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The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) was undertaken to identify and study the important dynamical processes which govern the wind-driven motion of coastal water over the continental shelf. The initial effort in this multi-year, multi-institutional research program was to obtain high-quality data sets of all the relevant physical variables needed to construct accurate kinematic and dynamic descriptions of the response of shelf water to strong wind forcing in the 2 to 10 day band. A series of two small-scale, densely-instrumented field experiments of approximately four months duration (called CODE-1 and CODE-2) were designed to explore and to determine the kinematics and momentum and heat balances of the local wind-driven flow over a region of the northern California shelf which is characterized by both relatively simple bottom topography and large wind stress events in both winter and summer. A more lightly instrumented, long-term, large-scale component was designed to help separate the local wind-driven response in the region of the small-scale experiments from motions generated either offshore by the California Current system or in some distant region along the coast, and also to help determine the seasonal cycles of the atmospheric forcing, water structure, and coastal currents over the northern California shelf. The first small-scale experiment (CODE-1) was conducted between April and August, 1981 as a pilot study in which primary emphasis was placed on characterizing the wind-driven "signal" and the "noise" from which this signal must be extracted. In particular, CODE-1 was designed to identify the key features of the circulation and its variability over the northern California shelf and to determine the important time and length scales of the wind-driven response. This report presents a basic description of the moored array data and some other Eulerian data collected during CODE-1. A brief description of the CODE-1 field program is presented first, foll, Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 80-14941.

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Taylor & Francis for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Operational Oceanography 10 (2017): 115-126, doi:10.1080/1755876X.2017.1322026., This paper outlines strategies that would advance coastal ocean modeling, analysis and prediction as a complement to the observing and data management activities of the coastal components of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The views presented are the consensus of a group of U.S. based researchers with a cross-section of coastal oceanography and ocean modeling expertise and community representation drawn from Regional and U.S. Federal partners in IOOS. Priorities for research and development are suggested that would enhance the value of IOOS observations through model-based synthesis, deliver better model-based information products, and assist the design, evaluation and operation of the observing system itself. The proposed priorities are: model coupling, data assimilation, nearshore processes, cyberinfrastructure and model skill assessment, modeling for observing system design, evaluation and operation, ensemble prediction, and fast predictors. Approaches are suggested to accomplish substantial progress in a 3-8 year timeframe. In addition, the group proposes steps to promote collaboration between research and operations groups in Regional Associations, U.S. Federal Agencies, and the international ocean research community in general that would foster coordination on scientific and technical issues, and strengthen federal-academic partnerships benefiting IOOS stakeholders and end users., 2018-05-20

Over the past decade, the feature-oriented regional modeling methodology has been developed and applied in several ocean domains, including the western North Atlantic and tropical North Atlantic. This methodology is model-independent and can be utilized with or without satellite and/or in situ observations. Here we develop new feature-oriented models for the eastern North Pacific from 36° to 48°N – essentially, most of the regional eastern boundary current. This is the first time feature-modeling has been applied to a complex eastern boundary current system. As a prerequisite to feature modeling, prevalent features that comprise the multiscale and complex circulation in the California Current system (CCS) are first overviewed. This description is based on contemporary understanding of the features and their dominant space and time scales of variability. A synergistic configuration of circulation features interacting with one another on multiple and sometimes overlapping space and time scales as a meander-eddy-upwelling system is presented. The second step is to define the feature-oriented regional modeling system (FORMS). The major multiscale circulation features include the mean flow and southeastward meandering jet(s) of the California Current (CC), the poleward flowing California Undercurrent (CUC), and six upwelling regions along the coastline. Next, the typical synoptic width, location, vertical extent, and core characteristics of these features and their dominant scales of variability are identified from past observational, theoretical and modeling studies. The parameterized features are then melded with the climatology, in situ and remotely sensed data, as available. The methodology is exemplified here for initialization of primitive-equation models. Dynamical simulations are run as nowcasts and short-term (4–6 weeks) forecasts using these feature models (FM) as initial fields and the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) for dynamics. The set of simulations over a 40, United States. Office of Naval Research (N00014-08-1-1097), United States. Office of Naval Research (N00014-08-1-0680)

