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Single nucleotide polymorphisms in Echinococcus. (A) Number and localization of SNPs in genomic regions defined on the basis of gene architecture between the three Echinococcus species. (B) Type of substitution caused by SNPs in coding regions between the three Echinococcus species. (C) Distribution of missense mutation per each 100 residues of amino acid. (D) Statistical analyses of missense substitution each 100 amino acid residues among the pairs of Echinococcus species. The significance of the differences observed in missense SNPs was evaluated using the anova test with a confidence level of 95%. P-values belong to Anova test significance. (E) SNPs distribution in KEGGs pathways. Measure of SNP density by calculated as the number of SNPs divided the number of genes associated with the 5 main pathways. (i) Cellular processes. (ii) Environmental Information Processing. (iii) Organismal Systems. (iv) Metabolism. (v) Genetic Information Processing. (PDF 2885 kb)

Global phylogeny of Echinococcus and model species. (A) Phylogeny reconstruction from complete Echinococcus mitochondrial genomes. Nucleotide sequences of 12 protein-coding genes were aligned according to Nakao et al. [53]. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the JTT matrix-based model. Bootstrap consensus tree was inferred from 100 replicates. Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50% bootstrap replicates are collapsed. Mitochondrial genomes used for Echinococcus species phylogeny reconstruction: E. oligarthrus, NC_009461, Nakao et al., [108]; E. vogeli, NC_009462, Nakao et al., [108]; E. equinus, AB786665, Nakao et al., [53]; E. granulosus, AB786664, Nakao et al., [53]; E. felidis, AB732958, Nakao et al., [53]; E. multilocularis, NC_000928, Nakao et al., [109]; E. shiquicus, NC_009460, Nakao et al., [108]; E. ortleppi, NC_011122, Nakao et al., [108]; E. canadensis (G6), NC_011121, Nakao et al., [108]; E. canadensis (G7), AB235847, Nakao et al., [108]; E. canadensis (G7), PRJEB8992, this work; E. canadensis (G8), AB235848, Nakao et al., [108]; E. canadensis (G10), AB745463, Nakao et al., [53]. (B) Proteins encoded by single-copygenes were analysed using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the JTT matrix-based model. The analysis involved 14 amino acid sequences from 29 single-copy genes. There were a total of 7001 positions in the final dataset. (C) Single-copy coding DNA sequences (CDS). The analysis involved 14 nucleotide sequences from 29 single-copy genes using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Tamura-Nei model. There were a total of 14,364 positions in the final dataset. All of the positions with less than 60% site coverage were eliminated. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA5. Hsap: Homo sapiens; Mmus: Mus musculus; Drer: Danio rerio; Bflo: Branchiostoma floridae; Dmel: Drosophila melanogaster; Cele: Caenorhabditis elegans; ECANG7: Echinococcus canadensis; Egra: Echinococcus granulosus; Emul: Echinococcus multilocularis; Gsal: Gyrodactylus salaris; Hmic: Hymenolepis microstoma; Sman: Schistosoma mansoni; Smed: Schimdtea mediterranea; TsM1: Taenia solium. (D) Venn diagram of shared loci between the different Echinococcus species. (i) The number of total SNPs in each species using E. canadensis (G7) genome as reference. (ii) The number of total SNPs in each species using E. multilocularis genome as reference. (iii) The number of total SNPs in each species using E. granulosus (G1) genome as reference. The numbers under each species name indicate the number of SNPs in the species against the corresponding reference genome. The numbers in the overlap region indicate the number of SNPs with the same polymorphism at the same locus between the species. (PDF 530 kb)

Correlations between CGI density and coding regions in the genomes of the three Echinococcus species: (A) CGI density (per Mb) versus contig GC content (%). (B) CGI density (per Mb) versus log (contig size). (C) CGI density (per Mb) versus contigs Obs.CpG/Exp.CpG. (D) CGI density (per Mb) by Echinococcus species. Correlations between CGI density and upstream coding regions in the genomes of the three Echinococcus species: (E) CGI density (per Mb) versus contig GC content (%). (F) CGI density (per Mb) versus log (contig size). (G) CGI density (per Mb) versus contigs Obs.CpG/Exp.CpG. (H) CGI density (per Mb) by Echinococcus species. (I) Boxplots of average CGIs distance from the start codon of genes in the three Echinococcus species. (PDF 257 kb)

