas, rica em gordura e rica em açúcar. Nas estruturas cerebelo e estriado não houve alteração na atividade da AChE. Após o consumo de ambas as dietas, a atividade da enzima catalase foi aumentada em fígado de ratos machos e fêmeas. Adicionalmente, considerando todas as alterações ocasionadas pela exposição individual aos fatores ambientais, Al e dietas, foi avaliado o efeito da associação entre esses dois fatores. Dessa forma, após um período de 3 meses de exposição conjunta ao Al (50 mg/kg/dia) através de gavagem e o consumo ad libitum de dietas ricas em gordura saturada e gordura saturada/poliinsaturada, foram determinadas a atividade das enzimas NTPDase e 5 - nucleotidase em sinaptossomas de córtex cerebral e plaquetas de ratos. Os animais que receberam ambas as dietas administradas em conjunto com Al e Al/Ci apresentaram um aumento na hidrólise dos nucleotídeos ATP, ADP e AMP, em sinaptossoma de córtex cerebral e plaquetas. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo relatam que a exposição de roedores a ambos os fatores ambientais Al e dietas ricas em gordura saturada e açúcar refinado, individualmente e em conjunto, afetam os sistemas purinérico e colinérgico, e causam estresse oxidativo.

Aluminum (Al), a neurotoxic agent, has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is characterized by cholinergic dysfunction in the central nervous system. In this study, we evaluated the effect of long-term exposure to aluminum on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the central nervous system in different brain regions, in synaptosomes of the cerebral cortex and in erythrocytes. The animals were loaded by gavage with AlCl3 50 mg/kg/day, 5 days per week, totalizing 60 administrations. Rats were divided into four groups: (1) control (C); (2) 50 mg/kg of citrate solution (Ci); (3) 50 mg/kg of Al plus citrate (Al + Ci), and (4) 50 mg/kg of Al (Al). AChE activity in striatum was increased by 15% for Ci, 19% for Al + Ci and 30% for Al, when compared to control (P

Aluminium (Al), a neurotoxic compound, has been investigated in a large number of studies both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effect in vivo of long-term exposure to Al on NTPDase (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) and 5'-nucleotidase activities in the synaptosomes (obtained from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus) and platelets of rats. Here, we investigated a possible role of platelets as peripheral markers in rats. Rats were loaded by gavage with AlCl(3) 50 mg/(kg day), 5 days per week, totalizing 60 administrations. The animals were divided into four groups: (1) control (C), (2) 50 mg/kg of citrate solution (Ci), (3) 50 mg/kg of Al plus citrate (Al+Ci) solution and (4) 50 mg/kg of Al (Al). ATP hydrolysis was increased in the synaptosomes from the cerebral cortex by 42.9% for Al+Ci and 39.39% for Al, when compared to their respective control (p0.05). ADP hydrolysis was increased by 13.15% for both Al and Al+Ci, and AMP hydrolysis increased by 32.7% for Al and 27.25% for Al+Ci (p0.05). In hippocampal synaptosomes, the hydrolysis of ATP, ADP and AMP, was increased by 58.5%, 28.5% and 25.92%, respectively, for Al (p0.05) and 36.7%, 22.5% and 37.64% for Al+Ci, both when compared to their respective controls. ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis, in platelets, was increased by 172.3%, 188.52% and 92.1%, respectively in Al+Ci, and 317.9%, 342.8% and 177.9%, respectively, for Al, when compared to their respective controls (p0.05). Together, these results indicate that Al increases NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase activities, in synaptosomal fractions and platelets. Thus, we suggest that platelets could be sensitive peripheral markers of Al toxicity of the central nervous system.

This study analyzed the influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and primary hypothyroidism on the activity of the delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) in human blood.Delta-ALA-D enzyme activity was determined in normal (healthy) people (n=29), compensated (DMC, n=11) and non-compensated diabetic patients (NDMC, n=23), and in patients with compensated (CH, n=19) and non-compensated primary hypothyroidism (NCH, n=10). The determination of lead, copper, zinc and magnesium was performed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.This study shows that delta-ALA-D activity was decreased (P0.05) in situations associated to hyperglycemia maintained for long periods (HbA1c high). Another finding of this study suggests that states of hypofunction of the thyroid gland, when non-compensated, increase the activity of delta-ALA-D (P0.001). In addition, copper was elevated in HNC, zinc was diminished in DMC, HC and HNC, and magnesium was diminished in the HNC group.This result points out that there is a correlation among diabetes, hypothyroidism and delta-ALA-D activity.

In this paper, we studied the influence of uremia and hemodialysis on oxidative parameters and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) activity in control subjects, patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) on hemodialysis treatment (HD) and in patients not undergoing hemodialysis (ND). An increased lipid peroxidation was observed in the serum of HD and ND patients, as measured by the MDA serum levels. However, the level of MDA from erythrocytes was only elevated in HD patients. Blood catalase activity was increased in HD and ND groups. This study also showed a decreased activity of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) in both groups of patients. This study demonstrated a positive correlation between ALA-D activity and hemoglobin, suggesting that inhibition of this enzyme might enhance anemia in CRF. A negative correlation was found between the alteration in delta-ALA-D activity and oxidative stress, which may indicate that the inhibition of ALA-D can be used as an index of oxidative stress.

Background Cervical cancer is a major cause of morbidity among women. We investigated the treatment effect on oxidative status from patients submitted to radiotherapy or conization surgery to high-grade SIL (squamous intraepithelial lesion) treatment, and oxidative profile from patients newly diagnosed for uterine cervix cancer, without treatment. Methods We determined the catalase activity in blood, reduced glutathione (GSH) in plasma, TBARS and protein carbonyl content from serum samples of the patients. Results The catalase activity, GSH levels, TBARS and protein carbonyl content had no statistical differences related to the controls, neither when the 2 treatments were compared, possibly because the antioxidant defense may be acting in the first period of the neoplasic transformation, and maybe indicating a possible arrest of the tumor cells caused by the efficiency of the treatments. In the non-treated patients, TBARS and protein carbonyl contents, GSH levels and catalase activity were shown to be increased comparing with the treated patients and compared with the controls indicating an tumor effect on oxidative profile, and the antioxidant activity been increased in the beginning of the tumor development. Conclusions We suggest that the treatments were efficient in arrest of the tumor.

