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Bulgaria has long-standing traditions of cultivating oil-bearing roses and is one of the leading producers of rose essential oil and rose water worldwide. We studied the genetic diversity of twenty-two R. damascena accessions from Bulgaria and Saudi Arabia using 10 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. In total, 212 bands were generated, of which 204 were polymorphic and eight monomorphic. High mean values of polymorphic information content (0.75), effective multiplex ratio (8.90), resolving power (32.40), marker index (6.59), and percentage of polymorphic bands (96.26) were obtained, implying significant genetic variability between the studied genotypes. The ISSR-based analyses showed that the level of polymorphism in this crop is appreciably high (Ne = 1.28, I = 0.24, He = 0.16). The coefficient of genetic differentiation among pre-defined groups was 0.46, indicating that 46% of total genetic variability was between groups and 54% was within groups. The method was appropriate for distinguishing individuals with a high level of similarity. The genetic relationships analysed with PCoA and hierarchical clustering analyses clearly separated the group of Bulgarian R. damascena accessions collected from local industrial plantations from the other two pre-defined groups. The clustering of Bulgarian rose cultivars and accessions from Saudi Arabia was independent of their geographical origin. The reported data could further facilitate the management of genetic resources and the development of rose breeding programs. Our study provides the first data on the genetic diversity of R. damascena accessions from Bulgaria using ISSR markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dilakukan penelusuran Efektivitas aromaterapi mawar (Rosa damascena) berdasarkan sitasi teratas berdasarkan jumlah sitasi, penerbit dan negara, penulis yang paling produktif, dan peta perkembangan publikasi berdasarkan kata kunci. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan analisis bibliometrik. Dua aplikasi yang digunakan adalah Publish or Perish untuk mengambil data dan VOSviewer untuk memvisualisasikan istilah-istilah penelitian yang terkait. Data diperoleh dengan mencari di database Google Scholar dengan kata kunci "aromaterapi", "mawar", dan "stres" dalam lima tahun terakhir, 2017-2023. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pertumbuhan publikasi ilmiah di bidang aromaterapi Rosa damascena. Subjek yang paling banyak diteliti adalah "stres", "efek", dan "mawar" yang didasarkan pada visualisasi overlay dan kepadatan. Hubungan antar topik dikelompokkan menjadi lima klaster dengan visualisasi jaringan. Penelitian ini dapat membantu dalam menentukan atau referensi untuk penelitian lebih lanjut dalam bidang aromaterapi, khususnya dengan bunga mawar untuk mengurangi stres.

Damask rose is an important essential oil crop. In the present study, plants were subjected to three different water deficit levels (70, 40, and 10% available water content) for two periods (June–October). Plant phenology, growth, essential oil yield, gas exchange features, membrane stability and major antioxidant defense elements were monitored across two years. Soil water deficit was related to quicker completion of the growth cycle (up to 7.4 d), and smaller plants (up to 49.7%). Under these conditions, biomass accumulation was jointly constrained by decreased leaf area, chlorophyll content, CO2 intake, and photosynthetic efficiency (up to 82.8, 56.9, 27.3 and 68.2%, respectively). The decrease in CO2 intake was driven by a reduction in stomatal conductance (up to 41.2%), while the decrease in leaf area was mediated by reductions in both number of leaves, and individual leaf area (up to 54.3, and 64.0%, respectively). Although the reactive oxygen species scavenging system was activated (i.e., proline accumulation, and enhanced activity of three antioxidant enzymes) by water deficit, oxidative stress symptoms were still apparent. These effects were amplified, as soil water deficit became more intense. Notably, the adverse effects of water deficit were generally less pronounced when plants had been exposed to water severity during the preceding year. Therefore, exposure to water deficit elicited plant tolerance to future exposure. This phenotypic response was further dependent on the water deficit level. At more intense soil water deficit across the preceding year, plants were less vulnerable to water deficit during the subsequent one. Therefore, our results reveal a direct link between water deficit severity and plant tolerance to future water stress challenges, providing for the first time evidence for stress memory in damask rose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil-bearing rose (Rosa damascena Miller) is the most important essential oil crop in Bulgaria. In May 2023 in rose plantations located in the region of Zelenikovo village the rose soft scale Rhodococcus perornatus (Hemiptera: Coccidae) was found in high density of 5% infested rose bushes (Cockerell & Parrott, 1899). The rose plantations are growing within the conventional farming. Two chemical (Closer – 0.02%, 0.04% and Sivanto prime – 0.05%, 0.1%) and one biological (Naturalis – 0.1%, 0.2%) insecticides were tested against the rose soft scale. All tested products showed better results in higher concentrations. Closer indicated the fastest initial action. In the concentration of 0.04% on the 1st day after the treatment its efficacy was 100%. Sivanto prime in the concentration of 0.1% on the 5th day after the treatment showed an efficacy of 100%. The biological insecticide Naturalis had a slower action and in the concentration of 0.2% on the 7th day after the treatment its efficacy was 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial biotransformation is an efficient process for making high-value natural products in a controlled and environment friendly manner. Bioconversion of low value monoterpenes to high value products using fungi offers an effective strategy for producing desirable products. Efficient conversion of D-limonene, a monoterpene, into carveol is reported in this study by using an endophytic fungus, Aspergillus flavus IIIMF4012, isolated from the root of Rosa damascena. By optimizing different parameters, isolated strain resulted in the hydroxylation of D-limonene to carveol effectively and the process was carried out at 1 L scale which resulted in the formation of a mixture of carveol isomers (cis- carveol 23.82%, trans- carveol 17.21%). Further, the biotransformation was scaled up in 5 L fermenter and the product was characterized by GC-MS and NMR (1H & 13C). As a result, an efficient procedure was established for biotransforming a low-value molecule i.e., D-limonene into a high-value product i.e.,carveol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since preterm infants frequently undergo painful diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, pain management, especially through non-pharmacological methods, will be extremely beneficial. Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare the effects of aromatherapy with breast milk, Lavandula stoechas, and Rosa damascena on venipuncture pain in preterm infants. In this interventional study, preterm infants were randomly divided into four groups of aromatherapy with breast milk (25 infants), Lavandula stoechas (25 infants), Rosa damascena (25 infants), and sham (25 infants). One minute before, during, and two minutes after venipuncture, the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) as well as heart rate and SPO2 were measured. The results indicated that pain intensity was significantly lower during and after venipuncture in all the aromatherapy methods compared with the sham group (P < 0.001). Breast milk odor decreased the pain more than the other two odors during and after venipuncture (P < 0.001); however, there was no significant difference between Lavandula stoechas and Rosa damascena (P = 0.94). SPO2 was significantly higher in infants in the Lavandula stoechas (P < 0.001) and Rosa damascena (P = 0.03) groups compared with the sham infants. All three aromatherapy methods were effective in decreasing preterm infants' venipuncture pain. Since no study on the effect of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena was found in this regard, the effectiveness of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena is of great importance, and future studies are recommended to analyze this topic in greater depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to determine how the content and composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) change with crossbreeding. We included three autochthonous Slovenian species of roses (R. pendulina, R. spinosissima, and R. gallica) and several cultivars derived from them in the research. The results were compared with the content of the reference plant R. damascena, which is known worldwide for its rich VOC profile and is used in the perfume industry. We found that the total VOC content ranged from 2.579 µg/g FW ('Fruhlingsmorgen') to 168.24 µg/g FW ('Violacea'). According to the content of total VOCs, the variety 'Charles de Mills' (43.12 µg/g DM) was the most similar to the variety R. damascena (44.55 µg/g DM). We can conclude that the flowers of the roses we included in the study are a rich source of VOCs. VOC content in hybrids varies depending on the purpose and goals of breeders. We also found that flowering time had no effect on VOC content and composition. With this study, we not only carefully examined the VOC profile of roses but also clearly showed which compounds were present in individual taxa. In this way, it is possible to select a suitable variety or cultivar depending on the desired use, for example, for flavoring food or for a floral fragrance in the perfume industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, the impact of employing vermicompost to boost oil rose (Rosa damascena Mill.), a native of Isparta province, to improve yield and nutrient content, was explored. Four different doses (V0: 0 kg ha-1, V1: 1000 kg ha-1, V2: 2000 kg ha-1, and V3: 3000 kg ha-1) of vermicompost were tested in the field conditions at 3 replicates. Vermicompost was applied to the canopy projection area and incorporated into the soil. Flower harvest was started on April 30, 2018, and throughout 20 days, the blooming flowers were collected and weighed daily basis. Following the harvest, leaf samples were collected from the plants, and the concentrations of certain macro and micronutrients were assessed.The study's findings demonstrated that applying vermicompost boosted the yield of oily rose blooms. The greatest yield value was determined to be 5850 kg ha-1 at a vermicompost dose of 2000 kg ha-1, which was 660 kg ha-1 greater than the control application. It was observed that vermicompost treatments had no significant influence on plant nutrient concentrations. This condition is assumed to be related to the removal of minerals from the plant during harvest. The findings indicate that the usage of vermicompost can contribute in the production of oil roses, and a dose of 2000 kg ha-1 can be suggested. This research establishes the feasibility of employing vermicompost in oil rose cultivation and sets the framework for future research.