A series of four hydrographic cruises at three-month intervals was undertaken in Buzzards Bay in 1982-83. Buzzards Bay is located on the southern coast of Massachusetts, west of Cape Cod. Listings and vertical profiles of one-meter-averaged values of temperatures, salinity, sigma-t and light transmission are presented. Selected vertical cross-sections of temperature, salinity and sigma-t are also included, as are horizontal maps of the same variables at depths of 1 m and 8 m., Prepared for NOAA, National Sea Grant College Program, under grant numbers NA80-AA-D-0007 (R/P-16; R/P-15) and NA83-AA-D-00049 (R/P-13) and the Coastal Research Center under a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

Current meter data were collected from moorings on the 800 and 1800 m isobaths on the continental slope off Point Sur, California at 100, 350, and 500 m depth and at 1000 m depth on the 1800 m isobath. Complex demodulation and spectral techniques were used to study the distribution of tidal energy at the diurnal and semidiurnal frequencies, and to study the size, rotation and orientation of the tidal current ellipses. At mooring P2 (800 m) the observed diurnal energy increased with depth for each of the 17 months of data analyzed, and the semidiurnal energy likewise increased with depth for 14 of the 17 months. The observations were studied using the theory of bottom trapped waves in a rotating stratified fluid (Rhines, 1970)., http://archive.org/details/bottomtrappedwav1094526399, Lieutenant Commander, United States Coast Guard, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

A thirty-four day record of near-bottom temperature and horizontal velocity spanning the lower third of the water column from within Monterey Canyon was examined. The observed internal tide is highly non-linear with kinetic energy dispersed among numerous overtides near the bottom and more concentrated in the primary semi diurnal constituent (M2) higher in the water column. The bottom currents and temperature vary in strength over the record period, taking on the characteristics of an internal bore at times with large up-canyon accelerations accompanied by rapid temperature drops. The bores are nearly phase locked to the sea level variations and arrive at the measurement site ^8.6 h after high tide in Monterey, CA. They are evident in the velocity records up to at least 35 m above the bottom and may be accompanied by high frequency pulses that extend higher. The variation is not caused by direct forcing from the barotropic tidal range as the strongest bores do not exclusively occur during either the spring or neap phase of the barotropic tide. Speculation on the cause for the temporal variation centers on the changes in mid-water stratification observed, http://www.archive.org/details/internaltidalbor00keys, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Shipboard ADCP and CTD measurements were conducted in Monterey Submarine Canyon in April and October 1994 to determine the propagation characteristics and energy levels of the semidiurnal internal tide. The measurements reveal a bottom intensified internal tide propagating energy up canyon. The region of strongest motion is in a beam 150-200 m thick, centered approximately 150 m above the Canyon floor. Along canyon baroclinic M2 currents are typically 15-20 cm/s, an order of magnitude larger than the estimated barotropic tidal currents. In April 1994, the internal tidal beam is well described by a progressive wave, while in October 1994, the signal is standing along and perpendicular to the beam. The Princeton Ocean Model was used to study the generation and propagation of semidiurnal internal tides in submarine canyons and to investigate their sensitivity to canyon shape, http://archive.org/details/observationsndmo109458759, Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

In conjunction with the Huntington Beach Phase III Investigation, the diurnal variability in the wind and ocean currents from July 1 - October 12, 2001 over the San Pedro Shelf is investigated. Results suggest that the diurnal currents are driven by the diurnal winds but that the strength of the ocean response is modulated by the low frequency flow regime. The spectral peak of the near-surface currents is at the diurnal frequency, which is below the inertial frequency (1.107 cpd). The diurnal currents are surface-intensified, decaying with depth to a minimum at 10-13 m and increasing slightly in strength below that. The near-surface diurnal currents are in phase across the shelf, and are close to in phase with the winds over the shelf. The amplitude modulation of the diurnal energy of the ocean currents is correlated with the direction of the low frequency flow along the shelf;the energy is enhanced when the flow is equatorward, and weak when the flow is poleward. The amplitudes of the diurnal near-surface currents are also correlated with the diurnal winds. However, the low frequency currents and winds are not well correlated., http://archive.org/details/aninvestigationo109451057, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