In the present study we investigated a potential mechanism by which high sugar (HS) and high fat (HF) diets could affect acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The treatment with HS and HF diet was done for six months on male and female rats. The results showed decreased hippocampal AChE activity in male and females receiving HS and HF diets (HS 24% and 36%; HF 38% and 32%, males and females, respectively; P < 0.05). The activity in the cerebral cortex was reduced in males (49 and 40%) and females (19 and 17%) (P < 0.05) on HS and HF diets, respectively. In the hypothalamus AChE activity was decreased on HS diet in males (46%) and female (25%) (P < 0.05) and also on HF diet in males (34%) and females (21%) (P < 0.05). However, in the cerebellum no changes in AChE activity were observed. These results indicate that HS and HF diets produced mainly inhibition in acetylcholine degradation. It probably indicates a chronic alteration induced by these diets on the cholinergic system.

The effects of various levels of oxygen saturation and ammonia concentration on NTPDase (ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase, E.C. 3.6.1.5) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE, E.C. 3.1.1.7) activities in whole brain of teleost fish (Rhamdia quelen) were investigated. The fish were exposed to one of two different dissolved oxygen levels, including high oxygen (6.5 mg.L-1) or low oxygen (3.5 mg.L-1), and one of two different ammonia levels, including high ammonia (0.1 mg.L-1) or low ammonia (0.03 mg.L-1) levels. The four experimental groups included the following (A) control, or high dissolved oxygen plus low NH3; (B) low dissolved oxygen plus low NH3; (C) high dissolved oxygen plus high NH3; (D) low dissolved oxygen plus high NH3. We found that enzyme activities were altered after 24 h exposure in groups C and D. ATP and ADP hydrolysis in whole brain of fish was enhanced in group D after 24 h exposure by 100% and 119%, respectively, compared to the control group. After 24 h exposure, AChE activity presented an increase of 34% and 39% in groups C and D, respectively, when compared to the control group. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that low oxygen levels increase ammonia toxicity. Moreover, the hypoxic events may increase blood flow by hypoxia increasing NTPDase activity, thus producing adenosine, a potent vasodilator. No presente estudo, avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes níveis de saturação de oxigênio e amônia sobre a atividade das enzimas NTPDase (ecto-nucleosídeo trifosfato difosfohidrolase, E.C. 3.6.1.5) e acetilcolinesterase (AChE, E.C. 3.1.1.7) em encéfalo total de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen). Os peixes foram expostos a diferentes níveis de oxigênio dissolvido e amônia, níveis altos de oxigênio (6,5 mg/L) ou baixos de oxigênio (3,5 mg/L), e níveis altos de amônia (0,1 mg/L) ou baixos de amônia (0,03 mg/L). Os peixes foram divididos em quatro diferentes grupos: (A) controle ou alto nível de oxigênio dissolvido mais baixo nível de NH3; (B) baixo nível de oxigênio dissolvido mais baixo nível de NH3; (C) alto nível de oxigênio dissolvido mais alto nível de amônia; (D) baixo nível de oxigênio dissolvido mais alto nível de NH-3. As atividades de ambas as enzimas nos grupos C e D somente foram alteradas após 24 horas de exposição. A hidrólise do ATP e ADP em encéfalo total de jundiás foi aumentada após 24h de exposição para 104% e 155% no grupo D quando comparado ao grupo controle, respectivamente. A atividade da AChE apresentou após 24h de exposição um aumento de 37% no grupo C e 27% no grupo D, ambos comparados ao grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos corroboram com a hipótese que baixos níveis de saturação de oxigênio aumentam a toxicidade da amônia. Além disso, os eventos de hipóxia podem aumentar o fluxo sanguíneo, e este evento aumenta a atividade da NTPDase produzindo adenosina, um potente vasodilatador

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Huntington's disease (DH) is a progressive and hereditary neurodegenerative disorder predominantly caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat, which encodes polyglutamine (polyQ). This pathology results in loss of neuronal cells, motor alterations, dementia and is currently a disease without cure. The rutin is a flavonoid found in plants such as Passiflora incarnata, buckwheat, some teas and also in apples. It is known to have antioxidant, cytoprotective, anticancer and neuroprotective activities. Thus, we investigated the effect of in vivo rutin chronic exposure on the DH model using transgenic lines of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The C elegans is a small nematode (± 1 mm), easy to handle, short life cycle, easy to grow and fast generation time. The animals were treated from the L1 stage with 15, 30, 60 and 120 μM rutin until adulthood. We evaluated behavioral assays, polyQ aggregation, oxidative damage, neurodegeneration level, lifespan, and investigated the possible role of autophagy and insulin / IGF1 (IIS) signaling pathways in the beneficial effects induced by the rutin. In general, our data demonstrate that routine treatment reduced polyglutamine (polyQ) protein aggregation in muscle, reduced polyQ mediated neuronal death in ASH sensory neurons, and extended lifespan in C. elegans. The possible mechanisms involved in the actions described are: antioxidant activity per se of the extract, activation of protein degradation (autophagy), and insulin / IGF1 (IIS) signaling pathways. These findings demonstrate that chronic exposure to rutin may play a useful role in the prevention of DH and also provide possible avenues to be explored for the search for new therapies against aging-related proteinopathies. A doença de Huntington (DH) é um transtorno neurodegenerativo progressivo e hereditário predominantemente causado pela expansão de uma repetição CAG, que codifica a poliglutamina (poliQ). Essa patologia resulta em perda de células neuronais, alterações motoras, demência e atualmente é uma doença sem cura. A rutina é um flavonoide encontrado em plantas, como Passiflora incarnata, trigo sarraceno, alguns chás e também em maçãs. Ela é conhecida por possuir atividades antioxidantes, citoprotetoras, anticancerígena e neuroprotetoras. Assim, nós investigamos o efeito da exposição crônica de rutina in vivo no modelo de DH utilizando linhagens transgênicas do nematoide Caenorhabditis elegans. O C elegans é um nematódeo pequeno (±1 mm), de fácil manipulação, curto ciclo de vida, fácil de cultivo e rápido tempo de geração. Os animais foram tratados a partir do estágio L1 com 15, 30, 60 e 120 μM de rutina até a idade adulta. Avaliamos ensaios comportamentais, a agregação poliQ, o dano oxidativo, o nível de neurodegeneração, o tempo de vida e investigamos o possível papel das vias de sinalização da autofagia e da insulina / IGF1 (IIS) nos efeitos benéficos induzidos pela rutina. Em geral, nossos dados demonstram que o tratamento com rutina reduziu a agregação da proteína poliglutamina (poliQ) no músculo, reduziu a morte neuronal mediada por poliQ em neurônios sensoriais de ASH e prolongou a vida útil em C. elegans. Os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos nas ações descritas são: atividade antioxidante per se do extrato, ativação da degradação proteica (autofagia), e ainda as vias de sinalização da insulina / IGF1 (IIS). Esses achados demonstram que a exposição crônica a rutina pode desempenhar um papel útil na prevenção da DH e também fornecer possíveis caminhos a serem explorados para a busca de novas terapias contra as proteinopatias relacionadas ao envelhecimento.

