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Growth faltering in children (low length for age or low weight for length) during the first 1,000 days of life (from conception to 2 years of age) influences short-term and long-term health and survival1,2. Interventions such as nutritional supplementation during pregnancy and the postnatal period could help prevent growth faltering, but programmatic action has been insufficient to eliminate the high burden of stunting and wasting in low- and middle-income countries. Identification of age windows and population subgroups on which to focus will benefit future preventive efforts. Here we use a population intervention effects analysis of 33 longitudinal cohorts (83,671 children, 662,763 measurements) and 30 separate exposures to show that improving maternal anthropometry and child condition at birth accounted for population increases in length-for-age z-scores of up to 0.40 and weight-for-length z-scores of up to 0.15 by 24 months of age. Boys had consistently higher risk of all forms of growth faltering than girls. Early postnatal growth faltering predisposed children to subsequent and persistent growth faltering. Children with multiple growth deficits exhibited higher mortality rates from birth to 2 years of age than children without growth deficits (hazard ratios 1.9 to 8.7). The importance of prenatal causes and severe consequences for children who experienced early growth faltering support a focus on pre-conception and pregnancy as a key opportunity for new preventive interventions.

Sustainable Development Goal 2.2-to end malnutrition by 2030-includes the elimination of child wasting, defined as a weight-for-length z-score that is more than two standard deviations below the median of the World Health Organization standards for child growth1. Prevailing methods to measure wasting rely on cross-sectional surveys that cannot measure onset, recovery and persistence-key features that inform preventive interventions and estimates of disease burden. Here we analyse 21 longitudinal cohorts and show that wasting is a highly dynamic process of onset and recovery, with incidence peaking between birth and 3 months. Many more children experience an episode of wasting at some point during their first 24 months than prevalent cases at a single point in time suggest. For example, at the age of 24 months, 5.6% of children were wasted, but by the same age (24 months), 29.2% of children had experienced at least one wasting episode and 10.0% had experienced two or more episodes. Children who were wasted before the age of 6 months had a faster recovery and shorter episodes than did children who were wasted at older ages; however, early wasting increased the risk of later growth faltering, including concurrent wasting and stunting (low length-for-age z-score), and thus increased the risk of mortality. In diverse populations with high seasonal rainfall, the population average weight-for-length z-score varied substantially (more than 0.5 z in some cohorts), with the lowest mean z-scores occurring during the rainiest months; this indicates that seasonally targeted interventions could be considered. Our results show the importance of establishing interventions to prevent wasting from birth to the age of 6 months, probably through improved maternal nutrition, to complement current programmes that focus on children aged 6-59 months.

Globally, 149 million children under 5 years of age are estimated to be stunted (length more than 2 standard deviations below international growth standards)1,2. Stunting, a form of linear growth faltering, increases the risk of illness, impaired cognitive development and mortality. Global stunting estimates rely on cross-sectional surveys, which cannot provide direct information about the timing of onset or persistence of growth faltering-a key consideration for defining critical windows to deliver preventive interventions. Here we completed a pooled analysis of longitudinal studies in low- and middle-income countries (n = 32 cohorts, 52,640 children, ages 0-24 months), allowing us to identify the typical age of onset of linear growth faltering and to investigate recurrent faltering in early life. The highest incidence of stunting onset occurred from birth to the age of 3 months, with substantially higher stunting at birth in South Asia. From 0 to 15 months, stunting reversal was rare; children who reversed their stunting status frequently relapsed, and relapse rates were substantially higher among children born stunted. Early onset and low reversal rates suggest that improving children's linear growth will require life course interventions for women of childbearing age and a greater emphasis on interventions for children under 6 months of age.