Today, essential oils (EOs), one of the most important natural products, have substituted pharmacologically relevant agents. Rosa damascena Mill, as an oil-bearing plant, has been widely used for this purpose. However, modern techniques to increase EOs, secondary metabolites (SMs), and chemical compounds of rose landraces have been less studied. Recently chelated Zinc (C-Zn) and chelated Iron (C-Fe) have affected SMs and EO compositions. Hence, a Split-split plot experiment on a randomized complete block design was conducted to investigate the foliar application of C-Zn (0, 1, 2, and 4 g L–1) and C-Fe (0, 1, 2, and 4 g L–1) on three landraces [Qamsar (QA), Khoy (KY), and Gounbarf (GN)]. HPLC and GC-MS analysis revealed the significant differences accrued via the foliar application of chelated fertilizers. C-Zn and C-Fe (4 g L–1) produced the highest level of proline content and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activity. A positive correlation was found between proline content and PAL activity. Phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, and coumaric) and flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin) were found in the methanolic extract of Damask rose. The most abundant compounds in QA were nonadecane (22.43%), citronellol (12.76%), geraniol (11.23%), and heneicosane (10.18%), respectively. Results indicated that genetic diversity is probably one of the factors that can affect SMs and EO production in Damask rose landraces. Furthermore, chelated fertilizers affected phenolic acids, flavonoids, and EOs composition. Overall, C-Zn and C-Fe application on QA could increase in antioxidant activity of produced compounds and act as a suitable treatment to be used in therapeutic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: This study aimed at investigating the antibacterial effects of nanoparticles synthesized with ethanol extract of Rosa damascena and Juglans regia (walnut leaves) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, gold nanoparticles were synthesized by green method using ethanol extract of R. damascena and walnut leaves. Then, inhibition of biofilm formation, minimum growth inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bacterial lethal concentration (MBC) were determined by micro broth dilution method. Also, inhibition of biofilm synthesis by nanoparticles was investigated against methicillin-resistant S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii. Results: UV-vis spectroscopy showed that the gold nanoparticles synthesized with the ethanolic extract of R. damascena had better quality than the nanoparticles synthesized with the ethanolic extract of walnut leaf in terms of uniformity and ease of synthesis. The greatest effect of gold nanoparticle synthesized with ethanolic extract of R. damascena was on bacterial biofilm formed by Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, which inhibited the biofilm of this bacteria by 100%. Conclusion: In this study, nanoparticles synthesized with ethanolic extract of R. damascena showed higher antibacterial properties than walnut leaves. These findings can provide the basis for further in vivo studies to identify, quantify and purify its effective compounds.

Damask rose is an important essential oil crop. In the present study, plants were subjected to three different water deficit levels (70, 40, and 10% available water content) for two periods (June–October). Plant phenology, growth, essential oil yield, gas exchange features, membrane stability and major antioxidant defense elements were monitored across two years. Soil water deficit was related to quicker completion of the growth cycle (up to 7.4 d), and smaller plants (up to 49.7%). Under these conditions, biomass accumulation was jointly constrained by decreased leaf area, chlorophyll content, CO2 intake, and photosynthetic efficiency (up to 82.8, 56.9, 27.3 and 68.2%, respectively). The decrease in CO2 intake was driven by a reduction in stomatal conductance (up to 41.2%), while the decrease in leaf area was mediated by reductions in both number of leaves, and individual leaf area (up to 54.3, and 64.0%, respectively). Although the reactive oxygen species scavenging system was activated (i.e., proline accumulation, and enhanced activity of three antioxidant enzymes) by water deficit, oxidative stress symptoms were still apparent. These effects were amplified, as soil water deficit became more intense. Notably, the adverse effects of water deficit were generally less pronounced when plants had been exposed to water severity during the preceding year. Therefore, exposure to water deficit elicited plant tolerance to future exposure. This phenotypic response was further dependent on the water deficit level. At more intense soil water deficit across the preceding year, plants were less vulnerable to water deficit during the subsequent one. Therefore, our results reveal a direct link between water deficit severity and plant tolerance to future water stress challenges, providing for the first time evidence for stress memory in damask rose.

Objective(s): Rosa damascena Herrm. belonging to the Rosaceae family has demonstrated antiinflammatory and anti-oxidant effects previously. Excessive production of free radicals and activation of tyrosinase enzyme caused by UV induces excessive concentration of melanin pigment and skin spots in the long term. Therefore, finding natural sources with anti-oxidant and antityrosinase effects helps to regulate the melanogenesis process. In the current research, we investigated the antimelanogenic, anti-oxidant, and anti-tyrosinase effects of its essential oil, methanol extract (MeOH), and different fractions including n-hexane, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), n-butanol (BuOH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and H2O of R. damascena in B16F10 cell line. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, impacts of extracts and essential oil of R. damascena were investigated on cell viability, cellular tyrosinase, melanin content, mushroom tyrosinase, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as the amount of tyrosinase protein in the B16F10 murine melanoma cell line. Results: Essential oil, MeOH, and different fractions of R. damascena were not cytotoxic on B16F10 cells. However, they had significant reducing effects on mushroom tyrosinase activity, melanin content, and ROS production. Also, there is a significant decrease in tyrosinase protein levels at 200 µg/ml but not at other concentrations. Conclusion: Therefore, the essential oil, MeOH, and different fractions of R. damascena had promising antimelanogenic activity via repression of mushroom tyrosinase activity and ROS production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosa damascena Miller known as 'Oil rose, Isparta rose' in Türkiye was a species complex. It is considered to be formed by hybridization. There is not type specimen and no exact description of it. Economic importance of the species is very high. But, its systematic basis remained very weak. The study was conducted between 2009-2016. In the study, it was aimed to examine samples belonging to R. damascena found in Türkiye and to re-evaluate the taxonomical status of its allied taxa. Totally 164 samples were collected from gardens in all regions of Türkiye. The studies were conducted on herbarium materials and observations of living samples in gardens. There were three varieties of R. damascena in the country. These varieties were recorded as R. d. var. trigintipetala, R. d. var. semperflorens, and R. d. var. versicolor. However, there were no identification keys, descriptions, and type specimens of the varieties. In this study, R. damascena (including var. trigintipetala) has been redefined and its taxonomical foundation strengthened. Other varieties (var. semperflorens and var. versicolor) have been upgraded to the species category and renamed as Rosa stipulata sp. nov., Rosa comantema sp. nov., respectively to systematical rules. Lectotype of R. damascena was created and its current description was prepared. Our studies on the naming, description, and classification of cultivars continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Drought stress is a critical environmental factor that disturbs plant performance. However, some non-essential elements such as silicon can improve water deficit tolerance by modulating photosynthesis assimilates and compatible solutes production. Therefore, the present work was conducted to modulate polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water deficiency under in vitro culture in Damask rose genotypes (Maragheh and Kashan) by nano-silicon (SiO2-NPs) treatment. A completely randomized factorial experiment was used as three concentrations of SiO2-NPs (0, 50, and 100 mg L−1) and five concentrations of PEG (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g L−1). Then, the comparative effects of water deficiency on vegetative traits, metabolites, and nutrients were studied. Results The drought promoted a significant decrease in chlorophyll, fresh/dry weight, biomass, and an increase in electrolyte leakage. The amount of micro- and macronutrients were affected by drought stress and decreased in both genotypes. In contrast, the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and total phenolic compounds (TPC) along with biochemical traits was increased. Treatment with SiO2-NPs improved the leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll, and biomass under severe water deficiency. The concentration of compatible solutes such as carbohydrates, total flavonoid content (TFC), TPC, anthocyanin, and antioxidative capacity enhanced by the application of SiO2-NPs by about twofolded. As well as an increase in PEG concentration, the absorption of nutritional elements such as P, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu was decreased. However, SiO2-NPs application especially at 100 mg L−1 increased the amount of nutrient absorption. Conclusions In general, the drought tolerance in Damask rose was associated mainly with its suitable manipulation of antioxidant production and orderly enhancement of nutrient adsorption, so that the effect of SiO2-NPs in improving the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of ʻKashanʼ was more than that of ʻMaraghehʼ. These results briefly highlight that the SiO2-NPs may provide greater tolerance to drought stress in Damask rose. Graphical Abstract