O emprego de espécies vegetais para fitorremediação de solos contaminados com herbicidas persistentes, como os inibidores da enzima protoporfirinogênio oxidase (PROTOX), é uma alternativa interessante dos pontos de vista econômico e ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de fomesafen e sulfentrazone nas características relacionadas à fisiologia de espécies hibernais com potencial para aplicação como fitorremediadoras de solo contaminado por esses herbicidas. Dois experimentos foram instalados em casa de vegetação, um com o herbicida fomesafen e outro com o sulfentrazone, no delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram testadas doses dos herbicidas fomesafen (0,0; 0,125; 0,250; e 0,5 kg ha-1) e sulfentrazone (0,0; 0,3; 0,6; e 1,2 kg ha-1), marcas comerciais Flex® e Boral 500®, respectivamente, aplicadas na pré-emergência das espécies com potencial fitorremediador (aveia-preta, ervilhaca, nabo e cornichão). Aos 45 dias após a emergência das plantas, foram avaliados o índice de clorofila, a eficiência de carboxilação (EC- mol CO2 m-2 s-1), a condutância estomática de vapores de água (Gs - mol m-1 s-1), a concentração interna de CO2 (Ci - µmol mol-1), a taxa de transpiração (E - mol H2O m-2 s-1), a quantidade de CO2 consumido (QT - µmol mol-1), o uso eficiente da água (UEA - mol CO2 mol H2O-1), a temperatura da folha ΔT (ºC), a taxa fotossintética (A - µmol m-2 s-1) e a massa seca (g vaso-1) da parte aérea. Observou-se que a ervilhaca apresenta os melhores resultados para todas as variáveis avaliadas, demonstrando assim potencial para ser testada como fitorremediadora de solos contaminados com os herbicidas fomesafen e sulfentrazone.

Submitted by Tania Ivani Rokohl (tania.rokohl@uffs.edu.br) on 2019-07-03T17:54:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RUTKOSKI.pdf: 2160784 bytes, checksum: 875c85588c8d08b829705497029883d8 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Franciele Scaglioni da Cruz (franciele.cruz@uffs.edu.br) on 2019-07-12T17:46:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RUTKOSKI.pdf: 2160784 bytes, checksum: 875c85588c8d08b829705497029883d8 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-07-12T17:46:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RUTKOSKI.pdf: 2160784 bytes, checksum: 875c85588c8d08b829705497029883d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 A utilização de agrotóxicos na agricultura vem sendo uma crescente preocupação em países em desenvolvimento devido à poluição não pontual de diferentes compartimentos como o ambiente aquático. Physalaemus gracilis (Anura: Leptodactylidae), popularmente conhecida como rã chorona, é uma espécie de anfíbio amplamente distribuída no sul do Brasil, Uruguai, Paraguai e Argentina e encontrada em fontes de água próximas a agroecossistemas. Neste contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade aguda (letal) e crônica (subletal) de uma formulação comercial a base de clorpirifós e, a toxicidade subletal de uma formulação a base de cipermetrina e outra de fipronil, em larvas de Physalaemus gracilis. Para obtenção das larvas foram coletadas desovas totais na natureza com menos de 24 horas de oviposição. Os ensaios de toxicidade iniciaram quando as larvas atingiram o estágio 25 de Gosner (1960). Para a determinação da toxicidade aguda foi realizado o ensaio por 96 horas e para toxicidade crônica, 168 horas. Os efeitos subletais observados foram alterações na atividade natatória, na morfologia oral e em biomarcadores bioquímicos para clorpirifós. Para cipermetrina e fipronil foram determinados somente biomarcadores bioquímicos. Os biomarcadores determinados foram: AChE, BChE, SOD, CAT, GST, NPSH, proteína carbonil e TBARS. A CL50 de clorpirifós para larvas de P. gracilis foi de 893,59 μg.L-1. Para clorpirifós, as larvas apresentaram mobilidade reduzida e espasmos bem como anomalias morfológicas na boca e no intestino. Houve redução na atividade da AChE e aumento na atividade da CAT, SOD, GST e, nos níveis de NPSH e de proteína carbonil. Para cipermetrina houve efeito hormético para a atividade da AChE. Ocorreu inibição de BChE e CAT e ativação da SOD e GST. Já para fipronil, houve inibição da AChE, BChE e SOD e, aumento da CAT e GST. Os níveis de proteínas carboniladas aumentaram para cipermetrina e fipronil. Nesse estudo P. gracilis foi sensível a concentrações ambientalmente relevantes ou que podem ser encontradas em seu habitat natural. Os três inseticidas demonstraram potencial de efeito neurotóxico e de indução de dano oxidativo para a espécie. Os efeitos verificados nos biomarcadores bioquímicos de P. gracilis indicam que é possível utilizá-los para fins de monitoramento da toxicidade de agrotóxicos em anfíbios e para evitar que efeitos irreversíveis ocorram na sua população e no ecossistema. Agrochemicals used in agriculture has been a growing concern in developing countries due to the non-point pollution of different compartments such as the aquatic environment. Physalaemus gracilis (Anura: Leptodactylidae), popularly known as chorona frog, is a species of amphibian widely distributed in southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina and found in water sources close to agroecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and fipronil commercial formulation in P. gracilis. To evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos commercial formulation, acute and chronic toxicity assays were performed in P. gracilis, and to evaluate the sublethal effects of cypermethrin and fipronil commercial formulation, chronic assay were performed. To obtain the larvae, total spawnings were collected in the wild with less than 24 hours of oviposition. Toxicity assays were initiated when larvae reached stage 25 of Gosner (1960). Acute assay had a duration of 96 h and chronic assay 168 h. Ten larvae were placed in a glass container containing 500 mL solution of different concentrations of the insecticide, with 6 replicates, totaling 60 larvae for each treatment. Control was carried out in the same design, without addition of the insecticide in the water. The sublethal effects observed were changes in swimming activity, oral morphology and biochemical biomarkers for chlorpyrifos. Only biochemical biomarkers were determined for cypermethrin and fipronil. The biomarkers determined were: AChE, BChE, SOD, CAT, GST, NPSH, carbonyl protein and TBARS. LC50 of chlorpyrifos for larvae of P. gracilis was 893,59μg.L-1. For chlorpyrifos, larvae showed reduced mobility and spasms and morphological abnormalities were found in the mouth and intestine. There was a reduction in AChE activity and an increase in the activity of CAT, SOD, GST and, in the NPSH and carbonyl protein levels. For cypermethrin there was hormetic effect for AChE activity. Inhibition of BChE and CAT and increase of SOD and GST occurred. To fipronil, there was inhibition of AChE, BChE and SOD, and increase of CAT and GST. Carbonyl protein levels increased for cypermethrin and fipronil. In this study P. gracilis was sensitive to concentrations that are environmentally relevant or that can be found in its natural habitat. The three insecticides showed potential of neurotoxic effect and induction of oxidative stress for the species. The effects on biochemical biomarkers of P. gracilis indicate that it is possible to use them for the purpose of monitoring the toxicity of pesticides in amphibians and to prevent irreversible effects on their population and ecosystem.