Nos vinhedos da Região da Campanha do Rio Grande do Sul, o ácaro-da-ferrugem-da-videira, Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa, 1905) (Acari: Eriophyidae), tem sido encontrado com frequência desde a safra 2004/2005 associado com sintomas de bronzeamento nas folhas. A flutuação populacional de C. vitis na cultivar 'Cabernet Sauvignon' foi estudada em vinhedo comercial localizado em Candiota, RS, durante as safras agrícolas 2007/2008 (de novembro a junho) e 2008/2009 (de outubro a maio). A amostragem foi realizada nas folhas e através de armadilhas constituídas por fitas adesivas de dupla face instaladas nos ramos de produção. O pico populacional, na primeira safra, ocorreu em março de 2008 quando foram registrados 0,34 indivíduos por cm² da face abaxial das folhas medianas e 29,48 indivíduos por armadilhas. Na segunda safra, o pico populacional foi menos intenso e ocorreu em outubro de 2008, quando foram detectados 0,11 indivíduos por cm² da face abaxial das folhas medianas e 0,43 indivíduos por armadilhas. Foi detectado que o início do deslocamento de C. vitis para os locais de hibernação ocorre no verão, a partir de fevereiro. As armadilhas adesivas foram mais eficientes para identificar a presença de C. vitis no vinhedo do que a avaliação direta nas folhas. Uma correlação positiva foi encontrada entre o número de C. vitis na face abaxial das folhas e o percentual de folhas com infestação.In the vineyards of the Region of the Campanha of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, the grape rust mite Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa, 1905) (Acari: Eriophyidae), has been found frequently since the 2004/2005 harvest associated with symptoms of tanning on the leaves. The fluctuation of C. vitis in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' was studied in a commercial vineyard located in Candiota, RS, during the agricultural years 2007/2008 (November-June) and 2008/2009 (October-May). The sampling was carried out on the leaves and by using traps constituted by double-faced adhesive installed in the branches of production. The populational peak in the first year occurred in March, 2008, which recorded 0.34 individuals per square centimeter of the abaxial face of the medium leaves and 29.48 individuals per traps. In the second year of the experiment, the populational peak was less intense and occurred on October, 2008, when it was detected 0.11 individuals per square centimeter of the medium leaves abaxial faces and 0.43 individuals per traps. It was detected that the beginning of the displacement of C. vitis to hibernation places occurs on summer, starting in February. The adhesive traps were more efficient in identifying the presence of C. vitis in the vineyard than the direct evaluation on leaves. A positive correlation was found between the number C. vitis on the abaxial surface of leaves and percentage of leaves infested.

The InBIO Barcoding Initiative (IBI) Dataset - DS-IBILP08 contains records of 2350 specimens of moths (Lepidoptera species that do not belong to the superfamily Papilionoidea). All specimens have been morphologically identified to species or subspecies level and represent 1158 species in total. The species of this dataset correspond to about 42% of mainland Portuguese Lepidoptera species. All specimens were collected in mainland Portugal between 2001 and 2022. All DNA extracts and over 96% of the specimens are deposited in the IBI collection at CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources.The authors enabled "The InBIO Barcoding Initiative Database: DNA barcodes of Portuguese moths" in order to release the majority of data of DNA barcodes of Portuguese moths within the InBIO Barcoding Initiative. This dataset increases the knowledge on the DNA barcodes of 1158 species from Portugal belonging to 51 families. There is an increase in DNA barcodes of 205% in Portuguese specimens publicly available. The dataset includes 61 new Barcode Index Numbers. All specimens have their DNA barcodes publicly accessible through BOLD online database and the distribution data can be accessed through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

Este estudio tiene como objetivo establecer cómo los graduados en turismo de la Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, Ecuador, perciben sus capacidades en términos de las competencias adquiridas durante su formación académica y cómo pueden estas ser utilizadas para ofrecer recomendaciones con el fin de fortalecer el plan de estudios de la carrera de turismo. El estudio de naturaleza descriptiva, utilizó el método de investigación cuantitativa, aplicando una encuesta en línea a 146 graduados, con la que se evaluaron diversas competencias generales. Los resultados muestran que las competencias mejor valoradas por los graduados fueron “aprender y mantenerse actualizados” y “utilizar herramientas informáticas básicas”. También se identificaron áreas de mejora en otras competencias, las cuales proporcionan una guía clara para la revisión y mejora del plan de estudios, con el objetivo de preparar a los futuros profesionales para los desafíos dinámicos de la industria del turismo.