The paper aims to compare the chemical compositions of essential oils and anatomical properties of secretory structures differences between R. damascena which is cultivated in Iğdır and Isparta (EOI1, EOI2, and EOIg). GC/ MS and GC-FID were utilized for essential oils analysis. Nonadecane (31.0%), heneicosane (21.1%), citronellol (16.8%), and 1-nonadecene (6.2%) were primal constituents of EOI1. Nonadecane (29.3%), heneicosane (17.6%), citronellol (18.6%), 1- and nonadecene (5.4%) were primal constituents of EOI2. Heneicosane (15.2%), nonadecane (14.1%), γ-muurolene (13.0%), citronellol (7.8%), and tricosane (8.5%) were primal constituents of EOIg. Both Isparta and Iğdır sepal cross-section anatomies glandular and non-glandular trichomes were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Flower yield in Rosa damascena is a complex trait that is affected by many traits and environmental factors. Therefore, studying the relationships among traits can be an essential step in selection to improve flower yield. Path analysis by identifying the main components of yield with a high direct effect plays an important role in the selection success, especially indirect selections through yield components. Due to the lack of resources in this regard, the present research aims to identify and determine the effective traits in flower yield, estimate the relationships among traits, and analyze the causality to identify their direct and indirect effects on flower yield via path analysis. Methodology: The germplasm used in this research included 49 genotypes of Rosa damascena Mill.) belonging to different regions of Iran. One-year saplings of the genotypes were planted in April 2004 in the Zaleh research station, Sanandaj (Kurdistan province, Iran), based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and three plants in each plot with three meters of planting distance. Irrigation of the field was carried out in drip form for 15 days. The investigated morphological traits (plant height, number of flowers, etc.) in 2008 were measured on a 5-year old plant, and for the phenological traits (days until leaf opening, flower opening, etc.) the average of three years (2006 to 2008) was used. Data variance analysis was done based on RCBD design. Phenotypic correlation among traits was estimated, and path analysis was done in three steps of estimation of direct, indirect and residual effects of traits on flower yield. Results: The results showed significant differences (p≤0.01) among the genotypes for studying traits. The correlations of phonological traits with flower yield (FY) were significantly negative, while its relationships with morphological traits were significantly positive. The results of path analysis showed that the number of flowers per plant (FN) and fresh flower weight (with the direct effects of P=0.97** and P=0.33**, respectively, and residual effects of R=0.195) were the main components of flower yield. The total green surface of the plant (TGS) and plant crown diameter (with the direct effects of P=0.56** and P=0.28*, respectively, and R=0.395) were the main components of FN. Also, the number of leaves per plant and average leaf area (with the direct effects of P=1.02** and P=0.085*, respectively, and R=0.237) were the main components of TGS. Conclusion: Thus, FN and FFW can be used in indirect selections for FY improvement in Rosa damascena. The other studied traits affected FY indirectly via FN mainly (phonological traits negatively and morphological traits positively). Although the correlation of the height and crown diameter of the plant with FY was positive and very significant, the direct effects of the supplementary stages and the causality analysis sequence showed that the crown diameter (horizontal growth) is more effective than its height (vertical growth) in the reproductive processes of the rose. In other words, the genotypes with higher flower yield usually rise up to a certain height and spread leaves after that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts of different plant parts of Rosa damascena, represented by the whole rose, petals, and calyces, against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the inhibition of the bacterial cell. The isolates were obtained from the advanced microbiology laboratory for postgraduate studies in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Education for Girls. They were isolated from urinary tract infections, which were subsequently subjected to diagnosis by the Vitek‐2 compact system to confirm the type of bacteria as well as their sensitivity to antibiotics. The results obtained included Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae. A test was conducted to investigate the microbiological inhibitory activity of aqueous plant extracts of the whole rose, petals, and calyces using the well diffusion method and three concentrations of each aqueous extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/ml). The results showed the inhibitory ability of all concentrations of the different extracts toward Staphylococcus spp., and E. coli and K. pneumoniae bacteria were not affected by the different concentrations of the plant extract. The concentration of (100 mg/ml) for the aqueous extract was the most efficient in inhibiting growth compared to the other concentrations. The synergistic effect of three antibiotics was examined (Amoxicillin‐clavulanate 10/20 μg, Piperacillin 100 μg, Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole 23.75/1.25 μg) and for all concentrations of the aqueous plant extract was investigated in both E. coli and K. pneumoniae, as it found a synergistic action between some of the antibiotics and extracts towards inhibiting the growth of the two bacterial isolates Resistance to the plant extract alone. Bacterial isolates showed a significant decrease in the rate of adhesion to epithelial cells isolated from urine samples of healthy women in the presence of the aqueous extract of whole rose, petals, and calyces at their three concentrations compared with the control treatment. Highlights: This study aims to explore the inhibitory properties of aqueous extracts of Rosa damascena at various concentrations against Staphylococcus spp. bacterial isolates as well as E. coli and K. pneumonia.The study will investigate if there is any synergistic action between the Rosa damascena extracts and three types of antibiotics (Amoxicillin‐clavulanate, Piperacillin, and Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole) on the two bacterial isolates E. coli and K. pneumonia.The study will observe the impact of wild Rosa damascena extracts on preventing bacterial cells from adhering to epithelial cells in the urinary tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: This study aimed at investigating the antibacterial effects of nanoparticles synthesized with ethanol extract of Rosa damascena and Juglans regia (walnut leaves) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, gold nanoparticles were synthesized by green method using ethanol extract of R. damascena and walnut leaves. Then, inhibition of biofilm formation, minimum growth inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bacterial lethal concentration (MBC) were determined by micro broth dilution method. Also, inhibition of biofilm synthesis by nanoparticles was investigated against methicillin-resistant S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii. Results: UV-vis spectroscopy showed that the gold nanoparticles synthesized with the ethanolic extract of R. damascena had better quality than the nanoparticles synthesized with the ethanolic extract of walnut leaf in terms of uniformity and ease of synthesis. The greatest effect of gold nanoparticle synthesized with ethanolic extract of R. damascena was on bacterial biofilm formed by Methicillinresistant S. aureus, which inhibited the biofilm of this bacteria by 100%. Conclusion: In this study, nanoparticles synthesized with ethanolic extract of R. damascena showed higher antibacterial properties than walnut leaves. These findings can provide the basis for further in vivo studies to identify, quantify and purify its effective compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to determine how the content and composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) change with crossbreeding. We included three autochthonous Slovenian species of roses (R. pendulina, R. spinosissima, and R. gallica) and several cultivars derived from them in the research. The results were compared with the content of the reference plant R. damascena, which is known worldwide for its rich VOC profile and is used in the perfume industry. We found that the total VOC content ranged from 2.579 µg/g FW (‘Fruhlingsmorgen’) to 168.24 µg/g FW (‘Violacea’). According to the content of total VOCs, the variety ‘Charles de Mills’ (43.12 µg/g DM) was the most similar to the variety R. damascena (44.55 µg/g DM). We can conclude that the flowers of the roses we included in the study are a rich source of VOCs. VOC content in hybrids varies depending on the purpose and goals of breeders. We also found that flowering time had no effect on VOC content and composition. With this study, we not only carefully examined the VOC profile of roses but also clearly showed which compounds were present in individual taxa. In this way, it is possible to select a suitable variety or cultivar depending on the desired use, for example, for flavoring food or for a floral fragrance in the perfume industry.

