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Rose rosette disease (RRD) caused by rose rosette emaravirus (RRV) is a major issue in the U.S. rose industry with no effective method for its management. This study evaluated the effect of foliar application of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), a plant systemic acquired resistance inducer, in reducing RRD disease severity on Rosa species cv. Radtkopink (‘Pink Double Knock Out’) under greenhouse conditions, and the effect of ASM on plant growth under commercial nursery production conditions. ASM at 50- or 100-mg/liter concentrations at weekly intervals significantly reduced RRD severity compared with the untreated control in two of the three greenhouse trials (P < 0.05). The plants in these trials were subsequently pruned and observed for symptoms, which further indicated that application of ASM at 50- or 100-mg/liter concentrations lowered disease severity compared with the untreated control (P < 0.05) in these two trials. Plants treated with ASM at 50- or 100-mg/liter concentrations had delayed incidence of RRD compared with the nontreated controls. Plants treated with ASM at the 50- or 100-mg/liter rate in all three trials either did not have RRV present or the virus was present in fewer leaf samples than untreated controls as indicated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis. Overall, plants treated with ASM at the 50-mg/liter concentration had 36 to 43% reduced RRD incidence compared with the water control. The treatment of two cultivars of rose, ‘Radtkopink’ and ‘Meijocos’ (‘Pink Drift’), with weekly foliar applications of ASM at the three rates (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 oz/A) indicated that ASM had no negative effect on flowering or plant growth at even the highest rate of application.

The present report elucidates the foliar micro-morphological adaptation mechanism of micropropagated plantlets of Aerva lanata. The in vitro induced anomalies in the leaves were repaired through gradual hardening and acclimatization processes in a greenhouse. The epidermal tissues of in vitro grown leaves significantly differed from the field transferred plants in terms of architecture and undulations of anticlinal walls. Amphistomatic leaves with anomocytic stomata were observed with the in vitro cultured and field transferred plants, but the stomata were significantly different in their morphology, size, and spatial distribution. The in vitro leaves possessed high stomatal density (59.4) and stomatal index (28.9), but a significant decrease in stomatal density (48.7) and stomatal index (26.3) were observed in the field established plants. Vein density, vein-islets, and vein-let terminations of the leaves were increased from in vitro to field environments. The trichomes of in vitro leaves were multicellular, uniseriate, and underdeveloped which attained gradual maturity when transferred to the field. The calcium oxalate rosette crystals were unorganized, underdeveloped, and varied in size with the in vitro leaves; these were organized, completely developed, and morphologically uniform in acclimatized leaves. The study revealed that the gradual changes in foliar micro-morphological parameters such as stomatal apparatus, trichomes, crystals, and vein density from in vitro to in vivo conditions involved in the repair mechanism of the photosynthetic organs could increase the survival chances of micropropagated plantlets in the field.

Arabidopsis Cytochrome P450 85A2 (AtCYP85A2) was introduced to Arabidopsis thaliana seeds using a seed-specific promoter, pAt5g54000. GUS (β-Glucuronidase) activity and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that AtCYP85A2 overexpression only occurred in seeds of a transgenic plant, pAt5g54000-AtCYP85A2::Col-0. A crude enzyme solution prepared pAt5g54000-AtCYP85A2::Col-0 seeds successfully catalyzed the conversion of castasterone (CS) to brassinolide (BL), which was not detected in wild-type seeds. Furthermore, a higher level of CS and BL was detected in pAt5g54000-AtCYP85A2::Col-0 seeds compared to untransformed seeds, thus demonstrating that seed-specific overexpression of AtCYP85A2 efficiently encoded a bi-functional enzyme for brassinosteroids 6-oxidase/brassinolide synthase to generate CS and BL in seeds of pAt5g54000-AtCYP85A2::Col-0. Compared to the wild type, pAt5g54000-AtCYP85A2::Col-0 produced substantially larger seeds with a high concentration of nutrients due to an enhancement in brassinosteroids signaling. Additionally, pAt5g54000-AtCYP85A2::Col-0 exhibited superior seed germination, seedling and rosette plant growth, and flower and silique formation, indicating that seed-specific AtCYP85A2 expression activates overall vegetative and reproductive growth and development in A. thaliana.

The rib is an unusual location for osteosarcoma and is reported in only 2% of all cases. The major histological variants of osteosarcoma are osteoblastic, chondroblastic, and fibroblastic, with a few rare variants including one epithelioid type. This report describes a 44-year-old male with an osteolytic mass in the right seventh rib. Histological examination revealed osteosarcoma with unique features of epithelioid appearance and rosette structures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a rosette-forming osteosarcoma of the rib that showed epithelioid morphology. Despite successful surgery, the patient’s prognosis was poor because this malignancy had an unusual location within the axial skeleton and was a rare histological variant.

Echeveria kristenii is described as a new species from Sierra Azul, Mezquital, Durango. The new species belongs to a sub-group of northwestern Mexican taxa within ser. Gibbiflorae. Within the series it is most similar to E. dactylifera and E. novogaliciana in its acaulescent habit, sessile, farinaceous and somewhat narrowed leaves, paniculate inflorescences with short cincinni, and the presence of finger-like appendages at the base of the epipetalous filaments. Characters that distinguish it from those species include the size of the rosette, the shape, color, and size of the leaves, and the color of the styles and nectary scales. Additionally, three diagnostic nucleotide characters were found in rbcL, matK and ITS2, three standard DNA barcoding regions, that differentiate the new species not only from its closest relatives, but from all other taxa of ser. Gibbiflorae.

Rosette-forming glioneural tumors (RGNTs) are rare. Here, we report a case of RGNT of the fourth ventricle in an 18-year-old female. The patient presented with a 4-month history of headache and dizziness. Neurological examination showed papilledema, impaired tandem gait, and right-sided dysmetria. Radiological images showed a posterior fossa lesion in the fourth ventricle with hydrocephalus. An emergent ventriculostomy was performed followed by gross total surgical resection of the lesion. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of RGNT. The patient developed posterior fossa syndrome postoperatively which improved on follow-up. Although rare, RGNT should be considered in the differential diagnoses of posterior fossa lesions in young patients. Given its benign course, surgical resection remains the treatment of choice.

The musculature architectonics of the body, the attachment organs, and the genital ducts of Gyrocotyle urna is described. It is shown that the lateral folds of the body and the rosette blades are characterized by the least amount and variety of musculature. In the integument, the position of each spine is regulated by three muscle groups. Most of the genital ducts are surrounded by a muscular plexus. The sucker-like organ is characterized by an extreme concentration of musculature. It is distinguished from the suckers of flukes by its inverse proportionality in the degree of development of the radial muscles, on the one hand, and other muscle groups, on the other. The functional load of various muscle groups and the mechanisms of helminth fixation and locomotion are discussed.