Brotações de macieira (Malus domestica, Borkh), cv. Fred Hough, oriundas do processo de multiplicação in vitro, foram inoculadas em meio MS e MS/2, testando-se os reguladores de crescimento: ácido indol-3-acético (AIA); ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e ácido naftaleno acético (ANA), nas concentrações de 0, 1, 3 e 5 miM com o objetivo de observar o efeito dessas auxinas sobre o enraizamento da cultivar. Foram acrescentadas aos meios as vitaminas MS mio-inositol (100 mg/L) e sacarose (30 g/L) em meio de ágar (6 g/L). O pH do meio foi ajustado para 5,8 e a cultura foi incubada a 25 ± 2º C e 16 horas de fotoperíodo a 2.000 lux, permanecendo por 30 dias. Os tratamentos foram repetidos cinco vezes e cada repetição constou de cinco explantes inoculados em frasco de 250 mL contendo 40 mL do meio. O meio MS/2 em todas as concentrações testadas foi melhor que o MS. O ANA e o AIB, ambos na concentração de 3 miM, em meio MS/2, tiveram comportamento semelhante na porcentagem de enraizamento e no número de raízes produzidas; no entanto, o ANA provocou efeitos indesejáveis na qualidade destas, havendo formação de calo na base das brotações e raízes grossas. O AIA obteve melhor resposta nas altas concentrações, mas não foi melhor que o AIB e ANA.Apple shoots (Malus domestica, Borkh), cv. Fred Hough derived from in vitro multiplication process were inoculated in MS and MS/2 basal media added by growth substances indol acetic acid (IAA); indol butiric acid (IBA) and naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) at 0, 1, 3 and 5 µM. The media also included: MS vitamins, myo-inositol (100.0 mg/L); sucrose (30.0 g/L); agar (6.0 g/L). The pH was adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaving. The treatments were incubated in a growth room at 25±2ºC, 16 hours photoperiod under light intensity of 2,000 lux during 30 days. The treatments were replicated five times. Each replicate was composed by a 250 mL flask containing 40 mL medium with five explants. The medium MS/2 in all the tested concentrations was better than MS. The NAA and IBA, both at 3.0 µM on MS/2 showed similar effects as percentage of rooting and number of roots are concerned. However, NAA treated explants presented a higher callus incidence at the base of shoots along with thicker roots. IAA had a better response when used in higher concentrations but it did not achieve the performance of IBA ou NAA.

O trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o enraizamento in vitro do porta-enxerto 'Marubakaido' (Malus prunifolia Borkh), visando a diminuir os efeitos prejudiciais causados pelo excesso de auxina. Foram utilizadas brotações do porta-enxerto 'Marubakaido' com três pares foliares (2,5 a 3 cm), oriundas do processo de multiplicação in vitro. O meio utilizado foi o MS/2 acrescido de l00mg/l de mio-inositol, 30 g/l de sacarose e 6g/l de ágar. O pH foi ajustado para 5,9, antes da colocação do ágar. Avaliou-se três períodos (2, 4 e 6 dias) de permanência dos explantes no escuro e três concentrações (0,0; 1,0 e 3,0miM) de ácido indolbutírico (AIB). Após a permanência dos explantes nos devidos períodos de escuro, estes foram transferidos para meio sem reguladores e acondiconados em sala de crescimento, sob condições de 16h de fotoperíodo, 25 ±2° C e 2000 lux. A ausência e a menor concentração de AIB reduziram a percentagem de enraizamento de acordo com os aumentos nos períodos de escuro, mostrando um efeito linear negativo. Para o nível mais elevado da auxina não se observou diferenças no enraizamento para todos os períodos de escuro, apresentando índices superiores a 80%. Na presença da auxina houve um incremento no número de raízes para os aumentos do período de escuro. Houve formação de raízes bem desenvolvidas com formação de calo somente na cicatrização do corte. As plântulas apresentaram um incremento gradual da área foliar com o aumento da concentração de AIB e do período de permanência no escuro. Maiores percentagens de sobrevivência foram obtidas com aumentos na concentração de AIB e períodos de escuro. Melhor qualidade das plântulas foi observada com um período de seis dias de escuro e 3,0miM de AIB.The this work was improve in vitro rooting percentage and quality of the apple rootstock 'Marubakaido' (Malus prunifolia Borkh.) through reduction of the damaging effects caused by excess auxin during rooting period. Shoots with three pair leaves (2.5 - 3.0 cm) derived from the in vitro multiplication process were utilized. The medium used had MS vitamins and salts MS/2, 100mg/l-1 myo-inositol, 30 g/l'1 sucrose and 6 g/l-1 agar. The pH was adjusted to 5,9 before adding the agar. The shoots remained 2, 4 and 6 days in the dark under three IBA concentrations as follows: 0; 1.0 and 3.0 muM. After that period they transferred to a medium without growth regulator and displayed in a growth chamber at 25 ±2° C, 16 hour photoperiod and 2000 lux. The lack of IBA or its lowest concentration reduced the rooting as the darkening period increased showing a negative linear effect. For the highest auxin level it was not observed any difference in the rooting for all the darkening periods witch presented over 80% rooting. Shoots treated witch IBA showed a higher number of roots as the darkening periods increased. It was observed that roots formed mainly in the base shoots soars. Plantlets showed gradual increase in leaf area witch the increase and IBA concentration and the period remained in the dark. The highest survival percentage occurred with higher IBA treated explants. The highest plantlet quality were obtained with 6 days darkening period under 3.0 muM IBA. Although the svstem IBA/darkness seems to improve quality it requires further manipulation of the individual explants and a renewed medium is also required.