In August of 2006 the Adaptive Sampling and Prediction (ASAP) experiment was conducted near the northern Monterey Bay. Multiple assets including aircraft, autonomous vehicles, moorings, and numerical models were used to gain a better understanding of three-dimensional upwelling centers. Data were collected at two separate mooring locations using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) during the experiment. The focus of this thesis is to determine the effects of local wind forcing on the ocean circulation and provide a comparison between the data collected at the mooring locations and numerical predictions for the region. Upwelling and relaxation events are used as the basis for understanding the local wind forcing. Upwelling typically results in equatorward flow while relaxation events typically result in poleward flow. Several different types of analyses were used to determine the effects of the local wind forcing. A visual analysis was performed with stick vector plots and component plots of the rotated time series that compared the wind with the data from the water column. Two methods of cross correlation, component correlations and vector correlations, were exploited as well as a spectral analysis of the wind and ADCP data. Finally the coherence and phase between the wind and currents were examined. Based on the analysis it became evident that the currents were forced by both wind and non-local events such as eddies, meanders, and the large-scale alongshelf pressure gradient. Associated with the ASAP experiment, the Harvard Ocean Prediction System (HOPS), the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), and the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) provided nowcasts that were compared with the mooring data to determine their accuracy and precision. Overall, in the beginning of August the models provided reasonable representations of the flow patterns at the mooring locations. The prediction error increased towards the end of August which was possibly related to data ass, http://archive.org/details/observationsndmo109453469, US Navy (USN) author., Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

During FY00, Professors Wash and Rosenfeld of the Naval Postgraduate School's Meteorology and Oceanography Departments, respectively, made extended visits to each of the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command's regional centers and facilities for the purposes of providing training, evaluating the use of METOC data, models, and tactical decision aids, and gathering information to aid in the improvement of the METOC curricula at NPS. This report represents a synopsis of their findings integrated over all of their visits. Three major roles for METOC regional centers and facilities are identified: (1) to be a source of local METOC knowledge and expertise for their area of responsibility, including familiarity with mesoscale circulations and all reliable sources of real-time data and model output; (2) to provide operational support to the fleet, including customized fused products and littoral oceanography products; and (3) to provide training for METOC personnel in regional-specific meteorology and oceanography, and continuing advanced technical training. A major finding is that technical education and training is inadequate to allow METOC personnel to take maximum advantage of the full range of data, models, and tactical decision aids available to them. Weaknesses in the quality-control and verification of METOC analysis and forecast products are also identified. A number of innovative practices at individual commands are recommended for adoption throughout the claimancy., Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Every littoral or regional ocean has both coastal circulation components and influences from offshore regions. Over the past decade, the feature-oriented regional modeling approach has evolved to become operational in some of these regions (western North Atlantic, tropical North Atlantic). This methodology is model-independent and can be applied with or without satellite and/or in situ observations, especially in coastal regions. In applying this methodology for the subtropical North Pacific, we first present an overview of the synoptic nature of the different features that comprise the multiscale and complex circulation in the California Current system (CCS). This description is a prerequisite to feature modeling and is based on our present understanding of the features and their dominant space and time scales of variability. The region of interest is from 36 degrees N to 48 degrees N - essentially most of the eastern boundary current region of the subtropical North Pacific. We present a synergistic configuration of synoptic features interacting with one another on multiple and sometimes overlapping space and time scales as a meander-eddy-upwelling system. The second step is to define the feature-oriented regional modeling system (FORMS) for this system. The major multiscale synoptic circulation features include the mean flow and southeastward meandering jet(s) of the California Current, the poleward flowing California Undercurrent, and six upwelling regions along the western coast of the U.S. We first identify the typical synoptic width, location, vertical extent, and core characteristics of these features and their dominant spatial and temporal scales of variability from past observational theoretical and modeling studies. These synoptic features are then melded with available climatology of the region for initialization and assimilation. Finally, dynamical simulations are run as nowcasts and short-term (4-6 weeks) forecasts., Submitted to Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, Special Issue in honor of Allan R. Robinson. Sponsored in part by Office of Naval Research grant N00014-03-WR-20009. The original document contains color images.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution December 1986, The focus of this dissertation is on the description and dynamical interpretation of the tidal band current fluctuations over the continental shelf off northern California. The term "tidal band" is used here to denote fluctuations with periods from about one-half to one day, including all the major diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents. The semidiurnal frequency is super-inertial, and the diurnal frequency sub-inertial, at this mid-latitude location. Kinetic and potential energy are strongly peaked at the diurnal and semidiurnal frequencies. Although inertial currents are occasionally observed, particularly during the winter when internal wave energy in general is elevated in this locale, they do not contribute significantly to the current variance. Consequently, the treatment here is divided into discussion of the diurnal and semidiurnal variability. Each chapter emphasizes a process which can cause the tidal currents to deviate from what would be anticipated based solely on observations of sea level. In Chapter II, the diurnal current variability is discussed, and the role played by atmospheric forcing is examined in detail. In Chapter III, the barotropic semidiurnal tidal currents over the shelf are described, and the effect of small-scale bumps in the coastline is evaluated. The baroclinic semi diurnal tidal currents, which are dependent upon the local time-varying hydrographic conditions, are examined in Chapter IV., Support from the WHOI Education Office, a NASA traineeship, and NSF grants OCE 80-14941 and OCE 84-17769.