Erythroxylum moonii Hochr. is a shrub or small tree in family Erythroxylaceae and folklore claims report the use of its leaves in the treatment of helminthiasis. Aim: Hence, present study aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic and analytical characters including HPTLC of its leaves. Methods: E. moonii fresh and powdered leaves were explored for the macroscopic and microscopic features along with their physico-chemical, phytochemical properties and HPTLC following standard procedures. Results: The leaf of E. moonii is simple, alternate, petiolate, stipulate, elliptic and lanceolate with obtusely caudate-acuminate apex, acute base and entire margins. Fresh leaf is light green, slight astringent with characteristic odour and smooth texture. Powdered dry leaves were light green, slight astringent with aromatic odour and coarse, fibrous texture. Microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of simple, bilobed and stellate trichomes (with and without lignification), rosette, rhomboidal, prismatic and cluster crystals, paracytic stomata and starch grains as key characteristics both in fresh leaves and powdered leaves. Obtained values for loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash, pH, water and methanol soluble extractive were 10.44±0.31%, 2.2±0.67%, 0.93±0.06%, 5, 7.63±0.57% and 6.44±0.38% respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis suggested the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids in the test sample. HPTLC study revealed 17 and 11 peaks at short (254nm) and long (366nm) ultraviolet consecutively. Conclusion: Obtained results can be used to establish pharmacognostic and analytical standards of leaves of E. moonii which can serve as an important source to determine the quality, purity and strength of the powdered drug.

Symptoms of apical rosette were seen in field pea grown as winter season crop in India. Symptomatic leaves were processed for the identification of associated virus. The primers pair (PSbMV-F/PSbMV...

This work presents the research results of artificial infection of garden strawberry plants of the Elsanta variety with the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum nymphaeae from the Colletotrichum acutatum complex. Three different ways of infecting strawberry plants were analysed: by injecting the plant rosette, spraying with a spore suspension, and infecting the soil. The study showed that the plants of this variety are susceptible to the C. nymphaeae species. The most susceptible parts of plants were identified: leaf blades, petioles and strawberry rosettes. The most obvious symptoms of infection, caused by C. nymphaeae, were found in case of injecting into the rosette. In this work, the most sensitive and valid laboratory methods for isolating and identifying the causative agent of strawberries anthracnose on the planting material were determined: isolation of the pathogen using the deposit method on the 2 % PGA nutrient medium with the addition of 4 % citric acid and identification by the real-time PCR method using the “Fitoscreen set. C. acutatum complex-PB” (CJSC Syntol, Moscow). The C. nymphaeae species from the C. acutatum complex is a pathogen harmful to strawberry plants, causing rapid damage to leaf blades, petioles and rosettes. In the conducted experiment, the root system of strawberry plants was not affected, and there was no infection in the soil.

This study was set to investigate the comparative morphological and anatomical characteristics of Aloe vera barbadensis Miller and Aloe vera var. chinensis(Haw) Berger. These are evergreen perennials belonging to Asphodelaceae Juss. in the Order Asparagales Link. The former measures up to 80±20cm in height with lanceolate leaves and rosette habit. The leaves have spiny margins decorated with whitish spots on both foliar surfaces which disappear at maturity. The tubular flowers are orange and densely clustered at the stem apex; corolla is yellowish, tubular and up to 2.5±0.5cm in length whereas the latter is 40±10cm in height with rather lightly green rosette leaves and foliar white spots on foliar surfaces maintained at maturity. The two plants are fleshy and succulent with mild bitter taste. Leaves are amphistomatic with tetracytic sunken stomata. The cells of the epidermal layer are nucleated mostly hexagonal and includepentagonal, heptagonal to square or rounded. Stomatal indices for Aloe vera barbadensis adaxial foliar layer is 7.92 % and abaxial 4.76% while Aloe vera var. chinensis adaxial surface is 7.92% and abaxial 3.85%, not significant. Anatomical studies revealed the cell types from the epidermis, hypodermis, general cortex to the pith are similar in mid-ribs, petioles, stems and nodes. The roots have piths and vasculation is closed type. Phytochemical studies showed the presence of Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins in both species, whereas combined anthraquinone was observed absent in both plants. Cardenolide, phlobatannins and free anthraquinones were present in Aloe vera var. chinesis but absent in Aloe vera barbadensis while cyanogenic glycoside was absent in Aloe vera var chinensis but present in Aloe vera barbadensis. The species are used in natural medicine. The information contained in this research would further aid in the taxonomic delimitations of these plants. Keywords: Comparative, Aloe vera, phytochemistry, morphology, anatomy, Asphodelaceae.

A new natural hybrid Saxifraga ×klimesii Hajman, Horák & Hroneš from Ladakh (NW India) is described and illustrated. This hybrid resulted from cross between Saxifraga meeboldii Engler & Irmscher and Saxifraga pulvinaria Harry Smith. The morphology of the hybrid plants and its parental taxa was evaluated using morphometric analysis of both living plants and herbarium specimens. An artificial cross was also made to compare its morphology with spontaneous hybrids. Ploidy level and relative genome size was established using flow cytometry. Saxifraga ×klimesii is intermediate in morphology and relative genome size between both parents. It differs from S. meeboldii by shorter and wider rosette leaves and lighter yellow, larger and wider petals and from S. pulvinaria by larger rosettes, often more than one pore on leaves and usually yellow coloured petals. A lectotype is selected for S. pulvinaria.

Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors (RGNTs) are benign WHO grade 1 tumors that occur in the ventricular system, particularly the fourth ventricle. RGNTs and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs) are both categorized as neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors and may be difficult to distinguish. Coexistence of the two tumor types has been reported. Here, we report a pediatric case of RGNT with DNT-like features showing intraventricular dissemination. The tumor occurred in the medial temporal lobe and presented with specific pathological glioneuronal elements including floating neurons, which are typical in DNTs, but was diagnosed as RGNT because of the presence of neurocytic rosettes. Genetic analysis detected fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 internal tandem duplication (FGFR1-ITD) of the tyrosine kinase domain, which was previously reported to be specific for DNT. RGNTs with FGFR1-ITD may show atypical clinical presentation and pathological features.

Horseweed [Conyza canadensis(L.) Cronquist] is a facultative winter annual weed that can emerge from March to November in Michigan. Fall-emergingC. canadensisoverwinters as a rosette, while spring-emergingC. canadensisskips the rosette stage and immediately grows upright upon emergence. In Michigan, primary emergence recently shifted from fall to spring/summer and therefore from a rosette to an upright growth type. Growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine (1) whether bothC. canadensisgrowth types could originate from a single parent and (2) whether common environmental cues can influence growth type. Variations in temperature, photoperiod, competition, shading, and soil moisture only resulted in the rosette growth type in fourC. canadensispopulations originating from seed collected from a single parent of the upright growth type. However, a vernalization period of 4 wk following water imbibition, but before germination, resulted in the upright growth type. Dose–response experiments were conducted to determine whether glyphosate sensitivity differed betweenC. canadensisgrowth types generated from a single parent of the upright growth type. Upright-typeC. canadensisfrom known glyphosate-resistant populations ISB-18 and MSU-18 were 4- and 3-fold less sensitive to glyphosate than their rosette siblings, respectively. Interestingly, differences in glyphosate sensitivity were not observed between growth types from the susceptible population. These results suggest that whileC. canadensispopulations shift from winter to summer annual life cycles, concurrent increases in glyphosate resistance could occur.