Submitted by Tania Ivani Rokohl (tania.rokohl@uffs.edu.br) on 2018-10-08T13:52:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSSETTO.pdf: 1425436 bytes, checksum: feeaf104bf1fed94feeee85107b7cd5e (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Diego dos Santos Borba (dborba@uffs.edu.br) on 2018-10-08T18:12:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSSETTO.pdf: 1425436 bytes, checksum: feeaf104bf1fed94feeee85107b7cd5e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-08T18:12:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSSETTO.pdf: 1425436 bytes, checksum: feeaf104bf1fed94feeee85107b7cd5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10 O uso de herbicidas químicos para o controle de plantas daninhas tem gerado diversos problemas ao longo dos anos, como a contaminação dos ecossistemas, contaminação alimentar, a possível contaminação dos aplicadores, e ao surgimento de biótipos de plantas resistentes a diversos mecanismos de ação. Neste trabalho, buscou-se a otimização do biocomposto a base de Trichoderma koningiopsis, utilizando a estratégia sequencial de planejamento de experimentos (Plackett & Burmman e Delineamento experimental composto rotacional DCCR 2³). Assim, foram estudadas diversas variáveis (pH, glicose, extrato de levedura, peptona, sulfato de amônio, sulfato de magnésio, sulfato ferroso e sulfato de manganês) buscando condições estatisticamente significativas na produção da biomassa fúngica e nas atividades enzimáticas de amilases, peroxidases, lipases e celulases. Sendo que o extrato de levedura apresentou significância negativa para celulases e amilases, porém o mesmo apresentou significância positiva na atividade de peroxidases e biomassa. Considerando os resultados obtidos no planejamento experimental, selecionou-se os ensaios 2 (maior atividade de amilase e celulase) e 12 (maior atividade de peroxidases e rendimento de biomassa fúngica) que apresentaram melhores características para serem utilizados como bioherbicida, para serem aplicados em plantas daninhas previamente selecionadas: leiteiro (Euphorbia heterofila), picão preto (Bidens pilosa) e papuã (Urochloa plantaginea). As aplicações ocorreram quando, as plantas apresentavam duas a três folhas e as avaliações da fitotoxidade nas plantas, visivelmente, atribuindo notas de injúrias apresentadas sobre as folhas das plantas. Dentre estas plantas, o leiteiro (Euphorbia heteropylla), foi o que apresentou maior susceptibilidade, aos biocompostos, sendo que a aplicação do ensaio 2 implicou em maior efeito fitotóxico, causando danos de até 90% na área foliar quando utilizado na sua forma não filtrada. Já a aplicação do ensaio 12 implicou até 60% de danos na área foliar do leiteiro. Um estudo para a seleção de linhagens de T. koningiopsis resistentes ou tolerantes a herbicidas químicos (glifosato, glufosinato de amônio, 2,4-D e atrazina) foi realizado, utilizando esporos fúngicos, cultivados em meio BDA e discos de papel filtro embebidos em diferentes concentrações destes herbicidas já citados. O crescimento de T. koningiopsis apresentou-se resistente na maioria das concentrações, não sendo perturbado pela presença do glifosato, demosntrando-se tal fungo resistente a este herbicida químico. Em seguida T. koningiopsis tolerantes ou resistentes igualmente foram avaliados nas condições do ensaio 2, contendo agora glifosato, atrazina, 2,4-D e glufosinato de amônio. Assim pode-se perceber, que quando exposto a atrazina houve maior produção de amilases (20,65 U/mL), já na exposição com glufosinato de amônio houve maior atividade de peroxidases (69 U/mL), enquanto a atividade de lipases e celulases foram reduzidas. No que se referiu a biomassa fúngica, todos os tratamentos na presença de herbicidas químicos, apresentaram aumento micelial em relação ao controle negativo (sem herbicida). Os testes demonstram o potencial uso de T. koningiopsis como um controlador de plantas daninhas, possuindo ainda, potencial efeito sinérgico com herbicidas químicos, o que sugere sua aplicação como bioherbicida. The use of chemical herbicides to control weeds has generated several problems over the years, such as the contamination of ecosystems, food contamination, possible contamination of the applicators, and the emergence of plant biotypes resistant to several mechanisms of action. In this work, the optimization of the biocomposite based on Trichoderma koningiopsis was done using the sequential strategy of experiment planning (Plackett & Burmman and Composite Experimental Rotational Design CERD 2³). Thus, several variables (pH, glucose, yeast extract, peptone, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate and manganese sulphate) were studied for statistically significant conditions in the production of fungal biomass and in the enzymatic activities of amylases, peroxidases, lipases and cellulases. As the yeast extract presented negative significance for cellulases and amylases, however, it showed a positive significance in the activity of peroxidases and biomass. Considering the results obtained in the experimental design, the trials 2 (higher amylase and cellulase activity) and 12 (higher peroxidase activity and fungal biomass yield) were selected, which presented better characteristics to be used as bioherbicide, to be applied in plants previously selected weeds: Euphorbia heterofila, Bidens pilosa and Urochloa plantaginea. The applications occurred when the plants had two to three leaves and the evaluations of plant phytotoxicity, visibly assigning notes of injuries presented on the leaves of the plants. Among these plants, Euphorbia heteropylla was the one that presented the highest susceptibility to the biocomposites, being that the application of the test 2 implied a greater phytotoxic effect, causing damages of up to 90% in the leaf area when used in its unfiltered form . However, the application of test 12 implied up to 60% of damages in the leaf area of the milkman. A study for the selection of resistant or tolerant chemical herbicide tolerant strains of T. koningiopsis (glyphosate, ammonium glufosinate, 2,4-D and atrazine) was carried out using fungal spores grown in BDA medium and filter paper disks embedded in different concentrations of these herbicides. The growth of T. koningiopsis was resistant in most concentrations, not being disturbed by the presence of glyphosate, demonstrating such fungus resistant to this chemical herbicide. Then tolerant or resistant T. koningiopsis were also evaluated under assay 2 conditions, now containing glyphosate, atrazine, 2,4-D and ammonium glufosinate. Thus, when exposed to atrazine, there was a higher amylase production (20.65 U / mL), whereas in the exposure with glufosinate ammonium there was a higher activity of peroxidases (69 U / mL), while the activity of lipases and cellulases were reduced. In terms of fungal biomass, all treatments in the presence of chemical herbicides, presented mycelial increase in relation to the negative control (without herbicide). The tests demonstrate the potential use of T. koningiopsis as a weed control, with a potential synergistic effect with chemical herbicides, which suggests its application as a bioherbicide.