Abstract Background Today, salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses in the world, because it causes damage to many agricultural products and reduces their yields. Oxidative stress causes tissue damages in plants, which occurs with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when plants are exposed to environmental stresses such as salinity. Today, it is recommended to use compounds that increase the resistance of plants to environmental stresses and improve plant metabolic activities. Salicylic acid (SA), as an intracellular and extracellular regulator of the plant response, is known as one of these effective compounds. Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is a medicinal plant from the Rosaceae, and its essential oils and aromatic compounds are used widely in the cosmetic and food industries in the world. Therefore, considering the importance of this plant from both medicinal and ornamental aspects, for the first time, we investigated one of the native cultivars of Iran (Kashan). Since one of the most important problems in Damask rose cultivation is the occurrence of salinity stress, for the first time, we investigated the interaction of several levels of NaCl salinity (0, 4, 8, and 12 ds m− 1) with SA (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM) as a stress reducer. Results Since salinity stress reduces plant growth and yield, in this experiment, the results showed that the increase in NaCl concentration caused a gradual decrease in photosynthetic and morphological parameters and an increase in ion leakage. Also, increasing the level of salinity stress up to 12 ds m− 1 affected the amount of chlorophyll, root length and leaf total area, all of which reduced significantly compared to plants under no stress. However, many studies have highlighted the application of compounds that reduce the negative effects of stress and increase plant resistance and tolerance against stresses. In this study, the application of SA even at low concentration (0.5 mM) could neutralize the negative effects of salinity stress in the Rosa damascena. In this regard, the results showed that salinity increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the concentration of proline, protein and glycine betaine (GB). Overexpression of antioxidant genes (Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), CAT, Peroxidase (POD), Fe-SOD and Cu-SOD) showed an important role in salt tolerance in Damascus rose. In addition, 0.5 mm SA increased the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems and increased salinity tolerance. Conclusions The change in weather conditions due to global warming and increased dryness contributes to the salinization of the earth’s surface soils. Therefore, it is of particular importance to measure the threshold of tolerance of roses to salinity stress and the effect of stress-reducing substances in plants. In this context, SA has various roles such as increasing the content of pigments, preventing ethylene biosynthesis, increasing growth, and activating genes involved in stress, which modifies the negative effects of salinity stress. Also, according to the results of this research, even in the concentration of low values, positive results can be obtained from SA, so it can be recommended as a relatively cheap and available material to improve production in saline lands.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in reproductive-age women. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Rosa damascena (RD) extract in estradiol valerate (EV) induced polycystic ovary syndrome rats. Methods: Adult female Wistar rats were divided into control (n = 12) and PCOS groups (n = 36). The PCOS model was induced using EV (4 mg/kg/day), which was confirmed in 6 rats in each control and PCOS group by observation of irregular estrous cycles in vaginal smears and ovarian multiple cystic. Then, the rest of the control group (n = 6) and PCOS rats (n = 30 in 5 divided groups) were treated orally for 28 days with metformin (MET) as a positive control (200 mg/kg/day) and RD extract (400, 800, and 1200 mg/kg/day, respectively). Body and ovary weights, biochemical and histological parameters, and expression of the IGF-1 gene were measured. Results: Compared to the PCOS group, metformin and higher doses of RD extract (800 and 1200 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced BW, HOMA-IR, FBS, FINS, TG, LDL, TT, E2, LH, TC, and liver enzymes, and increased HDL and FSH levels. In addition, ovarian weight and CFs decreased, and the findings showed an increment in PFs, CLs, PAFs, AFs, and GFs. IGF-1 gene expression levels were significantly decreased (p

In this study, ZnO-Red Ochre nanocomposite was green synthesized by Rosa Damascena (RD) extract (RDZRONCs). Proton Induced X-ray Emission microanalysis (Micro-PIXE) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the presence of hematite (Fe2O3), and quartz (SiO2) mineral phases in the Red Ochre (RO) nanoclay. In addition, the XRD pattern shows the ZnO, ZnFe2O4, SiO2, Fe2O3, and Si phases in the RDZRONCs that were green synthesized with natural RD extract and RO. The RDZRONCs were used to modify the carbon paste electrode (CPE) for the electrochemical determination of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were employed to investigate the surface behavior of modified CPE (RDZRONCs/CPE). The electrochemical behavior of 5-FU at the RDZRONCs/CPE was exanimated by CV, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), chronoamperometry (CA), and chronocoulometry (CC). Based on the DPV technique, a linear relationship between peak current and concentration of 5-FU was obtained in the dynamic range of 0.05–140.0 μM and with a detection limit equal to 0.0016 μM. The selectivity of RDZRONCs/CPE for 5-FU was studied in the presence of different inorganic and organic species. Also, the content of 5-FU was measured in real samples by RDZRONCs/CPE.

