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Mouse models are a tool for studying the mechanisms underlying complex diseases; however, differences between species pose a significant challenge for translating findings to patients. Here, we used single-cell transcriptomics and orthogonal validation approaches to provide cross-species taxonomies, identifying shared broad cell classes and unique granular cellular states, between mouse and human kidney. We generated cell atlases of the diabetic and obese kidney using two different mouse models, a high-fat diet (HFD) model and a genetic model (BTBR ob/ob), at multiple time points along disease progression. Importantly, we identified a previously unrecognized, expanding Trem2high macrophage population in kidneys of HFD mice that matched human TREM2high macrophages in obese patients. Taken together, our cross-species comparison highlights shared immune and metabolic cell-state changes.

The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, the etiologic agent responsible for COVID-19 coronavirus disease, is a global threat. To better understand viral tropism, we assessed the RNA expression of the coronavirus receptor, ACE2, as well as the viral S protein priming protease TMPRSS2 thought to govern viral entry in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets from healthy individuals generated by the Human Cell Atlas consortium. We found that ACE2, as well as the protease TMPRSS2, are differentially expressed in respiratory and gut epithelial cells. In-depth analysis of epithelial cells in the respiratory tree reveals that nasal epithelial cells, specifically goblet/secretory cells and ciliated cells, display the highest ACE2 expression of all the epithelial cells analyzed. The skewed expression of viral receptors/entry-associated proteins towards the upper airway may be correlated with enhanced transmissivity. Finally, we showed that many of the top genes associated with ACE2 airway epithelial expression are innate immune-associated, antiviral genes, highly enriched in the nasal epithelial cells. This association with immune pathways might have clinical implications for the course of infection and viral pathology, and highlights the specific significance of nasal epithelia in viral infection. Our findings underscore the importance of the availability of the Human Cell Atlas as a reference dataset. In this instance, analysis of the compendium of data points to a particularly relevant role for nasal goblet and ciliated cells as early viral targets and potential reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This, in turn, serves as a biological framework for dissecting viral transmission and developing clinical strategies for prevention and therapy.

El objetivo de este trabajo es la realización de un análisis estratégico de la empresa Lidl, S.A. que pertenece al grupo alemán Schwarz. La organización se dedica a la distribución de productos alimentarios al por menor. La elección de esta compañía se debe a motivos personales. En el año 2015 realicé un viaje a Alemania y me sorprendió mucho que, en el supermercado, los productos se distribuyeran de forma muy parecida al supermercado que visito en mi ciudad de residencia, Orihuela. Además de preguntarme por qué Lidl no se dedica a vender exclusivamente productos alimenticios o del hogar, sino que además de eso vende, ropa, electrodomésticos o incluso películas en el caso del supermercado en Alemania. Después de realizar este estudio descubrí que Lidl quiere ofrecer los productos más cotidianos que puedan necesitar sus usuarios para de esta manera diferenciarse de la competencia y ofrecer a sus clientes un servicio óptimo. En este trabajo se realizará un análisis de la estrategia competitiva elegida por la compañía alemana para comprender qué acciones han llevado a esta empresa a tener éxito en todo el mundo. Para conseguir el objetivo fijado se dividirá el trabajo en cuatro partes. En la primera se analizará su historia junto con su Misión, Visión y Valores. Para poder conocer mejor su trayectoria y lo más importe, sus objetivos. Posteriormente se estudiará el entorno general de la organización, pero debido a su extensión se dividirá en dos partes, entorno general y entorno específico. La tercera parte se centrará en el entorno específico de Lidl, ya que es ahí donde se encuentran sus competidores directos y de esta manera se pueden averiguar sus estrategias competitivas y contrarrestarlas. Finalmente se analizará la estrategia competitiva elegida por Lidl y se valorará con las estrategias recomendadas según la fase del ciclo de vida en que se encuentra la industria de la distribución de productos alimenticios al por menor. Y de esta manera se podrá concluir sobre la conveniencia del tipo de estrategia que le brinde una ventaja competitiva frente a sus competidores, que sea sólida y que perdure en el tiempo. Para realizar el estudio se han utilizado los conocimientos y herramientas adquiridos en la asignatura de Estrategia y Dirección estratégica.

The recent advent of methods for high-throughput single-cell molecular profiling has catalyzed a growing sense in the scientific community that the time is ripe to complete the 150-year-old effort to identify all cell types in the human body. The Human Cell Atlas Project is an international collaborative effort that aims to define all human cell types in terms of distinctive molecular profiles (such as gene expression profiles) and to connect this information with classical cellular descriptions (such as location and morphology). An open comprehensive reference map of the molecular state of cells in healthy human tissues would propel the systematic study of physiological states, developmental trajectories, regulatory circuitry and interactions of cells, and also provide a framework for understanding cellular dysregulation in human disease. Here we describe the idea, its potential utility, early proofs-of-concept, and some design considerations for the Human Cell Atlas, including a commitment to open data, code, and community.

In terms of the Anabar Shield investigation the authors studied seismic, gravity, and thermal characteristics of granulitic zones in the earth crust. Lower crustal complexes of the Anabar shield uplifted to the Earth surface are subdivided into passive (terranes) and active (collision zones) tectonic unites. The detailed structure of the SE zone of the Anabar Shield and the adjacent zones, which are characterized by vertical and lateral heterogeneity, was created along the DSS profile «Shpat» (Vp and Vs waves). Gravity field of the crust within the Anabar Shield is characterized by linear maxima of NW–SE course and coinciding maxima with zones of granulitic terranes. Special analysis of gravity field gives the same direction of inclination of high-density blocks in the crust as that found from the surface geology and seismic crustal model. The Anabar Shield is characterized by very low measured heat flow density: 20 to 25 mW/m2. We estimate deep heat flow on Anabar as minima ~30±(5–7) mW/m2. The average crustal heat production in the Anabar Shield was estimated to be 0.36 mkW/m3, this value is tipical for the lower crust. Mantle heat flow density is 10–16 mW/m2. Moho temperature on the Anabar Shield is about 330±20 °С. Spatial relationship between high permafrost thickness (up to 1500m) on the Anabar Shield and its slope is caused by anomalous low heat flow and glacial epoch.