Observations from disparate observational assets, including tide gauges, moorings, and high-frequency (HF) radars, were used to depict the tidal variability, and to evaluate model tidal simulations, for a region off central California, including the Monterey Bay. For this study, the hydrodynamic model was forced only with tides derived from a large-scale model for the northeast Pacific Ocean. Homogeneous density, and initially horizontally uniform density stratification, cases were considered. The model successfully reproduced tidal sea-surface height variations within the model domain, a determined by comparisons with sea level or bottom pressure measured at six locations. To achieve tidal currents with realistic amplitudes, as determined from HF radar and moored measurements, it was found that barotropic velocity, as well as sea level, from the large-scale regional tidal model must be included in specifying the open-boundary condition. However, even with such forcing, the model with homogeneous density field under-predicted the semidiurnal and diurnal barotropic currents as estimated from depth-averaged currents measured at 11 locations. In the diurnal frequency band, the observed surface and nearshore depth-averaged currents are likely influenced by meteorological forcing, which was not included in the model., Pub. in Deep-Sea Research II, v56 p199-218, 2009.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 1987., MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND LINDGREN., Vita., Includes bibliographies., by Leslie Karen Rosenfeld., Ph.D.

Our major long-term goals for this project are: 1. Develop improved assessment of the ocean science, technology, and operations (OSTO) workforce. 2. Anticipate future requirements for this workforce. 3. Identify educational processes needed to develop this workforce. Our major objectives are: 1. Characterize the present workforce that supports ocean observing, analysis, and forecasting operations (OOAF). 2. Characterize the present workforce that supports OSTO components that are similar to the OOAF component. 3. Identify the types of information required to monitor the evolution of the OSTO workforce over the next two decades, identify the most probable future workforce scenarios, and design initial workforce prediction systems. 4. Identify education and training objectives and practices that effectively address current and anticipated OSTO workforce needs., Prepared in cooperation with Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.

Characterize the present workforce that supports ocean observing systems (OOS), with OOS defined broadly to include activities closely and commonly related to ocean observing, such as ocean analysis and forecasting., Prepared in collaboration with Marine Advanced Technology Center, Monterey Peninsular College, Monterey, CA.

The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) was undertaken to identify and study the important dynamical processes which govern the wind-driven motion of coastal water over the continental shelf. The initial effort in this multi-year, multi-institutional research program was to obtain high-quality data sets of all the relevant physical variables needed to construct accurate kinematic and dynamic descriptions of the response of shelf water to strong wind forcing in the 2 to 10 day band. A series of two small-scale, densely- instrumented field experiments of approximately four months duration (called CODE-1 and CODE-2) were designed to explore and to determine the kinematics and momentum and heat balances of the local wind-driven flow over a region of the northern California shelf which is characterized by both relatively simple bottom topography and large wind stress events in both winter and summer. A more lightly instrumented, long -term, large-scale component was designed to help separate the local wind-driven response in the region of the small-scale experiments from motions generated either offshore by the California Current system or in some distant region along the coast, and also to help determine the seasonal cycles of the atmospheric forcing, water structure, and coastal currents over the northern California shelf. The first small-scale experiment (CODE-1) was conducted between April and August, 1981 as a pilot study in "which primary emphasis was placed on characterizing the wind-driven "signal" and the "noise" from which this signal must be extracted. In particular, CODE-1 was designed to identify the key features of the circulation and its variability over the northern California shelf and to determine the important time and length scales of the wind-driven response. The second small-scale experiment (CODE-2) was conducted between April and August, 1982 and was designed to sample more carefully the mesoscale horizonta1 variability observed in CODE-1. Th, This work has been supported by the National Science Foundation.