Background: Drought stress is a critical environmental factor that disturbs plant performance. However, some non-essential elements such as silicon can improve water deficit tolerance by modulating photosynthesis assimilates and compatible solutes production. Therefore, the present work was conducted to modulate polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water deficiency under in vitro culture in Damask rose genotypes (Maragheh and Kashan) by nano-silicon (SiO2-NPs) treatment. A completely randomized factorial experiment was used as three concentrations of SiO2-NPs (0, 50, and 100 mg L−1) and five concentrations of PEG (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g L−1). Then, the comparative effects of water deficiency on vegetative traits, metabolites, and nutrients were studied. Results: The drought promoted a significant decrease in chlorophyll, fresh/dry weight, biomass, and an increase in electrolyte leakage. The amount of micro- and macronutrients were affected by drought stress and decreased in both genotypes. In contrast, the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and total phenolic compounds (TPC) along with biochemical traits was increased. Treatment with SiO2-NPs improved the leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll, and biomass under severe water deficiency. The concentration of compatible solutes such as carbohydrates, total flavonoid content (TFC), TPC, anthocyanin, and antioxidative capacity enhanced by the application of SiO2-NPs by about twofolded. As well as an increase in PEG concentration, the absorption of nutritional elements such as P, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu was decreased. However, SiO2-NPs application especially at 100 mg L−1 increased the amount of nutrient absorption. Conclusions: In general, the drought tolerance in Damask rose was associated mainly with its suitable manipulation of antioxidant production and orderly enhancement of nutrient adsorption, so that the effect of SiO2-NPs in improving the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of ʻKashanʼ was more than that of ʻMaraghehʼ. These results briefly highlight that the SiO2-NPs may provide greater tolerance to drought stress in Damask rose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs), and probiotic strains were evaluated on the propagation stages of Rosa damascena Mill., Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. 'Sultanine', and Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Plant tissue cultures media were treated not with direct inoculation with the PGPB but treated with filtrate of bacterial growth medium. Based on the results, the fungal contamination was completely removed using commercial 20% bleach (Sodium hypochlorite solution, active chlorine > 10%) and Lactobacillus plantarum ABRIINW.N8 (P5 treatment). Bacterial contamination was eliminated by P5 treatment alone, as opposed to control treatment (MS medium with and without antibiotics). Mean comparisons also indicated that the interaction of PGRs with treatment P5 had a significant effect on the average number of shoots/explants and shoot length, as well as on root induction. The results revealed that potentially probiotic L. plantarum ABRIIN W.N8 strain could be used as a biocontrol and biostimulant in plant tissue culture. Key message: Bacterial and fungal contamination is the main problem in plant tissue culture. Antibiotics and hygiene chemicals are usually used, but they are harmful. Therefore, we proposed probiotic-mediated natural disinfectants to control bacterial and fungal contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rose oil is traditionally produced by the water distillation of Rosa damascena and is of high economic value due to the low essential oil yield. It is therefore a common target for adulteration, which can cause harm to consumers. Current standards for authenticity control only consider the analysis of major components and overlook minor quality markers as well as the enantiomeric ratio of terpenes, which have proven useful in originality determination. The aim of this study was the development of two analytical GC-FID methods for the analysis of 21 and 29 rose oil analytes including major, minor and chiral components on a DB-wax and BGB 178 30% CD (chiral) capillary column, respectively. The total run time for both methods was within 60 min. For all target analytes, the % bias at the lower and upper calibration range varied from −7.8 to 13.2% and −13.1 to 5.2% analysed on the DB-wax column and 0.5 to 13.3% and −6.9 to 7.0% analysed on the chiral column. The chiral analysis successfully separated the enantiomers (+/−)-camphene, (+/−)-rose oxide, (+/−)-linalool, (+/−)-citronellol and (+/−)-citronellyl acetate, as well as the diastereomers of citral and β-damascenone. Both methods were applied to the analysis of 10 authentic rose oil samples and the enantiomeric/diastereomeric ratios, as well as the content of major and minor components, were determined. The identity of the analysed components in the authentic samples was further confirmed by GC-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is an important strategy to increase the quality of provided care for patients under mechanical ventilation. Rose water is the main product of Rosa damascena which is a popular medicinal plant and has been widely used in alternative medicine. It has antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria which can potentially cause VAP. Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized, controlled, single-center trial. 88 patients in a 21-bed surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) who were under mechanical ventilation met the inclusion criteria, and 80 patients fulfilled the study. Based on receiving either rose water and chlorhexidine solution or chlorhexidine solution alone, the patients were divided into two groups of control and intervention. The incidence of VAP up to 14 days was the primary outcome. Duration of mechanical ventilation, the ICU length of stay, and mortality in ICU were the secondary outcomes. Results: There was no significant difference in demographic data, the incidence of VAP, the incidence of late-onset VAP, mechanical ventilation days, length of the ICU stay, and mortality between the two groups. However, the incidence of early-onset VAP in the intervention group was significantly lower than in the control group (p= 0.021). Conclusion: Rose water mouthwash significantly reduced the risk of earlyonset VAP without any effect on late-onset VAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of propagation materials (cut planting and seedling planting method) on yield and quality characteristics of oil rose. In the study, which was carried out according to the experimental design of divided plots, flower harvesting was carried out in the plots at the beginning of flowering, in the middle and at the end. According to the harvest times, flower diameter, petal content and 100 flower weights decreased from the beginning to the end of flowering. While flower yield was highest in the mid-flowering period, no difference was observed in flower yield according to propagation materials. The essential oil content decreased during the flowering period and the highest was obtained from the cutting planting method compared to the propagation materials. The essential oil yield was higher in the cutting planting method. When the essential oil components were examined, the content of ß-citronellol increased from the beginning to the end of flowering in both propagation materials, while the content of geraniol increased from the beginning to the middle of flowering in both propagation materials, and decreased rapidly towards the end of flowering. As a result; seedling planting method can be recommended especially in regions where diseases and pests are concentrated or in organically planned productions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy is an aggressive form of chemical drug therapy aiming to destroy cancer cells. Adjuvant therapy may reduce hazards of chemotherapy and help in destroying these cells when obtained from natural products, such as medical plants. In this study, the potential therapeutic effect of Rosa damascena callus crude extract produced in vitamin-enhanced media is investigated on colorectal cancer cell line Caco-2. Two elicitors, i.e., L-ascorbic acid and citric acid at a concentration of 0.5 g/L were added to the callus induction medium. Callus extraction and the GC–MS analysis of methanolic crude extracts were also determined. Cytotoxicity, clonogenicity, proliferation and migration of Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells were investigated using MTT cytotoxicity, colony-forming, Ki-67 flow cytometry proliferation and Migration Scratch assays, respectively. Our results indicated that L-ascorbic acid treatment enhanced callus growth parameters and improved secondary metabolite contents. It showed the least IC50 value of 137 ug/mL compared to 237 ug/mL and 180 ug/mL in the citric acid-treated and control group. We can conclude that R. damascena callus elicited by L-ascorbic acid improved growth and secondary metabolite contents as well as having an efficient antiproliferative, anti-clonogenic and anti-migratory effect on Caco-2 cancer cells, thus, can be used as an adjuvant anti-cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although the prevalence of sexual dysfunction is high in menopausal women and it can cause many problems for them, it has been largely overlooked. The present study aimed to determine the effect of Rosa damascena extract capsules on the sexual function of menopausal women., Materials and Methods: This randomized, triple blinded clinical trial was conducted on 82 menopausal women who were randomly divided into two groups. In the intervention group, women took a capsule of Rosa damascena extract every 12 h for 8 weeks, while women in the placebo group took similar capsules without medicinal effects. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was evaluated before and after the intervention (4 and 8 weeks). The data were analyzed by SPSS software and statistical tests such as independent t-test, Mann‒Whitney U test, and Chi-square, with a significance level of 0.05., Results: The use of Rosa damascena extract capsules significantly improved the total FSFI score four (P = 0.016) and eight weeks after the intervention (P < 0.001). The positive changes in FSFI domains in the intervention group were as follows: arousal, lubrication, satisfaction, and pain during intercourse four and eight weeks after the intervention. Additionally, desire and orgasm significantly increased eight weeks after the intervention (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that Rosa damascena can improve sexual function in menopausal women. However, further studies are needed., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abstract Background Oils in traditional medicine are important products and used routinely for therapeutic purposes. Rose oil (Rosa damascene Mill), a product of Persian medicine, is advised for the treatment of Infectious diseases related to the female genitourinary tract. In the present study, R. damascena petal oil, aqueous, and hydroalcoholic extracts were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis effects. Methods Anti-trichomonas activity evaluation of extracts and oil were assayed by the Homocytometery method. Their antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and clinically isolated Group B Streptococcus were assayed by broth microdilution in 96-well plates. Results The MIC of hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts ranged from 25-50 and 25-100 mg/ml, respectively. Rose oil at all administered doses failed to show any antibacterial activity. Conclusion All extracts and oil concentrations showed some degree of growth inhibition activity on T. vaginalis; however, hydroalcoholic extract was more efficient.