Bryozoans form colonies of iterated modules, termed zooids, and display varying degrees of polymorphism. Polymorphic colonies comprise autozooids (or feeding zooids) and heteromorphic zooids, among which the most common types are avicularia and kenozooids. Kenozooids differ in shape, size, and presumed function. Among this diversity, there are rhizoids, which serve to attach colonies to the substrate or to lift them above it. To date, only general data on anatomy of kenozooids at light microscopy level are available. Here, we present the first description of the ultrastructure of the holdfast-like rhizoids of the cheilostome bryozoan Dendrobeania fruticosa. The rhizoid wall is composed of a single-layered epidermis, which produces the ectocyst. The voluminous cavity is acoelomate: it has no special cellular lining, nor any signs of an extracellular matrix toward the epidermis. It is traversed by delicate branching funicular strands that originate from the pore plate. The only cells in contact with the epidermis are the cells of the funicular system and the storage cells. The pore plate between the rhizoid and autozooid includes a variable number of communication pores. Each pore is plugged with a rosette complex, which includes a cincture cell and four special cells extending through the pore. The limiting cells are absent, and the special cells are in direct contact with the funicular strands. Cell contacts between special cells are absent; moreover, there are spaces between their proximal lobes filled with a heterogeneous matrix similar to that in the lumen of the funicular strands. Such matrix is also found outside of the extracellular matrix surrounding the special cells. These findings allow us to suggest that nutrient transport most likely occurs between, rather than through, the special cells. However, further studies are needed to understand how the rosette complex functions.

Phymatolithon atlanticum is newly described from France and Northern Ireland (the United Kingdom) using both molecular (rbcL sequence data, concatenated psbA and COI-5P datasets) and morpho-anatomical analyses. The species shows sequence divergences from other Phymatolithon species by 10.7–15.3% in rbcL, 5.1–9.2% in psbA and 9.6–16.8% in COI-5P. Morpho-anatomically, P. atlanticum is encrusting to lumpy, has slightly sunken female conceptacles with raised rims, lacks buried conceptacles, has five to six rosette cells surrounding tetra/bisporangial conceptacle pores, and has tetra/bisporangial conceptacle roofs that are pitted with depressions as a result of the disintegration of rosette cells. This latter feature is what currently separates the species morpho-anatomically from all other species of Phymatolithon. The tetra/bisporangial conceptacle of P. atlanticum closely resembles those of Lithothamnion crispatum and Leptophytum bornetii and may well represent additional examples of convergent evolution in the non-geniculate coralline algae.

We describe Waltillia itambana, a new species placed in the previously monotypic genus Waltillia, presenting as main differences from Waltillia hatschbachii features such as a water-impounding rosette, shorter and broader leaves, divergent non-secund flowers and the light-green petals. The species is, as far as known, restricted to Pico do Itambé State Park, in Minas Gerais, growing above 1500 m of elevation in the rupestrian grasslands, of the Diamantina Plateau, Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais State. We compare W. itambana with other similar species that occur in the rupestrian grasslands and provide illustrations, information on geographic distribution, a map, and ecological and conservation observations on the new species.

The level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air can affect several traits in plants. Elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) can enhance photosynthesis and increase plant productivity, including biomass, although there are inconsistencies regarding the effects of eCO2 on the plant growth response. The compounding effects of ambient environmental conditions such as light intensity, photoperiod, water availability, and soil nutrient composition can affect the extent to which eCO2 enhances plant productivity. This study aimed to investigate the growth response of Arabidopsis thaliana to eCO2 (800 ppm) under short photoperiod (8/16 h, light/dark cycle). Here, we report an attenuated fertilization effect of eCO2 on the shoot biomass of Arabidopsis plants grown under short photoperiod. The biomass of two-, three-, and four-week-old Arabidopsis plants was increased by 10%, 15%, and 28%, respectively, under eCO2 compared to the ambient CO2 (aCO2, 400 ppm) i.e. control. However, the number of rosette leaves, rosette area, and shoot biomass were similar in mature plants under both CO2 conditions, despite 40% higher photosynthesis in eCO2 exposed plants. The levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids were similar in the fully expanded rosette leaves regardless of the level of CO2. In conclusion, CO2 enrichment moderately increased Arabidopsis shoot biomass at the juvenile stage, whereas the eCO2-induced increment in shoot biomass was not apparent in mature plants. A shorter day-length can limit the source-to-sink resource allocation in a plant in age-dependent manner, hence diminishing the eCO2 fertilization effect on the shoot biomass in Arabidopsis plants grown under short photoperiod.

Saxifraga paniculata is a subalpine succulent perennial plant arranged in a rosette that is usually found in shallow soil among limestone rocks. Stereoscopic, light and scanning electron microscopy...

Round cell sarcomas with EWSR1-PATZ1 fusion are rare polyphenotypic sarcomas that typically show both neural and myogenic differentiation on immunohistochemistry. The histology features lobular admixture of cellular fascicles of relatively monotonous spindle cells and small blue round cells separated by fibrotic stroma. The clinical behavior of EWSR1-PATZ1 sarcoma is uncertain currently with mixed outcomes reported even in cases with metastases. We herein report an additional case of EWSR1-PATZ1 fusion-related round cell sarcoma in the face of a 5-year-old boy with unusual histologic features of pale zones, rosette/gland-like structures and expression of epithelial markers. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization study (FISH) using EWSR1 breakapart probes was negative and molecular study with RNA sequencing was required to confirm the diagnosis. These findings highlight the diagnostic challenge and potential pitfall of FISH study in EWSR1-PATZ1 sarcoma. Further studies are required to increase the understanding of their behavior, morphologic spectrum and molecular features that will help devise new treatment strategies to these rare tumours. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12105-021-01285-w.

In this study, we report first time in India on the morphology, ultra-architectural pattern of the chorion in the egg and egg hair (setae). Further, physico-chemical characterizations of egg hairs (setae) were studied in the new invasive pest, fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. The egg is dome shaped with flattened base and curves upward to a broadly rounded point at the apex. HR-SEM micrographs revealed the surface ultrastructure of eggs chorion and shows structural elements of a marked rosette of petals surround the micropyle followed by micropylar rosette region around the micropyle plate. There was a small single micropylar opening along with 9 micropylar rosette cells and 13 micropylar rosette zones present near to the micropylar pit. In the egg the first order ribs were absent, but around 58-60 numbers of second order ribs were present. All the ventral and lateral cells of the eggs are connected by 19-22 cross striae and not forming a grid pattern, but joints with the longitudinal ribs at several of angles and totally 1,277-1,495 convex cells present at the egg's surface. The physico-chemical characteristics of egg hairs were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis. TGA results show that three weight losses occurred at 142, 418, and 880°C, respectively. FT-IR confirms the presence of amides, sulfoxide, and nitro compounds in egg hairs (setae).

The melamine·barbiturate H-bonded rosette motif is of comparable dimensions and symmetry to the cavity of a butadiyne-linked 6-porphyrin nanoring. Functionalisation of each of the barbiturate components and the pyrimidine components of a H-bonded rosette with a pyridine ligand leads to a self-assembled hexapyridine ligand, which binds cooperatively to the zinc porphyrin nanoring. UV-vis-NIR and 1H NMR experiments show that the 7-component assembly forms at concentrations at which neither the H-bonding interactions nor the zinc porphyrin–pyridine interactions are formed in the absence of one of the three components. The mean effective molarities of these rosette complexes are around 200 mM in chloroform at 298 K., Mixing barbiturates and pyrimidines equipped with pyridine ligands to leads to self-assembly of a hexadentate rosette ligand, which is complementary to a hexameric zinc porphyrin macrocycle.