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La gentrificación, cambio socioterritorial por inversión de capital, se manifiesta en el Barrio de Analco, Puebla. La Facultad de Arquitectura de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, a través del proyecto Casa Analco, estudia este fenómeno para preservar el patrimonio ante la amenaza gentrificadora. Estrategias como fortalecer redes sociales y promover la economía solidaria, buscan integrarse por medio del desarrollo comunitario, fomentando identidad y resistencia para preservar el patrimonio material e inmaterial del barrio. El objetivo de este trabajo descriptivo es identificar los valores de economía solidaria a cargo de Casa Analco y del Centro de Investigación y Gestión Urbana, y cómo el proyecto puede contribuir a la resistencia de la gentrificación en el barrio de estudio.

Several recently developed methods have the potential to harness machine learning in the pursuit of target quantities inspired by causal inference, including inverse weighting, doubly robust estimating equations and substitution estimators like targeted maximum likelihood estimation. There are even more recent augmentations of these procedures that can increase robustness, by adding a layer of cross-validation (cross-validated targeted maximum likelihood estimation and double machine learning, as applied to substitution and estimating equation approaches, respectively). While these methods have been evaluated individually on simulated and experimental data sets, a comprehensive analysis of their performance across real data based simulations have yet to be conducted. In this work, we benchmark multiple widely used methods for estimation of the average treatment effect using ten different nutrition intervention studies data. A nonparametric regression method, undersmoothed highly adaptive lasso, is used to generate the simulated distribution which preserves important features from the observed data and reproduces a set of true target parameters. For each simulated data, we apply the methods above to estimate the average treatment effects as well as their standard errors and resulting confidence intervals. Based on the analytic results, a general recommendation is put forth for use of the cross-validated variants of both substitution and estimating equation estimators. We conclude that the additional layer of cross-validation helps in avoiding unintentional over-fitting of nuisance parameter functionals and leads to more robust inferences.

Recreational facilities are widely regarded as one of the largest sources of and contributors to the tourism of countries worldwide. Given this, this study aimed to examine adults’ general behavioral intentions and actual visitation to amusement and recreational facilities. A total of 1367 adult and young-adult Filipinos voluntarily answered a self-administered survey consisting of measure items drawing on the extended theory of planned behavior framework. Structural equation modeling was employed for the simultaneous analysis of all latent variables and their causal relationships, and the marketing mix greatly affected the hedonic motivation and perceived behavioral control, leading to an indirect effect on behavioral intentions and actual visitation. Subjective norms and attitudes also had a significant direct effect on behavioral intentions and indirect effects on actual visitation. Interestingly, the marketing mix prompted a higher significant effect than behavioral intentions on actual visitation. It was implied that consumers are going to recreational facilities and amusement parks when they can visit an area, access a location, participate in different activities, and have enough resources. Businesses may capitalize on this finding in promoting their amusement parks and recreational facilities. In addition, they may highlight their location and space because they are among the highly significant measured items that the participants noted. The results of this study provides insights into the strategies, individual behavior, and motivation aspects. Implications and managerial insights are provided for the study’s adoption and extension worldwide.