Rosa damascena is referred to as the queen of roses due to its ornamental, flavoring, and perfuming uses, along with its recognized use in therapy. This study aimed to investigate the total phenols and flavonoids contents, the phenolic compounds, and study the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the hydroethanolic extract from Rosa damascena flowers, collected from the Middle Atlas of Morocco (Khenifra). The total phenols and flavonoids were assessed using gallic acid and quercetin as standards, and the phenolic compounds were characterized using HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by two methods, namely ferric reducing assay power and total antioxidant capacity. The broth microdilution method was employed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of extract against four bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes). Up to 16 phenolic compounds belonging to tannins and flavonoids were positively identified in the Rosa damascena extract. The latter displayed high antioxidant activity and exhibited a bacteriostatic effect against Escherichia coli and a bactericidal effect against Salmonella typhimuriumn, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. As a result, the flowers of Rosa damascena might be employed as natural agents in the pharmaceutical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this systematic review was to identify animal preclinical studies and randomized controlled trials that looked at the effects of R. damascena in any form on different mental diseases. Up to September 2021, the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane trials, as well as SID and MagIran, were searched. This study included 10 animal studies. Except for one research, the rest of the studies confirmed the positive effects of the plant in treatment of mental disorders. A total of 38 studies met the criteria for inclusion. Individuals who have encountered various sorts of mental problems, such as anxiety, sleep disturbance, and depressive disorder, were studied. R. damascena essential oil (EO), essence, extract, and dried plant were used in aromatherapy and oral administration. A decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity, induction of neurotransmitters, induction of nerve growth factors by neurogenesis and synaptogenesis mechanisms, a decrease in prolactin and an increase in noradrenaline, estradiol, and progesterone secretion are some of the mechanisms of action. In general, R. damascena is an effective herb for the treatment of mental disorders. However, further research timing and duration of intervention are needed to extrapolate the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Today, salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses in the world, because it causes damage to many agricultural products and reduces their yields. Oxidative stress causes tissue damages in plants, which occurs with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when plants are exposed to environmental stresses such as salinity. Today, it is recommended to use compounds that increase the resistance of plants to environmental stresses and improve plant metabolic activities. Salicylic acid (SA), as an intracellular and extracellular regulator of the plant response, is known as one of these effective compounds. Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is a medicinal plant from the Rosaceae, and its essential oils and aromatic compounds are used widely in the cosmetic and food industries in the world. Therefore, considering the importance of this plant from both medicinal and ornamental aspects, for the first time, we investigated one of the native cultivars of Iran (Kashan). Since one of the most important problems in Damask rose cultivation is the occurrence of salinity stress, for the first time, we investigated the interaction of several levels of NaCl salinity (0, 4, 8, and 12 ds m− 1) with SA (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM) as a stress reducer. Results: Since salinity stress reduces plant growth and yield, in this experiment, the results showed that the increase in NaCl concentration caused a gradual decrease in photosynthetic and morphological parameters and an increase in ion leakage. Also, increasing the level of salinity stress up to 12 ds m− 1 affected the amount of chlorophyll, root length and leaf total area, all of which reduced significantly compared to plants under no stress. However, many studies have highlighted the application of compounds that reduce the negative effects of stress and increase plant resistance and tolerance against stresses. In this study, the application of SA even at low concentration (0.5 mM) could neutralize the negative effects of salinity stress in the Rosa damascena. In this regard, the results showed that salinity increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the concentration of proline, protein and glycine betaine (GB). Overexpression of antioxidant genes (Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), CAT, Peroxidase (POD), Fe-SOD and Cu-SOD) showed an important role in salt tolerance in Damascus rose. In addition, 0.5 mm SA increased the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems and increased salinity tolerance. Conclusions: The change in weather conditions due to global warming and increased dryness contributes to the salinization of the earth's surface soils. Therefore, it is of particular importance to measure the threshold of tolerance of roses to salinity stress and the effect of stress-reducing substances in plants. In this context, SA has various roles such as increasing the content of pigments, preventing ethylene biosynthesis, increasing growth, and activating genes involved in stress, which modifies the negative effects of salinity stress. Also, according to the results of this research, even in the concentration of low values, positive results can be obtained from SA, so it can be recommended as a relatively cheap and available material to improve production in saline lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) are one of the important pest groups on damask rose, Rosa damascena P. Mill. (Plantae: Rosaceae). This study has been carried out to identify and investigate species diversity of sawflies in Darab rain-fed damask rose plain, Fars province which with 5290 hectares is the largest organic, rain-fed damask rose plain in the world in 2019. Sampling was done using four Malaise traps which were installed in different areas of the plain, from spring to summer. Collecting pots were emptied at an interval of two weeks and sawfly individuals were then isolated, mounted, or pinned and finally identified. To predict species richness of sawflies, the rarefaction method was applied to abundance-based and sample-based data. Totally, 133 individuals were collected representing 5 species from two families, Argidae: a single species, Arge cingulata Jakowlew, 1891 and Tenthredinidae: four species, Allantus (Allantus) viennensis (Schrank, 1781), Cladius pectinicornis (Geoffroy, 1785), Macrophya diaphenia Benson, 1968 and Tenthredo marginella Fabricius, 1793. Allantus viennensis was dominant with 63.9% of collected individuals. Tenthredo marginella and M. diaphenia had the following abundance rankings of 26.3% and 8.27% collected individuals respectively. Two species, A. cingulata and C. pectinicornis, were the singletons. The adult flight period of the dominant species, A. viennensis, was registered in two distinct periods and the others in one. Rarefaction showed that more sampling will yield 6-8 sawfly species in this region. The differences between the sawfly community of Darab damask rose plain and other regions of Iran and the world were discussed.

Background: Emergency personnel are frequently exposed to high-risk physical and psychological factors that lead to increased occupational stress. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aromatherapy with rosa damascena essential oil on nurses' occupational stress in the emergency department. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted among sixty nurses in the trauma center of Besat Hospital, Tehran. The participants were selected by the convenience sampling method, and then randomly assigned to the aromatherapy with essential oil of Rosa damascena and control groups. Intervention in the experimental and control groups consisted of inhalation cotton swabs impregnated with two drops of essential oil of 40% Rosa damascena (Gole Mohammadi) and cotton soaked with two drops of distilled water as a placebo for 2 minutes, respectively. Nurses' stress level was assessed by the Nursing Stress Scale before and after the intervention. To analyze the data, independent t-test, paired t-test, and ANCOVA were performed in SPSS, version 22. Results: The mean age of the nurses was 29.07 ± 5.495 years, and the majority of them had a bachelor's degree. The results of this study showed that stress scores in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group after the intervention (p