Submitted by Tania Ivani Rokohl (tania.rokohl@uffs.edu.br) on 2019-06-28T17:54:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SOFIATTI.pdf: 4125730 bytes, checksum: 8c4b59e7ce0152aa6be8a7a8f4e9cddd (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Franciele Scaglioni da Cruz (franciele.cruz@uffs.edu.br) on 2019-07-12T17:30:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SOFIATTI.pdf: 4125730 bytes, checksum: 8c4b59e7ce0152aa6be8a7a8f4e9cddd (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-07-12T17:30:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SOFIATTI.pdf: 4125730 bytes, checksum: 8c4b59e7ce0152aa6be8a7a8f4e9cddd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 O hormônio estrogênio é considerado um desregulador endócrino cada vez mais presente no cotidiano dos humanos, encontrados em concentrações entre 3 e 54 ng/L em mananciais no Brasil, assim como outros fármacos, podem não ser completamente metabolizados pelos organismos e serem excretados na sua forma original ou organicamente complexa para águas residuárias. Considerando que menos da metade da população brasileira possui rede de esgoto coletada, e menor parcela tem acesso a esgoto tratado além do 17α-etinilestradiol ser de difícil remoção buscamos avaliar se o hormônio sintético 17α-etinilestradiol afeta o eixo neuroendócrino de estresse e o comportamento, usando o Zebrafish adulto como organismo modelo, sob concentrações de 0,05, 0,5, 5, 50 e 75 ng/L em relação ao controle avaliando ainda a meia vida desse composto e sua bioacumulação nos tecidos animais. Para isso avaliamos a atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase, quantificamos os níveis de cortisol no corpo inteiro dos peixes, avaliamos o comportamento social, o comportamento do tipo agressividade e os parâmetros locomotores para analisar a ansiedade dos animais expostos. Observamos que a exposição ao hormônio sintético feminino 17α-etinilestradiol, mesmo em baixas concentrações, afetou parâmetros comportamentais e neuroendócrinos do organismo modelo estudado sendo ainda mais expressivas essas alterações em organismos submetidos a estresse. Considerando a presença nas águas do hormônio e a presença de estresse no ambiente concluímos que o 17α-etinilestradiol afeta o sistema nervoso central e o sistema endócrino o que fica evidenciado pelas alterações comportamentais tornando a espécie mais suscetível a predação, podem promover efeitos negativos na reprodução e comprometer a manutenção da espécie no ecossistema. The estrogen hormone is considered an endocrine disrupter, and is more present than ever in the daily life of humans, in Brazil, this hormone is found in concentrations between 3 and 54 ng/L in water sources, just like some drugs, estrogen may not be fully metabolized by organisms and may be excreted either in their original or organically complex form to water residue systems. Considering that less than half of the Brazilian population has a sewage network, and a smaller portion has access to treated sewage, the estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol, used inoral contraceptives, is very difficult to remove from the water we sought to evaluate whether the synthetic hormone 17α-ethinylestradiol affects the neuroendocrine axis of stress and behavior using adult Zebrafish as a model organism at concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, 5, 50 and 75 ng / L in relation to the control evaluating the half-life of this compound and its bioaccumulation in animal tissues. For this, we evaluated the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, quantified the cortisol levels in the whole body of the fish, evaluated the social behavior, the behavior of the aggressive type and the locomotor parameters to analyze the anxiety of the exposed animals. We note that exposure to the synthetic hormone 17α-ethinylestradiol, even at low concentrations, affected behavioral and neuroendocrine variables of the model organism being even more expressive in organisms submitted to stress. Considering the presence of the hormone in the water, it is concluded that 17α-ethynyloestradiol affects the central nervous system and the endocrine system, which is evidenced by the behavior alterations, making the species more susceptible to predation, promoting negative effects on reproduction and jeopardizing the species in the ecosystem.