In August of 2006 the Adaptive Sampling and Prediction (ASAP) experiment was conducted near the northern Monterey Bay. Multiple assets including aircraft, autonomous vehicles, moorings, and numerical models were used to gain a better understanding of three-dimensional upwelling centers. Data were collected at two separate mooring locations using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) during the experiment. The focus of this thesis is to determine the effects of local wind forcing on the ocean circulation and provide a comparison between the data collected at the mooring locations and numerical predictions for the region. Upwelling and relaxation events are used as the basis for understanding the local wind forcing. Upwelling typically results in equatorward flow while relaxation events typically result in poleward flow. Several different types of analyses were used to determine the effects of the local wind forcing. A visual analysis was performed with stick vector plots and component plots of the rotated time series that compared the wind with the data from the water column. Two methods of cross correlation, component correlations and vector correlations, were exploited as well as a spectral analysis of the wind and ADCP data. Finally the coherence and phase between the wind and currents were examined. Based on the analysis it became evident that the currents were forced by both wind and non-local events such as eddies, meanders, and the large-scale alongshelf pressure gradient. Associated with the ASAP experiment, the Harvard Ocean Prediction System (HOPS), the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), and the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) provided nowcasts that were compared with the mooring data to determine their accuracy and precision. Overall, in the beginning of August the models provided reasonable representations of the flow patterns at the mooring locations. The prediction error increased towards the end of August which was possibly related to data ass

Characterize the present workforce that supports ocean observing systems (OOS), with OOS defined broadly to include activities closely and commonly related to ocean observing, such as ocean analysis and forecasting.

The primary purpose of this research was to examine the effect of the Truancy Intervention Program (TIP) on attendance patterns of elementary school students. Longitudinal archival data were used from Miami-Dade County Public School system's data system, ISIS. Data included the students' school information from fifth through ninth grade for attendance, academic grades, referral information, and referral consequences. The sample for this study was drawn from students at TIP-participating M-DCPS elementary schools in Miami-Dade County. Data collected spanned five years for each participant from the fifth grade to the ninth grade. To examine the effect of TIP on attendance, participation in middle school TIP was compared with non-TIP participation. In addition to immediate effects on attendance, the durability of the effects of TIP was studied through an analysis of attendance at the ninth grade level. A secondary purpose was to examine the relation of TIP participation to Grade Point Average (GPA). The data were analyzed using 2 (group) x 3 (grade) Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on yearly attendance (number of absences), and grade point average for each year. The interaction between group and grade was significant. Post hoc tests indicated that absences were not significantly different in the two programs in seventh, eighth or ninth grade. Students enrolled in a middle school with TIP showed a significantly higher number of absences in ninth grade than for seventh or eighth grade. There were no differences by grade level for students enrolled in non-TIP middle schools. GPA analysis indicated that students enrolled in a non-TIP middle school had a significantly higher GPA across seventh, eighth, and ninth grades when compared to students enrolled at a TIP middle school. An examination of attendance disciplinary referrals and consequences further revealed that the referral rates for students enrolled at a TIP middle school were higher at the seventh, eig

The ICON model, a high-resolution, dataassimilating, model of the Monterey Bay area, was initially designed for studying mesoscale features such as eddies and upwelling filaments. Tidal forcing is now being implemented into this model to facilitate short-term particle-tracking studies, and to move towards a real-time operational forecast model.

Turbidity currents are thought to be the main mechanism to move ~ 500,000m3 of sediments annually from the head of the Monterey Submarine Canyon, to the deep-sea fan. Indirect evidence has shown frequent occurrences of such turbidity currents in the canyon, but the dynamic properties of the turbidity currents such as maximum speed, duration and dimensions are still unknown. Here we present the first-ever in-situ measurements of velocity profiles of four turbidity currents whose maximum along-canyon velocity reached 190cm/s. Two turbidity currents coincided with storms that produced the higest swells and the biggest stream flows during the year-long deployment.