For farmers to satisfy the food, nutrition and income demands on groundnut in the South Western Agro-Ecological Zone (SWAEZ), the accessibility, and adaptability of economically viable and high performing varietal and non-varietal technologies must increase to enhance production. Field experiments to evaluate the agronomic performance of advanced lines of improved nine AGRA red, nine Spanish and six Serenut varieties were concurrently carried out on-station at the Mbarara Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MbaZARDI) in Mbarara District, Uganda. The AGRA red and Spanish groundnut lines showed high levels of rosette mosaic disease (GRD) tolerance in the zone. The short AGRA and Spanish lines were highly resistant to leaf spots, while the tall lines were highly susceptible to leaf spots, and not drought tolerant. The late maturing AGRA lines (SGV 99241 and SGV 99046), yielded better than the early maturing lines (SGV 99065 and SGV 99043). The best performing AGRA lines identified for promotion in the zone were SGV 99241, 99046, 99064, 99048, 99019 and 99032. The most leaf spot-resistant Spanish line was ICGV SM 02501, but lines ICGV SM 01514, ICGV SM 03590, ICGV SM 01515 and ICGV SM 01502 displayed varying levels of resistance during the two seasons of 2015. Spanish lines: ICGV SM 01502, ICGV SM 99568, ICGV SM 01504, ICGV SM 01510, ICGV SM 99555, ICGV SM 01514 and ICGV SM 01515 were suitable for growing in the SWAEZ. Spanish lines that were either highly resistant or resistant to groundnut rosette virus disease (GRD), unfortunately, were either moderately-susceptible or susceptible to the leaf spot diseases. Therefore, the tested Spanish lines were only suitable to environments that are prone to GRD but free of the leaf spot pathogens. AGRA red lines SGV 99241, SGV 99046, SGV 99064, SGV 99048, SGV 99019 and SGV 99032 were the best performing. Of the Serenut varieties evaluated, Serenut 5R was early maturing and rosette mosaic virus tolerant. Apart from Serenut 1; Serenut 2, 3R, 4R, 5R and 6T displayed very high levels of tolerance to rosette mosaic virus disease. The combination of moderate resistance (MR)-resistance (R) and high resistance (HR) in the AGRA red lines and Serenut varieties to leaf spots and rosette mosaic virus, respectively, indicated an effective control measure of the major groundnut disease problems in the zone. The integration of moderate-resistance to high disease resistance, high drought tolerance and high yielding potential in several Serenut, AGRA red and Spanish lines can enhance groundnut production if proper agronomic management practices and timely planting are applied.

A 35-year-old male, presented with a slow growing painless cutaneous nodule of 1.5 cm size of 6-month duration. On local examination, single well defined, freely mobile, non-tender skin nodule was found over the dorsum of right hand. Fine needle aspiration of the swelling yielded particulate material. The cytosmears were highly cellular and showed three population of cells comprising of cohesive clusters of larger cells, discretely lying larger cells and smaller lymphocyte like cells. (Figure 1) The cohesive cells were larger with round nuclei, pale chromatin and moderate amount of cytoplasm. Focal rosette like arrangement were noted. The larger scattered cells were in the form of naked nuclei with fragile cytoplasm giving a glycogenated appearance to the background. The third population of cells comprised of smaller cells with a coarsely clumped clock face appearing chromatin resembling lymphocytes. There was no mitosis, nuclear atypia or necrosis. (Figure 2).

Variation in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration can dictate plant growth and development and shape plant evolution. For paired populations of 31 Arabidopsis accessions, respectively, grown under 100 or 380 ppm CO2, we compared phenotypic traits related to vegetative growth and flowering time. Four accessions showed the least variation in measured growth traits between 100 ppm CO2 and 380 ppm CO2 conditions, though all accessions exhibited a dwarf stature with reduced biomass under low CO2. Our comparison of accessions also incorporated the altitude (indicated in meters) above sea level at which they were originally collected. Notably, An-1 (50 m), Est (50 m), Ws-0 (150 m), and Ler-0 (600 m) showed the least differences (lower decrease or increase) between treatments in flowering time, rosette leaf number, specific leaf weight, stomatal density, and less negative δ13C values. When variations for all traits and seedset were considered together, Ws-0 exhibited the least change between treatments. Our results showed that physiological and phenotypic responses to low CO2 varied among these accessions and did not correlate linearly with altitude, thus suggesting that slower growth or smaller stature under ambient CO2 may potentially belie a fitness advantage for sustainable growth under low CO2 availability.

The article provides the study results on the age-related stages of Pulsatilla multifida Mill. The materials have been gathered in the course of field research taking into account the literary data. The studies were carried out in the Pavlodar and Akmola regions during the season of mass flowering and seeds ripening (2018-2019). A rosette shoot is formed on the stage of seedlings out of 3-4 leaves of different complexity. On the juvenile stage the rosette shoot is formed out of 4-5(6) leaves. The leaves are tripartite, dissected into large lobes and in their turn are cut into prongs. The root system is represented by a stem-root and many roots of the second order. Immature individuals undergo the formation of an elongated rhizome. Leaf-blades are tripartite with deeply dissected lobes. 1-3 rosette shoots grow from resumption buds. The calendar age of an immature plant is 1-2 years. On the virginal stage, there is an increase of resumption buds and rosette modules, the formation of a powerful rhizome with numerous resumption buds on it. Leaves acquire a specificity: the number of prongs on the leaves becomes narrow, middle leaves develop a petiole of different lengths. Young generative plants have 1-3 peduncles and 1-3 rosette shoots. On average generative stage, the rhizome forms a many-headed caudex with numerous rosette shoots. In old age the number of rosette shoots decreases, the peduncles remain underdeveloped and do not start blooming. The leaves are cut into very narrow lobes with a large number of prongs, while the length of the petiole at the central lobe becomes minimal. In subsenile plants, there is a maceration of rhizomes to a greater depth with the formation of vegetative rosettes on separate parcels and they are represented by a system of dying rhizomes, with single vegetative sockets. The coenopopulations of P. multifida and P. aggr. patens are found in rocky habitats, except CP-1 (a glade between the rocks) where P. multifida grows on a dry meadow among steppe shrubs. All the studied populations are generative, the density of species is high enough to ensure the normal existence of the species in natural conditions.

