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This article examines the potential invasiveness of family policy illustrated by the one-child policy of China. Few governmental policies are as intimate and invasive as those that affect within-family decisions regarding copulation, procreation, family size, and the basic sense of family identity. The determination of long-term consequences of legislating family policy is even more difficult to anticipate if the object is the center of a constellation of factors, each related to other facets of life and bound together by that same social structure. Moreover, with almost one-quarter of the earth's population, China cannot help but intrude on the economic, social, and political well-being of other nations in its requirement for resources, land, food, and energy. Clearly, a revolution in family life and parental practices is taking place in China. The after effects echo throughout the political and social structure of the earth's most populous nation, with enormous impact on the Chinese people's economic well-being and quality of life.

The article presents information on a study which examining the generality of the hypothesis that the capacity to shift to an unusual mode of communication and to refer to the same concepts as others, within that non-conventional mode, is characteristic of normal adult cognition. The expected inability to shift was demonstrated by the schizophrenics studied here. Approximately one-third were unable to utilize the sounds as symbols, whereas the control subjects gave little evidence of such impairment. On the basis of the present findings, it cannot be argued that all individuals described as schizophrenic evidenced total loss of flexible symbolic behavior. Two-thirds of the schizophrenic subjects utilized the sounds. Their behavior provides valid evidence for comparison with that of the normals.

The article presents information about Daily Log (DL) Scale which is used for the measurement of clinical status of a psychiatric ward. It informs that the researcher in mental hospitals face the problem of the absence of an instrument capable of assessing the clinical status of an entire ward of patients. It informs that the instrument was internally consistent and in substantial agreement with the Malamud-Sands measure of clinical status of individual patients. The article also discusses the scale's usefulness and limitations.

This article is part of a larger study dealing with the applicability of milieu therapy to chronic regressed female schizophrenics where a six month intensive program was carried out on a specially selected ward group. The attendants on the experimental ward were subjected to intensive indoctrination in techniques for dealing with patients, with particular emphasis on techniques for encouraging patients to substitute social interaction responses for their habitual autistic withdrawal. A major part of the indoctrination program was a series of weekly group meetings of the ward attendants with the ward professional staff.

The article investigates a new sorting technique for diagnosing brain damage. The researcher, G. K. Yacorzynski, developed the technique. It has 16 blocks, which the subject is asked to sort into four groups of four blocks each. The unique feature of the test is that the blocks can be sorted in eight different ways. The ways are: shape of block, shape of figure inscribed on the top of the block, color of block, color of figure, height, size or volume, area of the top of the block and area of the figure. The technique was designed to discover if the test could differentiate organics from the schizophrenics

The article attempts to demonstrate that among a group of individuals possessing similar behavior and dissimilar etiology, there exist subgroups that differ not only on measures of anxiety, but also on measures of ego-strength, and ego-disjunction. A group of 98 white, male patients from a state psychopathic hospital comprised the sample. Selection was based on independent psychiatric diagnosis of sociopath, legal status of sociopathic personality, a PD score in excess of 70 and a raw F score less than 16 on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and lack of any clinical symptoms suggestive of psychosis.