Introducción. En becerras prepúberes la Kisspeptina-10 ha estimulado la secreción de la hormona luteinizante (LH) y folículo estimulante (FSH), y en vacas posparto amamantando ha estimulado la secreción de LH sin evidencia de inducir la ovulación. Objetivo. Inducir la ovulación con Kisspeptina-10 u hormona liberadora de gonadotropinas (GnRH) en vacas productoras de carne en condiciones subtropicales de México. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en la región nororiente del estado de Puebla, del 2020 al 2021, con 252 vacas cruzadas Bos taurus x Bos indicus. El protocolo de sincronización estral consistió en la aplicación de un dispositivo intravaginal impregnado con progesterona (1,9 g) y la inyección intramuscular de 2 mg de benzoato de estradiol (día 0). El día siete se removió el dispositivo intravaginal y de inmediato las vacas fueron inyectadas vía intramuscular con 0,150 mg de D-cloprostenol. Al día siguiente (día ocho), las vacas fueron inyectadas vía intramuscular con 1 mg de benzoato de estradiol. Entre 52 y 56 horas posteriores al retiro del dispositivo intravaginal (día nueve), las vacas se inyectaron vía intramuscular con GnRH o Kisspeptina-10. Las vacas se asignaron a cuatro tratamientos: T1, 100 µg de GnRH (control positivo), T2, T3 y T4 500 µg, 1000 µg y 1500 µg de Kisspeptina-10, respectivamente. La ovulación se detectó mediante ultrasonografía a los cuatro días post-tratamiento. La variable de respuesta evaluada fue la tasa de ovulación. Los datos se analizaron mediante modelos lineales generalizados y se aplicó una función liga logit. Resultados. Las tasas de ovulación obtenidas con T1 y T4 fueron iguales estadísticamente (99,9 %; p>0,05) y mayores (p0,05). Conclusión. La Kisspeptina-10 fue tan efectiva como la GnRH para inducir la ovulación.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different cutting lengths, the use of biostimulants and diameter of cuttings on hops vegetative propagation. The work was conducted in a greenhouse at the Center for Agricultural Sciences (CCA) at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), in Florianópolis/SC, Brazil, between October 2019 and January 2021. In experiment 1, cuttings with one, two and three buds were tested, with and without application of biostimulant SprintAlga TS® (Biolchim) in Brewer's Gold and Cascade cultivars. In experiment 2, cuttings with diameter of 1.5 cm, 2.5 cm and 3.5 cm were tested for Northern Brewer cultivar. In both experiments, survival, rooting, root length, root quality, number of shoots and shoot length were evaluated. In experiment 1, Cascade had lower survival, rooting and development compared to Brewer's Gold. The use of biostimulant increased survival and rooting rates of both cultivars. For Brewer's Gold the use of biostimulant improved root quality and increased shoot number, root and shoot length. For Brewer's Gold, 3-bud cuttings improved root quality and increased number of shoots. For Cascade, 1-bud cuttings showed the highest survival, rooting and development rates. In experiment 2, the highest rates of survival, rooting and the longest root length were obtained with 1.5 cm diameter cuttings. Larger diameter cuttings (2.5 and 3.5 cm) produced fewer shoots, but longer shoots.

El propósito fundamental de esta investigación fue documentar el uso de especies vegetales en la práctica culinaria de la parroquia El Anegado, con un enfoque destacado en su aplicabilidad como alimentos, condimentos y bebidas, especialmente relevantes para los visitantes. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se emplearon discusiones grupales, entrevistas y diálogos con los residentes locales, con el fin de capturar y documentar su conocimiento sobre las plantas utilizadas en la cocina tradicional. Se logró identificar un total de 41 especies, abarcando 24 familias de relevancia gastronómica. La mayoría de estas especies son cultivadas, reflejando la interacción activa entre las comunidades locales y el entorno natural circundante. Entre las familias destacan Fabaceae y Rutaceae, que sobresalen por albergar un mayor número de especies de interés culinario. Se registró 74 usos gastronómicos, distribuidos en tres categorías principales: bebidas (29), plantas comestibles (27) y condimentos (18). Es importante notar que una misma especie puede ser aprovechada para diversos fines culinarios. Resulta llamativa la importancia atribuida a especies como Musa paradisiaca y Zea mays, que constituyen la base fundamental de numerosos platos característicos de la gastronomía local. La variedad de especies identificadas y los usos atribuidos a ellas revelan una interacción rica y arraigada entre la comunidad y su entorno natural. La preservación de estas prácticas culinarias no solo enriquece la experiencia gastronómica, sino que también promueve la conservación de la biodiversidad local y la preservación de tradiciones valiosas.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633297.].