Arabidopsis thaliana FLL2, a member of the FLO2 gene family, is expressed specifically in green leaves. The fll2 mutant showed significantly large rosette leaves and reduced the chlorophyll content. The sucrose content was significantly reduced. The glucose content was higher during the vegetative growth stage but decreased during the early reproductive growth stage. The amount of assimilated starch was lower than that in the wild type plant. The expression levels of genes involved in biosynthesis of sucrose and starch were largely altered. These results suggest that, in the fll2 mutant, a small amount of photosynthetic products was used for the biosynthesis of starch, and the products were supplied to promote intracellular growth of the source organs or for transport to the sink organs. These findings suggest that FLL2 is a factor affecting the expression level of genes involved in sugar metabolism, whose mutation caused a change in the assimilated products. Abbreviations : DAS: days after sowing

The authors present the findings of a leaf blade anatomy study for the rare relict Siberian flora species Mertensia sibirica (L.) G. Don fil. (Boraginaceae). They collected samples for the study from natural habitats in Chita Region (Chikoy Range) and then planted them in the introduction area of the Siberian Botanic Garden (Tomsk) located in the southern taiga subzone of Western Siberia. The parameters of the photosynthetic and stomatal complex of M. sibirica were studied for the first time. It was found out that the rosette and cauline leaves of the species under study are hypostomatous, with an anomocytic stomatal complex. The epidermis is single-layer. On average, the adaxial epidermis has larger cells vs. abaxial epidermis. The leaf mesophyll is 242.90–369.90 µm thick, dorsiventral. The adaxial side of the leaf comprises glandular trichomes surrounded with pronounced rosettes of cells in the base part. The cauline leaf significantly differs from the rosette leaf in finer cells of its adaxial and abaxial epidermis (and, consequently, their larger number per 1 mm2), while the adaxial epidermal cells are thicker, and in a larger number of stomata in the abaxial epidermis. The palisade mesophyll in the cauline leaf is more developed vs. the rosette leaf, while the cells are longer and the palisade/spongy mesophyll ratio is higher. The rosette leaves have a more developed system of vascular tissues vs. cauline ones, as they play the main role in providing plants with water and nutrients. The contribution of the cauline leaf palisade mesophyll to the photosynthetic potential of M. sibirica is higher vs. that of the rosette leaf (the ratio between palisade and spongy mesophyll is 0.45 vs. 0.36, respectively), which characterizes the cauline leaf as more heliophytic. The stomatal complex and mesophyll parameters under study are primarily characterized by low variance. As for dermal tissue parameters, medium variance is typical of the thickness and size of the abaxial and adaxial epidermal cells. Coefficients of variation for the cells of the upper mesophyll layer (CV=31.2–41.6%) and the number of stomata on the lower epidermis of the rosette leaf (CV=21.5%) demonstrate medium and high variance. A very high coefficient of variation (116.2–174.0) is registered for the adaxial epidermis parameter characterizing the density of trichomes per 1 mm2. The study results were used to develop an optimal M. sibirica cultivation regime under conditions of introduction in the southern taiga subzone of Western Siberia. Keywords: Mertensia sibirica; Leaf blade anatomy; Rosette and cauline leaves; Plant ecology; Stomatal index; Epidermis; Mesophyll; Trichomes References Barykina, R.P., Veselova, T.D., Devyatov, A.G., Dzhalilova, H.H., Ilyina, G.M. (2004). Botanic microscopy equipment guide. Fundamentals and methods. Moscow. Publishing House of Moscow State University (In Russian). Barykina, R.P., Alyonkin, V.Y. (2018). Ontogenetic transformation in the anatomical structure of leaf-like formations in some herbaceous Boraginaceae growing under various edaphoclimatic conditions. Wulfenia, 25, 31-51. Burkovskaya, E.V. (2009). Mesostructure of the Mertensia maritima (L.) S.F. Gray photosynthetic complex at different latitudes of the Russian Far East. Bulletin of KrasGAU, 10, 50-53 (In Russian). Burkovskaya, E.V., Khrolenko, Yu.A. (2015). Ecological features of the photosynthetic complex structure of Mertensia maritima (Boraginaceae) from different geographic locations. Bulletin of KrasGAU. Biological sciences, 8, 53-58 (In Russian). Butnik, A.A., Timchenko, O.V. (1987). Leaf epidermis structure of species from the Chenopodiaceae family. Botanicheskii Zhurnal, 72(8), 1021-1030 (In Russian). Ivanova, M.M., Verkhozina, A.V. (2010). Mertensia sibirica. Red book of Irkutsk Region. Irkutsk: Vremya Stranstviy (In Russian). Kozhevnikov, Yu.P. (1996). Floristic features of Yenisei River region forest tundra. Botanicheskii Zhurnal, 81(2), 68-82 (In Russian). Kuprinyanov, A.N., Banayev, E.V. (2017). Introduction of Siberian natural flora plants. Novosibirsk: GEO Academic Publishing House (In Russian). Nikiforova, O.D. (2008). Species of the Sibiricae series of the Mertensia (Boraginaceae) genus. Fundamental and applied issues of botany in the early XXI century. Petrozavodsk, 111–113 (In Russian). Nikiforova, O.D. (2014). System of the Mertensia (Boraginaceae) genus. Botanicheskii Zhurnal, 99(7), 794-810 (In Russian). Pautov, A.A. (2003). Comparative and ecological plant anatomy issues: collection of articles. Saint Petersburg. Publishing House of Saint Petersburg State University (In Russian). Pautov, A.A. (2012). Morphology and anatomy of vegetative plant organs: manual. Saint Petersburg. Publishing House of Saint Petersburg State University (In Russian). Popova, O.A. (2017). Mertensia sibirica (L.) G. Don fil. Red book of Zabaikalsky Krai. Plants. Novosibirsk (In Russian). Selvi, F., Bigazzi, M. (2001). Leaf surface and anatomy in Boraginaceae tribe Boragineae with respect to ecology and taxonomy. Flora, 196(4), 269-285. Slaton, M.R., Hunt, E.R., Smith, W.K. (2001). Estimating near-infrared leaf reflectance from leaf structural characteristics. American Journal of Botany, 88(2), 278-284, doi: 10.2307/2657019 Yamskikh, I.E., Pospelova, E.B. (2012). Mertensia jenisseensis M. Pop. Red book of Krasnoyarsk Krai. V. 2. Rare and endangered species of wild plants and mushrooms. Krasnoyarsk (In Russian). Zhu, G., Riedl, H., Kamelin, R.V. (1995). Boraginaceae. Flora of China, 16, 375-377.

Iradiasi sinar gamma merupakan salah satu metode dalam pemuliaan tanaman yang ditujukan untuk peningkatan keragaman genetik. Penelitian terdahulu yang telah dilakukan pada Dendrobium discolor Lindl. belum dapat menentukan dosis LD20-50, yang merupakan kisaran dosis iradiasi yang menghasilkan variasi mutan tertinggi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian lanjutan dilakukan dengan menggunakan kisaran dosis yang lebih tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh iradiasi pada pada protokorm D. discolor dalam kisaran dosis letal LD20 dan LD50 dan dalam rangka mendapatkan mutan baru yang memiliki karakter morfologi yang spesifik serta performa tanaman yang lebih baik. Iradiasi sinar gamma dilakukan dengan menggunakan dosis 0, 15, 30 dan 60 Gray (Gy). Percobaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 6 ulangan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai LD20 dan LD50 adalah 22,16 Gy dan 58,8 Gy. Perlakuan iradiasi sinar gamma memperlihatkan perubahan morfologi yang terjadi pada bentuk dan susunan daun yang lebih roset pada dosis 15 Gy dan 30 Gy, dosis ini dapat digunakan sebagai kisaran dosis yang disarankan untuk iradiasi protokorm anggrek jenis tersebut. Dosis 60 Gy merupakan dosis tertinggi yang menyebabkan kematian total setelah subkultur ketiga (M1V3) pada 13 bulan setelah iradiasi.