[Display omitted] • Effect of NADES on essential oil (EO) yield enhancement and phenolic enrichment in distillation waste of Rosa damascena. • Non acidic hydrogen bond donors led to enhanced EO yield with higher phenolics extraction. • Ethyl acetate-based fractionation led to efficient recovery of phenolics from hydrolate. • Hydrolate possess higher anti-oxidant potential than standard ascorbic acid. In pursuit of adopting environment friendly methodologies to amplify essential oil (EO) yield of industrially important aromatic plants, enrichment of bioactive content in distillation waste, and to establish the recovery process for the enriched product; this study employed natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) as cosolvent in the conventional hydro distillation method using Rosa damascena Mill L (Damask rose) petals as biomass. R. damascena is one of the most important species of Rosaceae family known for producing high-valued rose EO [often termed as "liquid gold"] but with very low yield. Herein, nine NADESs were used as cosolvent along with conventional hydro distillation method which led to 1.7 times EO yield enhancement (retention of EO quality as per ISO guidelines) using NADES-4 [choline chloride: glycerol (1:1)] as cosolvent. Further, to sustainably utilize the residue (otherwise waste) left after hydro distillation, hydrolate (aqueous part left in the flask) and spent (dried solid waste) were analyzed with UHPLC to determine targeted phenolics compounds. All the samples (EO, dried hydrolate, and spent) were also evaluated for in-vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH-radical scavenging assay, which revealed that hydrolate obtained by using NADES-5 [choline chloride: glucose (5:1)] showed the highest activity (IC 50 0.85 µg/mL) as compared to ascorbic acid (IC 50 5.40 µg/mL). Hence, the present study provides a green protocol for enhancing rose EO yield with phenolics-enriched antioxidant byproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression and anxiety as the most common psychological disorders reduce the quality of life in women during menopause. Aim: Given the potential therapeutic properties of Rosa damascena, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of Rosa damascena on the severity of depression and anxiety in postmenopausal women. Method: This clinical trial was conducted on 110 postmenopausal women in Tehran, Iran, during 2020. The participants in the intervention group received 500 mg dried Rosa damascena capsules, and the control group received placebo capsules three times a day (once every 8 hours) for 40 days. The data were collected using a demographic characteristics form, Beck's Depression Inventory, Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and adverse effects questionnaire. Subsequently, the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 19) through the independent t-test, chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and repeated measures tests. Results: There was no difference in the mean score of depression before and 20 days after the intervention in the intervention group; however, this difference was significant 40 days after the intervention (p

Gas Chromatography/High‐Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) was used to identify new compounds in Rosa damascena and Rosa centifolia absolutes. These compounds were esters derived from the main alcohols of rose absolute (phenylethyl alcohol, geraniol, citronellol, nerol, and (E,E)‐farnesol). Based on low‐resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) and HRMS data of rose absolutes, hypotheses were first formulated. In a second stage, the standards of these candidate structures were synthetized and analyzed by LRMS using apolar and polar columns. LRMS spectra of these standards, and apolar and polar retention indices (RI) were compared with those of candidate structures. Only four out of nineteen molecules were validated by these three criteria mostly due to an important difference of polar RIs between the standards and the compounds detected in rose absolutes. In a third stage, absolutes were spiked with synthesized standards and were analyzed by HRMS on both apolar and polar columns to confirm the presence of these candidate structures. Finally, 19 new compounds were identified in Rosa damascena and Rosa centifolia absolutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, 15 fungal isolates were found. The antagonistic potential of seven of these, including Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, T. virens, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Aspergillus sp., and Drechslera triseptata were proved under in vitro and greenhouse conditions. In the dual culture method, T. virens and T. viride (65.51%), in the volatile compounds method, T. harzianum (66.66%), and in the non-volatile compounds method, T. virens (63%), had the highest inhibitory effect on fungal mycelial growth. In the slide culture method, all the studied isolates prevented the progress of pathogenic fungal hyphae and in some deformed the hyphae. All the inoculated fungi reduced the disease severity of B. cinerea, among which T. virens was the most effective fungus, reducing the disease severity by 26%. Also, the examination of height, fresh weight, and dry weight of rose plants under greenhouse conditions revealed that the application of T. virens increased these characteristics in the presence of the pathogen. The application of other fungi tested also increased these characteristics in the presence of B. cinerea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosa damascena Mill. is the most prominent rose source for the manufacturing of rose oil, rose water, concrete, and absolute from flower petals. The purpose of this study was to see how different harvest dates affected the essential oil components and rates obtained from flowers in oil rose planted for the first time in Turkey's Mardin Province. Blossoms were taken five times with three replications, at around one-week intervals, from a garden in the Yaylabaşı district at 6:00 a.m. (4, 11, 18, 24, and 31 May). Animal manure and leonardite were used instead of chemical fertilizers for plants. No chemical pesticides have been applied. Essential oil components of the oils obtained by a water distillation system (Clevenger apparatus) were determined by GC/MS. The citronellol ratio, which is the most important component for the quality of the essential oil in the plant, was found to be highest (35.90%) in the first harvest period and lowest in the last harvest period (17.57%). Geraniol levels decreased in the first three harvests, with the greatest level (27.16%) coming in the last harvest. The percentages of citronellol/geraniol varied between 1.51 and 0.65 depending on the different harvest dates. Nerol rates peaked at 15.44% on the first harvest, progressively declined until the fourth harvest (7.92%), then slightly increased on the fifth harvest. Nonadecane continuously increased from the first to the last harvest (4.10%-11.66%). No methyl eugenol was detected. Mardin is a promising location for oil-bearing rose cultivation, given the essential oil components and their ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In times of the COVID-19 pandemic, wearing face masks is strongly recommended as a public health measure to stop the spread of the Sars Coronavirus. However, there are still people who ignore using this effective protective tool due to the lack of comfortable face masks on the market. Therefore, in the current study, we assessed commercially available face masks namely N95 masks, surgical masks, and cloth masks in order to find out their weakness. In addition, the identification needs of people from a face mask were collected by an online questionnaire. According to the information obtained; we achieved key factors required to design a new type of face mask using the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and the final design was printed. Moreover, the long-term use of herbs in Iranian Traditional Medicine persuaded us to add a humidifier containing aromatic plants essential oils such as Eucalyptus globules Labill. and Rosa damascene Mill. with scientifically proven health benefits such as pain reliever, relaxing properties and antimicrobial activities. We are expected that these aromas would be an effective way to eliminate the problems of individuals suffering from air pollutants, respiratory disorders, and COVID which leads to encouraging more people to use face masks during pandemics or air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatile components in the essential oil of Rosa damascena from Fujian Province were studied to provide scientific basis for the quality evaluation and development and utilization of aroma. The volatile components in the essential oil of Rosa damascena produced in Fujian Province extracted by steam distillation were determined by using the headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technology (HS-SPME/GC-MS). The results showed that a total of 154 volatile components were isolated and identified from the essential oil of Rosa damascena, with the relative total content of 97. 68%, mainly containing alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, acids, terpenes, alkanes and aromatic compounds. Among them, the number of terpenes was the largest, reaching 61 species, and the relative content was up to 4& 14%' The volatile components in the essential oil of Rosa damascena with higher relative content were (R)-(+)-|3-citronellol, pinene, [3-caryophyllene, a-guaiene, a-caryophyllene, geranic acid methyl, and their relative contents were 20. 18%, 7. 11%, 6. 24%, 5. 38%, 4. 37 % and 4. 20%, respectively. Terpenes, alcohols and esters were the main material basis of the aroma of essential oil from Rosa damascena, which endowed the essential oil of Rosa damascena with floral, fruity and grassy fragrance with rich fragrance levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several histogram equalization methods for enhancing the color images of Rosa Damascena flowers and some thresholding methods for segmentation of the flowers were examined. Images were taken outdoors at different times of day and light conditions. A factorial experiment in the form of a Completely Randomized Design with two factors of histogram equalization method at 8 levels and thresholding method at 15 levels, was implemented. Histogram equalization methods included: CHE, BBHE, BHEPL-D, DQHEPL, DSIHE, RMSHE, RSIHE, and no histogram equalization (NHE) as the control. Thresholding method levels were: Huang, Intermodes, Isodata, Li, maximum entropy, mean, minimum, moments, Otsu, percentile, Renyi’s entropy, Shanbhag, Yen, constant, and global basic thresholding method. The effect of these factors on the properties of the segmented images such as the Percentage of Incorrectly Segmented Area (PISA), Percentage of Overlapping Area (POA), Percentage of Undetected Area (PUA), and Percentage of Detected Flowers (PDF) was investigated. Results of histogram equalization analysis showed that DQHEPL and NHE have the statistically significant lowest PUA (11.13% and 8.32%, respectively), highest POA (89.35% and 92.07%, respectively), and highest PDF (61.88% and 64.94%, respectively). Thresholding methods had a significant effect on PISA, PUA, POA, and PDF. The highest PDF belonged to constant, minimum, and Intermodes (75.07%, 73.08% and 74.30%, respectively) They also had the lowest PISA (0.35%, 1.29%, and 1.85%, respectively) and PUA (33.72%, 23.09%, and 15.56%, respectively). These methods had the highest POA (80.73%, 76.70%, and 84.67%, respectively). Hence, they are suitable methods for segmentation of Rosa Damascena flowers in color images.