Submitted by Tania Ivani Rokohl (tania.rokohl@uffs.edu.br) on 2018-03-14T13:09:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PHILIPPSEN.pdf: 516265 bytes, checksum: c031eafdd18797ffabec9c1c4bde8d63 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Diego dos Santos Borba (dborba@uffs.edu.br) on 2018-03-14T14:00:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PHILIPPSEN.pdf: 516265 bytes, checksum: c031eafdd18797ffabec9c1c4bde8d63 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-14T14:00:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PHILIPPSEN.pdf: 516265 bytes, checksum: c031eafdd18797ffabec9c1c4bde8d63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-18 Atualmente os produtos orgânicos têm ganhado destaque por sua qualidade nutricional, segurança alimentar e pela sustentabilidade na sua produção. A produção orgânica utiliza fungicidas à base de cobre, como a calda bordalesa, que é composta por sulfato de cobre e cal hidratada. O cobre é um elemento químico natural e fundamental para os organismos vivos, porém há controvérsias em relação aos efeitos causados ao ambiente e à saúde humana. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os teores de cobre em solos e sucos de laranja e uva de uma propriedade orgânica que utiliza a calda bordalesa como fungicida, e a partir das concentrações encontradas, avaliar os efeitos da exposição aguda e crônica sobre o sistema nervoso de Caenorhabditis elegans. O estudo iniciou a partir da coleta dos solos e das frutas, logo após a colheita foram extraídos os sucos de laranja e uva. Posteriormente, foram analisadas as concentrações de cobre em solos e nos sucos de laranjas e uvas através de Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atômica por Plasma de Argônio. Após a determinação dos teores de cobre nos sucos de laranjas e uvas, os C. elegans foram divididos em cinco grupos, o grupo controle recebeu água ultrapura, e os tratados com cobre receberam as doses de 0,05 mg/L, 0,1 mg/L, 0,3 mg/L e 0,7 mg/L. Após a exposição foram avaliados parâmetros comportamentais e enzimáticos de cepas selvagens de C. elegans. Os ensaios das exposições aguda e crônica dos C. elegans ao cobre demonstraram que houve alterações da atividade da Acetilcolinesterase. Na exposição aguda as doses de 0,05 mg/L, 0,1mg/L e 0,7 mg/L ativaram a enzima, resultado similar foi encontrado após exposição crônica para as doses 0,3 mg/L e 0,7 mg/L. Já as doses de 0,05 mg/L e 0,1 mg/L inibiram a enzima após exposição crônica. Os organismos expostos também mostraram alterações comportamentais, como redução nos batimentos faríngeos à exposição aguda na dose de 0,05 mg/L e 0,7 mg/L em exposição crônica e aumento no ciclo de defecação nas doses de 0,1 mg/L e 0,3 mg/L em exposição aguda e redução em exposição crônica à 0,3 mg/L. Conforme já era esperado os níveis de cobre estavam aumentados nos solos que receberam o fungicida a base de cobre, o mesmo foi encontrado para os sucos. Porém, observou-se que as doses encontradas nos sucos promoveram significativas alterações no sistema colinérgico o que repercutiu no comportamento dos vermes. Assim, recomenda-se maior critério para aplicação de calda bordalesa, considerando que o cobre por ser um metal tem potencial de bioacumulação nos sistemas biológicos. Currently, organic products have gained attention for its nutritional quality, food safety and sustainability in its production. Organic farming uses copper-based fungicides such as a Bordeaux mixture, which is composed of hydrated lime and copper sulfate. Copper is a natural and essential chemical element for living organisms, but there are controversies regarding the effects on the environment and human health. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the copper content in soils, orange and grape juice of an organic property that uses the Bordeaux mixture as fungicide, and from the concentrations found, to evaluate the effects of acute and chronic exposure on Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system. The study started from the collection of soil and fruit, after harvest were extracted the orange and grape juices. Subsequently, the copper concentrations in soil and in the juice were analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Plasma Argon. After determination of the copper concentration in the juices, the C. elegans were divided into five groups, the control group received ultrapure water, and treated with copper received the 0.05 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L and 0.7 mg/L. After the exposure, behavioral and enzymatic parameters of wild strains of C. elegans were evaluated. The trials of acute and chronic exposures of C. elegans to copper showed that there were changes in acetylcholinesterase activity. In the acute exposure doses of 0.05 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L and 0.7 mg/L activated the enzyme, a similar result was found after chronic exposure at doses 0.3 mg/L and 0.7 mg/L. Doses of 0.05 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L inhibited the enzyme after chronic exposure. Exposed organisms also showed behavioral changes, such as reduction in pharyngeal beats to acute exposure at a dose of 0.05 mg/L and 0.7 mg/L on chronic exposure and increase in the defecation cycle at doses of 0.1 mg/L and 0.3 mg/L on acute exposure and reduction on chronic exposure at 0.3 mg/L. As expected, copper levels were increased in soils that received the copper-based fungicide, the same was found for juices. However, it was observed that the doses found in the juices promoted significant changes in the cholinergic system, which had repercussions on the behavior of the worms. Thus, it is recommended major criterion for the application of Bordeaux mixture, considering that copper metal has to be a potential for bioaccumulation in biological systems.