In Australia, glyphosate is widely used in glyphosate-tolerant crops and fallows to control weeds such as common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.). It has been hypothesized that glyphosate at sublethal doses, as a consequence of herbicide drift, may have a stimulatory effect on S. oleraceus growth. In 2017, pot trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of low doses of glyphosate on growth and seed production of this weed at the Weed Science Screenhouse Facility at the University of Queensland, Australia. At the 4- to 5-leaf stage (3-wk-old rosette), plants were treated with low doses of glyphosate (0 [control], 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 800 g ae ha−1), and their responses were recorded until plant maturity. The study was repeated after completion of the first experimental run. An additional glyphosate dose (2.5 g ha−1) was added in the second run. The low doses of glyphosate (−1) caused a significant increase in S. oleraceus plant height and number of leaves compared with the no-glyphosate treatment. The highest stimulatory effect was observed at 5 g ha−1. At 5 g ha−1 glyphosate, S. oleraceus seed production increased by 154% and 101% in the first and second experimental runs, respectively, compared with the no-glyphosate treatment. The results of this study suggest that the sublethal doses of glyphosate produced hormetic effects on growth and seed production of S. oleraceus that changed the dynamics of weed–crop competition.

Plant genetic engineering offers promising solutions to the increasing demand for efficient, sustainable, and high-yielding crop production as well as changing environmental conditions. The main challenge for gene delivery in plants is the presence of a cell wall that limits the transportation of genes within the cells. Microspores are plant cells that are, under the right conditions, capable of generating embryos, leading to the formation of haploid plants. Here, we designed cationic and fluorescent rosette nanotubes (RNTs) that penetrate the cell walls of viable wheat microspores under mild conditions and in the absence of an external force. These nanomaterials can capture plasmid DNA to form RNT–DNA complexes and transport their DNA cargo into live microspores. The nanomaterials and the complexes formed were nontoxic to the microspores.

The radial design for strain gauge rosettes used for hole-drilling residual stress measurements was established over 50 years ago and has remained almost unchanged since then. The design was developed to promote strain sensitivity, but was made without regard for ability to identify interior stresses. Consequently, only near-surface residual stresses can be identified. The aim of this study is to investigate rosette geometric features that may be refined to enable a significant increase in ability to identify interior stresses without significant loss of strain sensitivity. A finite element analysis was undertaken to model the influence of various geometrical factors on the depth response of a strain gauge rosette. It was found that that circumferentially oriented strain gauges allow residual stress measurements to be made to twice the depth of traditional radial strain gauges, with only minor loss in strain sensitivity. A new circumferential strain gauge rosette design based on the presented analysis is proposed for use where extended depth measurements are desired.

Las bacterias f ijadoras de nitrógeno de vida libre (BFNVL) pueden ser una importante alternativa para reemplazar los fertilizantes nitrogenados en la agricultura. Agave potatorum Zucc, coloquialmente conocido como maguey tobalá, es una especie silvestre de la cual se obtiene un mezcal muy demandado debido a su alta calidad. Al ser una especie silvestre, no existe mucha información referente a su manejo agronómico. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de BFNVL en el crecimiento y contenido de sólidos solubles totales (SST) en plantas de A. potatorum bajo condiciones semi-controladas. Bajo un diseño en bloques completamente al azar se evaluaron tres BFNVL (1) Burkholderia cepacia, (2) Flavobacterium sp., (3) Paenibacillus amylolyticus y un control (sin BFNVL). En total se tuvieron 4 bloques con 15 plantas de agave por bloque, dentro de cada bloque a cada planta de agave se le aplicó al azar una BFNVL diferente. Las variables de crecimiento vegetal evaluadas después de 48 semanas fueron: altura de la planta (AP), diámetro de roseta (DRO), diámetro del tallo (DT), número de hojas desplegadas (NHD), volumen radicular (VR), densidad de raíz (DR), biomasa seca del tallo (BST), biomasa total (BT), área foliar (AF) y, SST en el tallo (°Bx). El análisis de varianza y la prueba de comparación múltiple de medias (Tukey, P ≤ 0.05) revelaron que con respecto al control, B. cepacia incrementó 322.2% el VR, 42.6% el NHD y 72.9% los SST. P. amylolyticus incrementó 317.1% la BST. B. cepacia, Flavobacterium sp. y P. amylolyticus incrementaron aproximadamente 50.3% el DT, 48.6% el DRO, 127.2% el AF y 51.8% la AP. Flavobacterium sp. incrementó 164.8% la BT. Estos resultados sugieren que las BFNVL promueven el crecimiento de A. potatorum, por lo que pueden ser una tecnología ambientalmente amigable y económica para la producción de este agave.

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of dead organic mulches (unprocessed sheep wool - SW and ecological wool - EW), black polyethylene film (PE) and unmulched soil (WM) on the moisture regime of Hortisol and the yield of lettuce cv.´Melina´.The research was carried out at an trial field at the Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb from April to June 2017. The experiment was set out according to a randomized block design with three replications. Soil samples were taken decadally from depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, in 3 replications, and the soil moisture content was determined by gravimetric method. The current moisture content in the soil was significantly influenced by: days after transplatation lettuce to open field (DAT) and mulch (M). The significantly low values of soil moisture were determined at 46 DAT, and high at 5 DAT. Considering the mulch, the soil moisture in both layers as follows: PE> SW> EW> WM. Diameter of the lettuce rosette was not significantly affected by the mulch type. Lettuce rosette, grown on SW (20.7 cm) was significantly higher compared to PE (18.4 cm), EW (18.0 cm) and WM (17.8 cm). The highest marketable yield of lettuce was achieved when wool mulch was applied (6.58 kg/m2 on EW, ie 6.56 kg/m2 on SW), and the lowest under PE (4.60 kg/m2). Woolen mulches have proved to be a good alternative to the previous application of PE mulches.

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a freshwater and marine fish of the family Salmonidae, widely farmed in aquaculture facilities in several countries. The salmon are carnivorous, but in aquaculture, alternative foods have been experienced. It is well known that feeding in captivity should cause adaptation and modifications of the morphological characteristics of the oral cavity, especially of tongue; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, by light, laser confocal and scanning electron microscopy, the morphological characteristics of the tongue dorsal surface, considering the importance of the correlations between feeding habits and the anatomy of the tongue. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates the presence of caniniform teeth with oro-aboral orientation surrounded by numerous filiform papillae, single, fused or arranged in row. Oro-aborally, the papillae show an appearance like a rosette and they disappear at level of the root. Light and laser confocal microscopy demonstrates that the mucosa is covered by a non-keratinized stratified pavement epithelium with, in the deepest layer, the presence of a triangular structure whose apex is cranially directed and base facing aborally. In this structure, spindle-shaped cells are present, with a vimentin immunoreactivity, that for their characteristics could be adult mesenchymal stem cells. The obtained data could be useful not only for further studies on the nutrition, but it is interesting the detection of tissues typical of the embryo-fetal phase in the adult specimens tongue, thus giving a basis for studies of potential applications, if any, regarding cell therapies for different clinical indications.

We report here the interactive effects of three light qualities (white, red and blue) and three growth temperatures (16�C, 22�C and 28�C) on rosette growth, hypocotyl elongation and disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. While an increase in temperature promotes hypocotyl elongation irrespective of light quality, the effects of temperature on rosette growth and disease resistance are dependent on light quality. Maximum rosette growth rate under white, red and blue light are observed at 28�C, 16�C and 22�C, respectively. The highest disease resistance is observed at 16�C under all three light conditions, but the highest susceptibility is observed at 28�C for white light and 22�C for red and blue light. Interestingly, rosette growth is inhibited by phytochrome B (PHYB) under blue light at 28�C and by cryptochromes (CRYs) under red light at 16�C. In addition, disease resistance is inhibited by PHYB under blue light and promoted by CRYs under red light. Therefore, this study reveals a complex interaction between light and temperature in modulating rosette growth and disease resistance as well as the contribution of PHYB and CRY to disease resistance.