The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 17 (CXCL17) is chemotactic for myeloid cells, exhibits bactericidal activity, and exerts anti-viral functions. This chemokine is constitutively expressed in the respiratory tract, suggesting a role in lung defenses. However, little is known about the participation of CXCL17 against relevant respiratory pathogens in humans. Here, we evaluated the serum levels and lung tissue expression pattern of CXCL17 in a cohort of patients with severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) from Mexico City. Peripheral blood samples obtained on admission and seven days after hospitalization were processed for determinations of serum CXCL17 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of CXCL17 was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHQ) in lung autopsy specimens from patients that succumbed to the disease. Serum CXCL17 levels were also analyzed in two additional comparative cohorts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients. Additionally, the expression of CXCL17 was tested in lung autopsy specimens from COVID-19 patients. A total of 122 patients were enrolled in the study, from which 68 had pandemic influenza A(H1N1), 24 had COVID-19, and 30 with PTB. CXCL17 was detected in post-mortem lung specimens from patients that died of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) and COVID-19. Interestingly, serum levels of CXCL17 were increased only in patients with pandemic influenza A(H1N1), but not COVID-19 and PTB. CXCL17 not only differentiated pandemic influenza A(H1N1) from other respiratory infections but showed prognostic value for influenza-associated mortality and renal failure in machine-learning algorithms and regression analyses. Using cell culture assays, we also identified that human alveolar A549 cells and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages increase their CXCL17 production capacity after influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 virus infection. Our results for the first time demonstrate an induction of CXCL17 specifically during pandemic influenza A(H1N1), but not COVID-19 and PTB in humans. These findings could be of great utility to differentiate influenza and COVID-19 and to predict poor prognosis specially at settings of high incidence of pandemic A(H1N1). Future studies on the role of CXCL17 not only in severe pandemic influenza, but also in seasonal influenza, COVID-19, and PTB are required to validate our results.

SummarySustainable Development Goal 2.2.2, to end malnutrition by 2030, measures progress through elimination of child wasting, defined as weight-for-length more than 2 standard deviations below international standards. Prevailing methods to measure wasting rely on cross-sectional surveys that cannot measure onset, recovery, and persistence — key features of wasting epidemiology that could inform preventive interventions and disease burden estimates. Here, we show through an analysis of 21 longitudinal cohorts that wasting is a highly dynamic process of onset and recovery, and incidence peaks between birth and 3 months — far earlier than peak prevalence at 12-15 months. By age 24 months 29.2% of children had experienced at least one wasting episode, more than 5-fold higher than point prevalence (5.6%), demonstrating that wasting incidence is far higher than cross-sectional surveys suggest. Children wasted before 6 months were more likely to experience concurrent wasting and stunting (low height-for-age) later, increasing their risk of mortality. In diverse populations with seasonal rainfall, population average weight-for-length varied substantially (>0.5 z in some cohorts), with the lowest mean Z-scores during the rainiest months, creating potential for seasonally targeted interventions. Our results motivate a new focus on extending preventive interventions for wasting to pregnant and lactating mothers, and for preventive and therapeutic interventions to include children below age 6 months in addition to current targets of ages 6-59 months.

SummaryGrowth faltering (low length-for-age or weight-for length) in the first 1000 days — from conception to two years of age — influences both short and long-term health and survival. Evidence for interventions to prevent growth faltering such as nutritional supplementation during pregnancy and the postnatal period has increasingly accumulated, but programmatic action has been insufficient to eliminate the high burden of stunting and wasting in low- and middle-income countries. In addition, there is need to better understand age-windows and population subgroups in which to focus future preventive efforts. Here, we show using a population intervention effects analysis of 33 longitudinal cohorts (83,671 children) and 30 separate exposures that improving maternal anthropometry and child condition at birth, in particular child length-at-birth, accounted for population increases by age 24 months in length-for-age Z of 0.04 to 0.40 and weight-for-length Z by 0.02 to 0.15. Boys had consistently higher risk of all forms of growth faltering than girls, and early growth faltering predisposed children to subsequent and persistent growth faltering. Children with multiple growth deficits had higher mortality rates from birth to two years than those without deficits (hazard ratios 1.9 to 8.7). The importance of prenatal causes, and severe consequences for children who experienced early growth faltering, support a focus on pre-conception and pregnancy as key opportunities for new preventive interventions.

Habitat loss has major impacts on biodiversity. Yet, such impacts are not always linear, as there can be threshold values of habitat amount below which species become extirpated from human-modified landscapes (extinction thresholds). This may be particularly the case for species with high habitat spatial requirements, especially in regions with a long land-use history, which have a lower extinction debt. To address these issues, we evaluated the linear and non-linear effects of landscape-scale forest (habitat) loss on primate species richness in regions with relatively new (Amazon) and old (Atlantic Forest) histories of land-use change. We also evaluated the role of mean home range size in regulating species responses to forest loss. Extinction thresholds were higher in the Atlantic Forest (78% remaining forest cover) than in the Amazon (45%), but primate-landscape associations were stronger in the Amazon. Thus, despite its recent land-use history, Amazon primates are more sensitive to habitat loss. As predicted, mean home range size decreased with forest loss in both biomes. Our findings highlight the importance of stopping deforestation in both biomes to maintain habitat amount above these thresholds. Yet, as