Submitted by Daniele Rosa Monteiro (daniele.monteiro@uffs.edu.br) on 2017-10-17T16:44:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 STURZA.PDF: 2831079 bytes, checksum: 6df76f69964aca2727a7f605b7ad526b (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Diego dos Santos Borba (dborba@uffs.edu.br) on 2017-10-19T10:14:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 STURZA.PDF: 2831079 bytes, checksum: 6df76f69964aca2727a7f605b7ad526b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-19T10:14:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 STURZA.PDF: 2831079 bytes, checksum: 6df76f69964aca2727a7f605b7ad526b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10 Os agrotóxicos, representados por substâncias químicas, também conhecidas por agroquímicos tem objetivo de controlar as pragas agrícolas. Entretanto podem ser prejudiciais aos sistemas biológicos de diversos organismos aquáticos, incluindo os anfíbios anuros. Por isso é importante avaliar efeitos através de teste toxicológicos que fornecem informações sobre a resposta a contaminantes em um organismo. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos toxicológicos causados a espécie de anfíbio anuro Physalaemus gracilis expostos ao herbicida atrazina e ao fungicida tebuconazole. Para tal, foram coletadas as desovas totais direto da natureza com menos de 24 horas de oviposição, transportadas até o laboratório onde foram mantidas em condições controladas para seu desenvolvimento. Foi realizado teste de toxidade aguda de 96 horas para determinação da CL50 96h e teste crônico, onde se avaliou a mortalidade, alterações morfológicas e alterações bioquímicas dos girinos expostos a concentrações subletais. Os cálculos da CL50 96h seguiram o método trimed spearman karber, para atrazina foi de 47,90 mg/L e 1,64 mg/L para tebuconazole. A exposição a doses subletais causou alterações na morfologia oral dos girinos, como ausência de mandíbula, ausência de uma ou mais fileiras inteiras de dentículos, fileiras de dentículos tortas, dentículos falhos ou ausentes, além de inchaço no intestino. Além disso, atrazina e tebuconazole causaram efeitos indutores de dano oxidativo em girinos de Physalaemus gracilis. O aumento da peroxidação lipídica e proteína carbonil sugere que os danos oxidativos induzidos afetaram lipídeos e proteínas podendo causar danos á atividade enzimática devido à oxidação de proteínas. Pesticides, represented by chemical substances, also known as agrochemicals, have the objective of controlling agricultural pests. However, they may be harmful to the biological systems of various aquatic organisms, including anuran amphibians. It is important to evaluate effects through toxicological tests that provide information on the response to contaminants in an organism. This study evaluated the toxicological effects caused to species of anuran amphibian Physalaemus gracilis exposed to the herbicide atrazine and the fungicide tebuconazole. For this, the total direct nature spawnings with less than 24 hours of oviposition were collected and transported to the laboratory where they were kept under controlled conditions for their development. After that was performed the acute toxicity test for 96 hours to determine the LC50 and, subsequently, the chronic test, where mortality, morphological alterations and biochemical alterations of tadpoles exposed to sublethal concentrations were evaluated. To calculate the LC50 was employed the trimed spearman karber method. The LC50 for atrazine was 47.90 mg/L, meanwhile for tebuconazole was 1.64 mg/L. The exposure to sublethal doses caused changes in the oral morphology of tadpoles, such as absence of jaw, absence of one or more whole rows of denticles, rows of crooked teeth, missing or missing teeth, and edema of the intestine. In addition, atrazine and tebuconazole caused oxidative damage inducing effects on Physalaemus gracilis tadpoles. The occurrence of lipid peroxidation and carbonyl proteins suggest oxidative damage of the lipids and proteins.