Aldosterone-producing zona glomerulosa (zG) cells of the adrenal gland arrange in distinct multi-cellular rosettes that provide a structural framework for adrenal cortex morphogenesis and plasticity. Whether this cyto-architecture also plays functional roles in signaling remains unexplored. To determine if structure informs function, we generated mice with zG-specific expression of GCaMP3 and imaged zG cells within their native rosette structure. Here we demonstrate that within the rosette, angiotensin II evokes periodic Cav3-dependent calcium events that form bursts that are stereotypic in form. Our data reveal a critical role for angiotensin II in regulating burst occurrence, and a multifunctional role for the rosette structure in activity-prolongation and coordination. Combined our data define the calcium burst as the fundamental unit of zG layer activity evoked by angiotensin II and highlight a novel role for the rosette as a facilitator of cell communication., Aldosterone-producing zona glomerulosa cells in the adrenal gland arrange into rosette structures known to be important for morphogenesis. Here the authors show that the cells in the rosettes produce coordinated calcium activity bursts in response to angiotensin II that correlate with aldosterone production level.

Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is one of the most important crops in Asian countries. In the heading formation of Chinese cabbage, differential regulation of production and growth between the inner and rosette leaves is the most important developmental process. In general, it is well known that the developmental process is determined by complex interactions among genes. Therefore, it is important to understand the developmental process of Chinese cabbage by studying the crucial genes involved in the cells constituting the inner and rosette leaves and to clarify their dynamic characteristics. A recent study showed that the gene expression patterns of inner and rosette leaves are quite different but the tissue-specific gene regulatory networks of the two types of leaves are still largely unknown. Based on the RNA sequencing profiles of inner, rosette, and young leaves from Chinese cabbage and the gene regulatory network of Arabidopsis thaliana, we reconstructed tissue-specific active subnetworks of inner and rosette leaves of Chinese cabbage. Then, we analyzed the structural and functional characteristics of the two tissue-specific active subnetworks. Notably, we found that coherent feedforward loops were prominent in the inner leaf, whereas incoherent feedforward loops were abundant in the rosette leaf. By exploring the dynamic and functional characteristics of the feedforward loops, we found that the coherent feedforward loops are necessary for maintaining the molecular states, whereas the incoherent feedforward loops are crucial for adaptation. Overall, we concluded that the exclusive pattern of the network motifs is closely associated with the biological traits of each tissue.

The development of two-dimensional (2D) nanohybrid materials with heterogeneous components in nanoscale and three-dimensional (3D) well-ordered assembly in microscale has been regarded as an effect...

Light quality and the cell-growth-related proteins called expansins (EXPs) are two crucial factors in plant growth and development. However, molecular insights into the light responses of EXPs and the influences of light-dependent EXP expression changes on plant growth and development remain scarce. A preliminary analysis using a cDNA microarray revealed that red, blue, violet, and far-red light emitting diode (LED) light exposure and dark periods differentially regulate the expression of 27 Brassica rapa EXPs (BrEXPs). The results indicated that photosynthetically significant red and blue light induce the expression of BrEXPA1, and these results were further confirmed using a semi-qRT-PCR assay. The identification of several light-responsive cis-regulatory elements in the BrEXP promoter sequences suggested that light signals were perceived through these promoter motifs to regulate the gene expression that eventually controls growth and development. To substantiate our hypothesis that the light-dependent regulation of EXPs modulates growth and development, we developed transgenic reporter lines of B. rapa expressing GUS under the BrEXPA1 promoter. A histochemical analysis showed that BrEXPA1-promoter-driven GUS activity was prominent in the leaves, radicles, lateral roots, and flowers of plants grown under monochromatic red or blue light. The biological functions of BrEXPA1 were further tested by overexpressing sense (OE-S) and antisense BrEXPA1 (OE-AS) transcripts in Arabidopsis. The OE-S lines displayed long radicles, wide leaves, and additional rosette leaves compared to the controls, whereas the OE-AS lines exhibited early bolting. Collectively, our results demonstrated the relationship between light and BrEXPs and also the light-dependent role of BrEXPA1 in growth regulation.

Lysimachia daqiaoensis, a new species of Primulaceae endemic to a limestone cave in northern Guangdong, China, is described and illustrated. It is most similar to L. rupestris in having rosette leaves and being glabrous all over the plant, but it differs from the latter by absence (vs. presence) of stolon, flowers in racemose and solitary (vs. solitary only), and anthers shorter and dorsifixed with opening by lateral slits (vs. longer and basifixed with opening by apical pores).

The results of the research of biomorphological characteristic Dionaea Ellis of the collection O. V. Fomin Botanical garden are shown. The genus is represented by species and cultivar. For the first time studied features of the seasonal development are displayed in eight phenological phases that almost concide in the introduced plants D. muscipula and its cultivar. Their distribution, ecobiomorphological features, also conditions and methods of theirintroductions are observed. It is shown that plants Dionaea muscipula Ellis and D. muscipula cv. All Red, from the collection O.V. Fomin Botanical garden belong to the Droseraceae Salisb. family, Saxifragales order. It is a perennial, swampy, herbaceous plants with bulbous, short, underground stems anda rosette of root leaves with tightly arranged leaves, amount of 4–7 pcs. The plant's catching apparatus is «closing leaves». The leaf «trap» works in 1/5 minute. The mechanism of this movement is to quickly change the patency of the protoplasm and to a sharp decrease of theturgor of parenchyma cells on the upper side of the leaf plate, along the sides of the main vein. Electrophysiological phenomena occur in the leaf blade with irritation. Our own method of cultivation in the conditions of the protected soil of the temperate zone of Ukraine has been developed, which showed that D. muscipula and its culivar are light-loving plants, that require 4–5 hours of sunlight in summer. In autumn and winter, it provides additional artificialillumination for 15–16 hours a day, creating a level of illumination of at least 5000 lux. At low temperatures (autumn-winter) the leaves «trap» die off and start to grow again in the spring.For the first time, the investigated features of seasonal development in the conditions of the protected soil of the temperate zone of Ukraine are displayed in 8 phenological phases that almost coincide in the introduced plants of D. muscipula and its cultivar. The substrate for plants should be loose. To create it, coconut shavings, peat, perlite, river sand and cut mosssphagnum are used in the following proportions: 3: 1: 1: 0,5: 2. Propagated D. muscipula andits cultivars by seeds, infant bulbous stems with leaf rosette or leaf cuttings. Seeds are stratified for 2 months at + 4–5 ° C in the refrigerator. To control pests, spray with water infusions or extracts from plants containing volatile production and baking substances.