Polar cod ( Boreogadus saida) is one of the most studied Arctic marine fishes given its circumpolar distribution and centralised role in the Arctic marine food web. In contrast, relatively little is known about two other Arctic Gadidae: saffron cod ( Eleginus gracilis) and Greenland cod ( Gadus ogac). Climate change is expected to have an effect on sea ice-associated species, such as polar cod, but due to our lack of knowledge of other arctic gadid species it remains unclear how climate change will impact them and their interactions within the arctic marine ecosystem. Here, we explored the ecology of three Arctic Gadidae that co-occur in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Stable isotope (SI) (niche overlap) and fatty acid (FA) (correspondence analysis and linear discriminant analysis) biomarkers were used to assess among- and within-species differences and trophic niche. Despite the close habitat proximity of saffron cod and polar cod while on the shelf, trophic niche characterisation revealed only a marginal overlap. Marginal niche overlaps also occurred for the two coastal species with similar diets, saffron cod and Greenland cod, likely reflecting regional-scale differences between two habitats. Within-species, polar cod collected from three habitats (shelf, upper- and lower-slope habitats) were not differentiated likely due to the movement of individuals between habitats. In contrast, Greenland cod had a narrow trophic niche and differentiation occurred between the two collection sites. The comparison of trophic niches defined by stable isotope and fatty acid proved a promising tool for new insights into the ecology of Arctic fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When two immiscible layered fluids are present in a rheometer, interfacial distortions driven by the centripetal pressure gradient can modify torque measurements and induce dewetting. In particular, we examine the steady-state interface shape of a thin film coating a stationary substrate beneath a second immiscible fluid that is driven by a rotating parallel-plate or cone. An asymptotic analysis of the interfacial distortion for the parallel-plate flow is compared with numerical solutions for both the parallel-plate and cone and plate configurations. We develop asymptotic criteria for dewetting of the thin film as a function of fluid and flow properties, and show that significant interfacial distortion and dewetting can occur due to secondary flow effects even at low Reynolds numbers. The distortion of the interface can result in increased or decreased torque measurements depending on the viscosity and density ratios between the two fluid layers. We relate these effects to recent experimental studies on liquid-infused rough media and discuss the stabilizing effect of surface microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs were analysed in blubber from beluga (Delphinapterus leucas), or white whales, collected at 15 sites in the Canadian Arctic between 1993 and 2001. The objective of the study was to define and interpret the spatial trends of major organic contaminants in northern beluga in terms of sources and transport pathways, and the biological factors influencing accumulation. When compared on a lipid weight basis, the concentrations of β-HCH, cis-CHL and ΣCHL, cis-nonachlor, heptachlor epoxide and p,p''-DDT were significantly higher in males than females at all five sites in the eastern Arctic where the two sexes were harvested. The differences were attributed to losses from the females during fetal development and lactation as reported in previous studies. Major compounds increased with age in males at most sites, however the lack of a significant increase with age at some sites was in part due to high organochlorine concentrations in young year classes (2–5 years), particularly at eastern sites such as Iqaluit and Pangnirtung. Lower concentrations of ΣHCH and ΣDDT compounds in young males in 2001 relative to 1995 at Hendrickson Island could be due to declining levels in the environment, changes in the diet, or differences in organochlorine loads transferred from the female after birth. Age-corrected least square mean concentrations in males showed significantly higher levels of many compounds, such as p,p''-DDE and ΣCHB, at south Baffin Island sites than those in the west. Two notable exceptions were HCBz and β-HCH which were higher in the west. Methoxyclor was detected in males at Sanikiluaq (58 ng g−1) and in both sexes at Kimmirut, but at no other sites. Principal component analysis grouped the 16 sites into five major groupings based on the similarity of normalised organochlorine pesticide and PCB levels. Sites from the western Arctic were grouped by higher proportions of HCBz, β-HCH and γ-HCH and higher chlorinated PCBs. Endosulfan and α-HCH comprised a larger proportion of total organochlorine residues in the northern Hudson Bay sites, while methoxychlor, chlordane compounds and octachlorobiphenyls were enriched at Sanikiluaq in eastern Hudson Bay. The analysis showed that the relative amounts of several key compounds are similar in the beluga stocks over large spatial areas (i.e. eastern versus western sites), however, some stocks have distinct fingerprints which can be used to differentiate them from adjacent stocks. Ratios of major HCH isomers largely corresponded with air and surface water measurements conducted during the 1990s, but low α-/β- and α-/γ-HCH ratios in all three western Arctic collections indicate rapid losses of the α-isomer from the food web, proportionately higher β- and γ-isomers in the Beaufort Sea, or a combination of the two processes. Chlordane residue patterns generally correspond to those from previous studies, however, interpretation of spatial trends are difficult due to the aging of the probable sources in the south, possible atmospheric input from new sources and complex transport pathways. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Two annually laminated cores collected from Lake DV09 on Devon Island in May 1999 were dated using 210Pb and 137Cs, and analyzed for a variety of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, short-chain polychlorinated n-alkanes (sPCAs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Dry weight HOC concentrations in Lake DV09 sediments were generally similar to other remote Arctic lakes. Maximum HOC fluxes often agreed well with production maxima, although many compound groups exhibited maxima at or near the sediment surface, much later than peak production. The lower than expected HOC concentrations in older sediment slices may be due to anaerobic degradation and possibly to dilution resulting from a temporary increase in sedimentation rate observed between the mid-1960s and 1970s. Indeed, temporal trends were more readily apparent for those compound classes when anaerobic metabolites were also analyzed, such as for DDT and toxaphene. However, it is postulated here for the first time that the maximum or increasing HOC surface fluxes observed for many of the major compound classes in DV09 sediments may be influenced by climate variation and the resulting increase in algal primary productivity which could drive an increasing rate of HOC scavenging from the water column. Both the fraction (F TC) and enantiomer fraction (EF) of trans-chlordane (TC) decreased significantly between 1957 and 1997, suggesting that recent inputs to the lake are from weathered chlordane sources. PCDD/Fs showed a change in sources from pentachlorophenol (PeCP) in the 1950s and 1960s to combustion sources into the 1990s. Improvements in combustion technology may be responsible for the reducing the proportion of TCDF relative to OCDD in the most recent slice. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Examines the temporal trends of organochlorine (OC) pesticides in the arctic atmosphere in Canada. Global contribution of organochlorine pesticides; Analysis of temporal trends in the concentrations of OC pesticides; Use of digital filtration method for the study on OC pesticides.

Examines a database of weekly air concentrations to establish temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in the Arctic atmosphere in which a general decline of some congeners is observed. Revelation of declining trends for several of the lower chlorinated congeners in the high Arctic atmosphere; Absence of apparent trends for higher chlorinated congeners in contrast to temperate studies.