Submitted by Daniele Rosa Monteiro (daniele.monteiro@uffs.edu.br) on 2017-10-16T12:52:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 OLIVEIRA.PDF: 916082 bytes, checksum: 4ed2366936f0538d507164b8c32469a7 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Diego dos Santos Borba (dborba@uffs.edu.br) on 2017-10-19T10:05:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 OLIVEIRA.PDF: 916082 bytes, checksum: 4ed2366936f0538d507164b8c32469a7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-19T10:05:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OLIVEIRA.PDF: 916082 bytes, checksum: 4ed2366936f0538d507164b8c32469a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10 O alumínio (Al) é um dos metais mais abundantes da crosta terrestre, sendo reconhecido como um potencial agente neurotóxico que promove a progressão de desordens neurológicas, como a Doença de Alzheimer (DA). Porém, o papel do Al na etiologia da AD permanece desconhecido. Dessa forma, o presente estudo pretende avaliar o potencial neurotóxico do Al e sua relação com a Doença de Alzheimer (AD), através da análise de parâmetros comportamentais e do status do sistema nervoso colinérgico, através da análise da atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE), usando cepas selvagens e o modelo de DA de cepas transgênicas do nematoide C. elegans. Após exposição crônica e aguda ao Al, os resultados indicaram que o Al altera o status colinérgico, aumentando sua atividade em cepas transgênicas nas concentrações mais baixas, até 116% na cepa transgênica GMC101 na concentração 0,5 mM em relação ao controle, revelando um possível efeito bifásico da exposição ao Al e consequente alteração dos parâmetros comportamentais do nematóide, sugerindo uma relação entre a exposição ao Al e a etiologia da AD. Aluminum is one of the most abundant metals in the earth's crust, and is recognized as a potential neurotoxic agent that promotes the progression of neurological disorders, including the Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role of Al in the etiology of AD remains unknown. Thus, this study intends to evaluate the neurotoxic potential of Al and its role in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), through the analysis of behavioral parameters and status of the cholinergic nervous system using wild strains and the AD model transgenic strains of the nematode C. elegans. After chronic and acute exposure to Al, the results indicated that Al alters the cholinergic status, for example, increasing its activity in transgenic strains in lower concentrations, up to 116% in GMC101 strain in 0.5 mM concentration in relation to the control, and consequently changing behavioral parameters of the nematode, suggesting a relationship between exposure to Al and the etiology of AD.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cardiovascular disease. The term ischemia refers to a lack of oxygen due to inadequate perfusion, which results from an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is atherosclerotic obstructive coronary artery disease caused by rupture or ulceration of atheromatous plaque and subsequent thrombus formation. Platelets are one of the most important blood components that participate in and regulate thrombus formation by releasing active substances such as adenine nucleotides ATP and ADP. Once their action is exerted, the nucleotides are degraded by a group of enzymes called ectonucleotidases. These enzymes are responsible for the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP to AMP, and consequent formation of adenosine, a cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory molecule. Another important anti-inflammatory molecule is acetylcholine (ACh). However, ACh is rapidly hydrolyzed by the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Following ischemia, an elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs. The imbalance between ROS production and degradation may lead to an increase in oxidative stress. This study aimed to determine the activity of enzymes involved in thromboregulation, such as NTPDase, 5'-nucleotidase, E-NPP and ADA, the activity of enzymes that degrade choline esters: AChE and BuChE, as well as the parameters of oxidative stress in IHD patients and controls. Evaluation of the oxidant system was carried out by lipid peroxidation and carbonyl protein determination, and the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense measurements were performed in total blood, plasma, and serum of IHD patients. Results showed an increase in the NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase activities as revealed by nucleotides hydrolysis ATP, ADP and AMP. An increase in E-NPP activity was also observed in IHD patients. However, a decrease in ADA activity was observed. Based on the results presented here we suggest that the pathological condition in IHD produced alterations in ectonucleotidase activities as a compensatory organic response, with the objective of maintaining the levels of adenosine, which is a cardioprotective molecule. An increase in the activity of enzymes that degrade choline esters (AChE and BuChE) in IHD patients was observed. Increasing total blood and serum activities of AChE and BuChE enzymes indirectly reflect reduced levels of ACh. The enhancement of local and systemic inflammatory events is observed due to the absence of the negative feedback control exerted by ACh. Regarding oxidant levels, an increase in TBARS and carbonyl protein levels was observed in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients when compared to the control group. The same occurred for the activities of the enzymatic antioxidants, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). However, a decrease in nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as vitamin C and vitamin E, was observed in AMI patients when compared to control. These results suggest an increase in oxidative stress in AMI, which was probably a result of the ischemic/reperfusion moment, as well as a decrease of antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, the increased antioxidant defense may act as a compensatory mechanism in consequence of the overproduction of ROS after AMI. In conclusion, IHD results in oxidative and inflamatory damages as well as an increase in the organism defenses as a compensatory response. A cardiopatia isquêmica (CI) é uma das principais doenças cardiovasculares. O termo isquemia refere-se à falta de oxigênio, secundária à perfusão inadequada do miocárdio, que gera desequilíbrio entre a oferta e a demanda deste gás. A causa mais comum de isquemia miocárdica é a doença aterosclerótica obstrutiva das artérias coronárias, causada por ruptura ou ulceração da placa ateromatosa e consequente formação de trombo. As plaquetas são um dos mais importantes componentes do sangue que participam na regulação dos processos tromboembólicos por liberação de substâncias ativas como os nucleotídeos de adenina, ATP e ADP. Uma vez exercida sua ação esses nucleotídeos são degradados por um grupo de enzimas denominadas de ectonucleotidases. Essas são responsáveis pela hidrólise do ATP e ADP até AMP e consequente formação da adenosina, uma molécula cardioprotetora e anti-inflamatória. Outra importante molécula anti-inflamatória é a acetilcolina (ACh). Entretanto, a ACh é rapidamente hidrolisada pelas enzimas acetilcolinesterase (AChE) e butirilcolinesterase (BuChE). Acompanhando a isquemia temos uma produção elevada de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). Um desequilíbrio entre a produção e a degradação de EROs pode levar a um aumento do estresse oxidativo. Neste trabalho determinaram-se a atividade das enzimas envolvidas na tromboregulação: NTPDase, 5 -nucleotidase, E-NPP e ADA, e a atividade de enzimas que degradam ésteres de colina: AChE e BuChE, além dos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em pacientes cardiopatas e controles. Foi realizada a avaliação do sistema oxidante através da determinação da peroxidação lipídica e da carbonilação protéica e a medida das defesas antioxidantes enzimáticas e não enzimáticas do organismo, em sangue total, plasma e soro destes pacientes. Os resultados demonstraram um aumento na atividade da NTPDase e da 5 -nucleotidase, revelada através da hidrólise dos nucleotídeos ATP, ADP e AMP. Para a enzima E-NPP também foi observado um aumento na sua atividade em pacientes cardiopatas. Entretanto, para a ADA observou-se uma diminuição na atividade. Esses resultados sugerem uma resposta orgânica compensatória do organismo frente ao estado patológico formado, com o objetivo de manter os níveis de adenosina, uma molécula cardioprotetora. Para as enzimas que degradam ésteres de colina foi observado um aumento tanto na atividade da AChE quanto da BuChE em pacientes cardiopatas. Um aumento na atividade sérica e no sangue total da atividade da BuChE e da AChE pode refletir indiretamente níveis reduzidos de ACh que, por sua vez, irá reforçar eventos inflamatórios locais e sistêmicos, devido à ausência do controle de retroalimentação negativa exercido pela ACh. Em relação aos níveis de oxidantes determinados, observou-se um aumento nos níveis de TBARS e proteína carbonil em soro de pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) quando comparados com o grupo controle. Esse aumento também foi observado para as defesas antioxidantes enzimáticas superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase (CAT). Entretanto, observou-se um decréscimo das defesas antioxidantes não enzimáticas como a vitamina C e a vitamina E no soro de pacientes com IAM. Estes dados sugerem um aumento do estresse oxidativo como resultado do momento de isquemia/reperfusão e da diminuição das defesas antioxidantes não enzimáticas. Além disso, o aumento das defesas antioxidantes enzimáticas poderiam agir como um mecanismo compensatório como consequência da superprodução de EROs após o IAM. Concluí-se então, que a CI resulta tanto em danos oxidativos e inflamatórios como mobilização das defesas do organismo para uma resposta compensatória.