OBJECTIVE:To systematically review publications on Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species/genotypes reported in domestic intermediate and definitive hosts in South America and in human cases worldwide, taking into account those articles where DNA sequencing was performed; and to analyse the density of each type of livestock that can act as intermediate host, and features of medical importance such as cyst organ location.METHODS:Literature search in numerous databases. We included only articles where samples were genotyped by sequencing since to date it is the most accurate method to unambiguously identify all E. granulosus s. l. genotypes. Also, we report new E. granulosus s. l. samples from Argentina and Uruguay analysed by sequencing of cox1 gene.RESULTS:In South America five countries have cystic echinococcosis cases for which sequencing data are available: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru and Uruguay, adding up 1534 cases. E. granulosus s. s. (G1) accounts for most of the global burden of human and livestock cases. Also E. canadensis (G6) plays a significant role in human cystic echinococcosis. Likewise, worldwide analysis of human cases showed that 72.9% are caused by E. granulosus s. s. (G1) and 12.2% and 9.6% by E. canadensis G6 and G7, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:E. granulosus s. s. (G1) accounts for most of the global burden followed by E. canadensis (G6 and G7) in South America and worldwide. This information should be taken into account to suit local cystic echinococcosis control and prevention programmes according to each molecular epidemiological situation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Fil: Cucher, Marcela Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; Argentina Fil: Macchiaroli, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; Argentina Fil: Baldi, Germán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Camicia, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; Argentina Fil: Prada, Laura Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; Argentina Fil: Maldonado, Lucas Luciano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; Argentina Fil: Avila, Héctor Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; Argentina Fil: Fox, Adolfo. Laboratorios Fox; Argentina Fil: Gutierrez, Ariana. Dirección Nacional de Institutos de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas; Argentina Fil: Negro, Perla. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: López, Raúl . Provincia de Catamarca. Ministerio de Salud y Acción Social; Argentina Fil: Jensen, Oscar. Provincia de Chubut. Ministerio de Salud Ministerio de Desarrollo Territorial y Sectores Productivos. Centro de Investigación en Zoonosis; Argentina Fil: Rosenzvit, Mara Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; Argentina Fil: Kamenetzky, Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; Argentina

Se presenta el primer hallazgo de Echinococcus vogeli en una paca (Cuniculus paca) del bosque tropical de Misiones, norte argentino. Se confirmó también la presencia de su único hospedador natural definitivo conocido, el perro silvestre (Speothos venaticus). Las hidátides poliquísticas, de 2-3 cm de diámetro, se encontraron solo en el hígado de una paca adulta. El rango promedio del largo de los ganchos y la proporción relativa hoja/ mango no mostraron diferencias significativas con respecto a lo ya afirmado para E. vogeli. Los ganchos de E. granulosus, medidos como comparación, fueron significativamente más pequeños (p < 0,0001). Estos resultados confirmaron la presencia de E. vogeli en Argentina. La probabilidad de encontrar equinococosis neotropical en el hombre refuerza la importancia de determinar la distribución de E. vogeli en la Argentina. La equinococosis causada por E. vogeli es muy agresiva y puede producir mortalidad hasta en un tercio de la población humana afectada. We report the first finding of Echinococcus vogeli in a paca, Cuniculus paca, in the tropical forest of Misiones, in the north of Argentina. The presence of the bush dog, Speothos venaticus, E. vogeli´s only natural definitive host, was also reported. The polycystic hydatids, 2 to 3 cm in diameter, were only found in the liver of an adult paca. The size range of the hooks and the relative proportion blade/handle did not show significant differences with respect to the ones reported for E. vogeli. The size of E. granulosus hooks, measured for comparison purposes, was significantly smaller (p < 0.0001). These results confirmed the presence of E. vogeli in Argentina. The probability of finding neotropical echinococcosis in humans reinforces the need to expand the search for E. vogeli in Argentina. Echinococcosis due to E. vogeli is very aggressive and may cause death in about a third of the human population affected. EEA Cerro Azul Fil: Vizcaychipi, Katherina A.. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. INEI-ANLIS «Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán»; Argentina Fil: Helou, Marcia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cerro Azul; Argentina Fil: Dematteo, Karen. University of Missouri. Department of Biology; Estados Unidos Fil: Macchiaroli, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas . Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; Argentina Fil: Cucher, Marcela Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas . Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; Argentina Fil: Rosenzvit, Mara Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas . Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; Argentina Fil: D'Alessandro, Antonio. University of Tulane. Department Tropical Medicine; Estados Unidos