To learn about the phenological adaptation of Lactuca georgica Grossh., a wild relative of domesticated lettuce, we studied seed sampled accessions obtained from individual plants at 19 locations throughout six regions in Armenia, and from two natural populations in Dagestan (Russian Federation) collected as bulk samples. The effects of various vernalization treatments on time to bolting, flowering and seed production time were investigated during four successive years at different growth stages of L. georgica plants. We demonstrate that low temperatures play a major role in stimulating the reproduction process of L. georgica plants. Our results would suggest that for L. georgica: 1) There is an obligatory (or nearly so) vernalization requirement; 2) Plant age, vernalization duration, and genotype of original sample have a role in bolting and flowering regulation; 3) Some plants behaved as typical annuals, responding to vernalization treatment at the seedling stage, but, most did not; 4) Four months of vernalization could be adequate to reach bolting in plants with a developed vegetative rosette, for most—but not all—samples; 5) In order to find the best solution for stimulating the reproductive process of multiple genotypes, it seems that further study should focus on about 4 - 6 months of vernalization at 4°C applied to plants of about 10 - 22 months old vegetative rosettes, with controlled post-vernalization condition; 6) L. georgica germplasm could be used as a source for delayed bolting in breeding of domesticated lettuce varieties.

Nervous system diseases, especially degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), seriously endanger human health, and the injured adult neurons are difficult to self-renew. Therefore,...

The blue agave (Agave tequilana Weber variety azul) is a species that is widely used to produce tequila. For this reason, in the last decade, large extensions of terrain have been established for its cultivation. However, much of this land has been abandoned in a short time because at the beginning it was not known that at least six years were needed before the agave could be harvested. However, when the growers wanted to reintegrate some of these crops into the productive process, their exact age and the cultural activities needed for harvesting the agave were unknown because information regarding its vegetative development relative to its age was lacking. The hypothesis of this work was: If the morphological properties reflect the development state of the population individuals, then the properties height, basal area, rosette diameter, the north, south, east and west leaf, leaves number and foliar verticil will help to characterize the age categories in Agave tequilana Weber variety azul population under cultivated conditions. To this end, six plots with plants of different ages (one to six years) were selected in the municipality of Llera, Tamaulipas, Mexico. In each plot, 60 individuals were selected at random, and their morphological properties (height, basal area, rosette diameter, northern leaf, southern leaf, eastern leaf, western leaf; number of leaves and leaf whorl) were measured. With these data, a principal component analysis was performed to determine which of these properties explains the most variation of the data. The results indicate that height and basal area are the properties that are most closely associated with plant age. It is also for the first time demonstrated that harvest time can be reduced by one or two years, which favors producers economically because it could generate savings in production costs.

While the olfactory cue hypothesis has been proposed for spawning migration of silver eels, it has been shown that olfactory cells and associated mucus cells degenerate in male and female eels after hormonally induced sexual maturation. However, the degeneration of the olfactory organ could be a real event in the sequence of maturation, or may be an unnatural side effect of the hormone treatment itself. We morphologically and histologically examined the olfactory rosettes of hormone-untreated and hormone-treated (mixture of hCG and PG) giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata) and Japanese eel (A. japonica). The olfactory rosette from all the hormone-treated specimens significantly degenerated at various degeneration levels even in sexually immature specimens, indicating the side effect of the hormone-treatment. However, a sexually immature non-hormone treated female A. marmorata (87.4 cm TL, 199.4 g BW, at less advanced maturity) had slightly degenerated olfactory rosette. Further studies should focus on conducting natural degeneration of the olfactory rosette during the sexual maturation in tropical eels.

Strong selection from herbicides has led to the rapid evolution of herbicide‐resistant weeds, greatly complicating weed management efforts worldwide. In particular, overreliance on glyphosate, the active ingredient in RoundUp®, has spurred the evolution of resistance to this herbicide in ≥40 species. Previously, we reported that Conyza canadensis (horseweed) has evolved extreme resistance to glyphosate, surviving at 40× the original 1× effective dosage. Here, we tested for underlying fitness effects of glyphosate resistance to better understand whether resistance could persist indefinitely in this self‐pollinating, annual weed. We sampled seeds from a single maternal plant (“biotype”) at each of 26 horseweed populations in Iowa, representing nine susceptible biotypes (S), eight with low‐level resistance (LR), and nine with extreme resistance (ER). In 2016 and 2017, we compared early growth rates and bolting dates of these biotypes in common garden experiments at two sites near Ames, Iowa. Nested ANOVAs showed that, as a group, ER biotypes attained similar or larger rosette size after 6 weeks compared to S or LR biotypes, which were similar to each other in size. Also, ER biotypes bolted 1–2 weeks earlier than S or LR biotypes. These fitness‐related traits also varied among biotypes within the same resistance category, and time to bolting was inversely correlated with rosette size across all biotypes. Disease symptoms affected 40% of all plants in 2016 and 78% in 2017, so we did not attempt to measure lifetime fecundity. In both years, the frequency of disease symptoms was greatest in S biotypes and similar in LR versus ER biotypes. Overall, our findings indicate there are no early growth penalty and possibly no lifetime fitness penalty associated with glyphosate resistance, including extremely strong resistance. We conclude that glyphosate resistance is likely to persist in horseweed populations, with or without continued selection pressure from exposure to glyphosate.

DNA sequence analysis of plastid-encoded psbA and rbcL loci, and nuclear-encoded LSU rDNA of rhodolith-forming specimens of Sporolithales from Brazil and the northwestern Gulf of Mexico reveal that they belong to an unnamed species of Sporolithon (Sporolithaceae). Sporolithon amadoi sp. nov. is morpho-anatomically characterized by a vegetative thallus reaching more than 20 cell layers, a tetrasporophyte with tetrasporangial sori slightly raised above the thallus surface that become overgrown and buried after spore release, and by cruciately divided tetrasporangia with pores surrounded by 9–13 rosette cells. Since these morpho-anatomical features are shared with some other Sporolithon species, identification of this species can only be confirmed by DNA sequences.

We describe and illustrate Sedum lipingense (Crassulaceae), a new species of stonecrop found in the limestone areas of SE Guizhou, China. Based on the presence of adaxially gibbous carpels and follicles, this taxon belongs to sect. Sedum S.H. Fu. The new species superficially resembles S. subtile Miquel and S. bulbiferum Makino but differs from these two taxa in its development of a basal leaf rosette during florescence. The nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences also support the claim that this plant is a new species in the Sedum genus.

The terrestrial carnivorous speciesUtricularia dichotomais known for a great phenotypic plasticity and unusual vegetative organs. Our investigation on 22 sources/populations revealed that after initiation of a leaf and two bladders on a stolon, a bud was formed in the proximal axil of the leaf, developing into a rosette with up to seven organs. The first two primordia of the bud grew into almost every possible combination of organs, but often into two anchor stolons. The patterns were generally not population specific. The interchangeability of organs increased with increasing rank in the succession of organs on stolon nodes. A high potential of switching developmental programs may be successful in a fluctuating environment. In this respect, we were able to show that bladders developed from anchor stolons experimentally when raising the water table. Anatomical structures were simple, lacunate and largely homogenous throughout all organs. They showed similarities with many hydrophytes, reflecting the plant’s adaptation to (temporarily) submerged conditions. The principal component analysis was used in the context of dynamic morphology to illustrate correlations between organ types in the morphospace ofU. dichotoma, revealing an organ specific patchwork of developmental processes for typical leaves and shoots, and less pronounced for a typical root. The concept and methods we applied may prove beneficial for future studies on the evolution of Lentibulariaceae, and on developmental morphology and genetics of unusual structures in plants.