The microscopic fungi Eremothecium ashbyi and E. gossypii are known for their ability to synthetize essential oil, which has a composition similar to that of rose oil. The development of Eremothecium oil technology enables the production of rose-scented products, which are demanded by pharmaceutical, food, and perfumery industries. This study focuses on assessing the in vitro cytotoxicity of Eremothecium oil, in comparison with that of rose oil, using a combination of methods and two cell types (3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line and bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs)). The Eremothecium oil samples possessed cytotoxic effects that varied among strains and batches. The revealed cytotoxicity level may be used to tailor the qualitative and quantitative composition of Eremothecium oil to achieve a particular quality in its end products. These results require further analysis using other cell types and assays based on measuring other cell functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of cold storage time on the aroma components of rose water was discussed in this paper, in order to provide the feasible method and basis for the storage of rose water. The rose water was extracted by using the steam distillation with Rosa damascena as the raw material, and the flower water was refrigerated for 30 days, 90 days, 180 days and 360 days in the range of 4 -- 15°C. The aroma components of flower water under different cold storage time were identified and quantitatively analyzed by using the solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS) method. The results showed that the rose water with different cold storage time contained a variety of chemical components, such as terpenes, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, alkanes and ethers, etc. The amount of aroma components in the flower water decreased first and then increased with the increase of cold storage time. The flower water had the best aroma after 30 days of refrigeration, but some important components of rose water could not be detected after 90 days of refrigeration, resulting in the insu任icient aroma, while the aroma components of flower water changed greatly after 360 days of refrigeration. Therefore, the cold storage time had a great influence on the aroma components in the rose water of Rosa damascena. The flower water of Rosa damascena was suitable to be refrigerated at 4 --15°C for 30 --90 days, and the aroma quality of the flower water would be decreased when it was refrigerated for more than 90 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic plants cultivation, processing and marketing is an upcoming agro-industry. The yields from these plants are generally governed by its good management practices of timely, suitable and precise actions against damaging factors. Remote sensing in agriculture is not a new phenomenon anymore, but using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV, commonly known as drones) for the same is a pertinent topic these days, especially in India. Therefore, the study seeks to perform UAV-based airborne data acquisition, processing and analysis for modernised agricultural practices, finding of which may lead to generate rapid and on-demand real-time remotely sensed data for precision agriculture of commercial crops, which require more care and timely inputs as compared to conventional crops. The UAV high-resolution (1.5 cm/pixel) data were acquired from Mica Sense Altum, a 6 bands multispectral sensor, mounted over an indigenous Quad-copter (< 5 kg). With the help of processed orthoimage, the 22 plots of Rosa damascena (Damask Rose) were precisely (95% accuracy) classified into 03 categories, i.e., rose canopy, weed and open soil areas. We have also estimated digital plant count, plant height derived from canopy height model (CHM), canopy temperature and the topographic conditions of the crop plots. The digital plant counting for R. damascena planted in 4323 m2 area took 1.2 h as compared to manual 5.94 h counting. Average plant height values derived from CHM ranged from 23–68 cm as compared to 28–71 cm manually measured heights. Results were compared with ground sampling data, with which high correlation was found in digital plant count (R2 = 0.99) and plant height (96.69% accuracy). The derived average moderate slopes and northeast aspect suggested suitable topographic conditions required for R. damascena cultivation. The image-derived canopy temperature was compared to the relative ground-based measurements, obtaining accuracy percent of 98.54%. The outcomes are encouraging and have potential to be applied for future UAV grounded applications by farmhands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free radicals affect aging by unspecific lead breakdown to macromolecules, like DNA, lipids, and proteins. The degradation of the extracellular matrix affects skin aging and correlated with the hyaluronidase enzyme. Rose (Rosa damascena) petal extract and rose receptacle extract can scavenge free radicals, thus hindering the aging process. This study examines phenolic and flavonoid content, the antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase potential owned by rose petal extract (RPE), and rose receptacle extract (RRE) inhibiting skin aging. In this study, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity assay was done to analyze the antioxidant activity while the hyaluronidase inhibitory assay analyzed antiaging activity. The characteristic of RPE and RRE were measured the phenolics and flavonoids content. The phenolics content of RPE and RRE were 9.66 μg GAE/mg RPE and 4.31 μg GAE/mg RRE, respectively, while the flavonoids content of RPE and RRE respectively 1.22 μg QE/mg RPE and 0.59 μg QE/mg RRE. The median inhibitory (IC50) of H2O2 scavenging of RPE (207.99 µg/mL) was more active than RRE (348.24 µg/mL). RPE's anti-hyaluronidase (IC50: 51.68 µg/mL) is as effective as RRE (IC50: 51.98 µg/mL). Antioxidant and antiaging activities possessed by RPE and RRE are promising natural agents for aging therapy.

Free radicals can cause damage to cells or tissues, autoimmune diseases, degenerative diseases, or cancer. Therefore, the body needs important substances, namely antioxidants that can help protect the body by reducing negative effect from free radicals. Rose flower (Rosa damascena) has anthocyanin pigment which belongs to flavonoid group which has a function as antioxidant or free radical scavenger. This study aims to determine antioxidant and anti-elastase potentials of rose petals and receptacles. The method used in this study was a qualitative phytochemical test to determine the compounds contained in the Rose Petal Extract (RPE) and Rose Receptacle Extract (RRE), ABTS ((2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid))-reducing assay to determine antioxidant activity, and antiaging test with anti-elastase assay. RPE and RRE contained flavonoids, phenols, tannins and alkaloids, but did not contain saponins. RPE contained triterpenoids and terpenoids, while RRE contained steroids, but did not contain terpenoids. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the ABTS reducing assay were 4.46 ± 0.34 μg/mL (RPE) and 15.49 ± 0.23 μg/mL (RRE), while the results of the anti-elastase assay were 17.51 ± 1.47 μg/mL (RPE) and 58.91 ± 2.31 μg/mL (RRE). Both RPE and RRE are potent antioxidant and anti-elastase, and RPE is more active than RRE in these assays.

Background: Despite therapeutic interventions, patients are still dissatisfied with the treatment of postoperative pain. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Rosa damascena essential oil on postoperative pain in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair surgery. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized trial, 60 patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair surgery were selected consecutively and equally assigned to two groups of experimental and placebo. In both groups, the pain intensity was measured by a visual analog scale in 4, 8, and 12 h after the surgery. Patients in the experimental group received aromatherapy with R. damascena essential oil and those in the placebo group treated with almond oil. In both groups, pain intensity was measured before and 20 min after aromatherapy. Data analysis was performed using the repeated-measures analysis, analysis of covariance, independent-samples t- test, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests. Results: The mean pain intensity in the experimental and the placebo groups was 7.10 ± 1.24 versus 7.20 ± 1.10, 4.56 ± 1.04 versus 4.90 ± 0.84, and 1.30 ± 0.79 versus 2.46 ± 0.68 after the 4th, 8th, and 12th postsurgical hours, respectively. The repeated-measures analysis showed that the intervention was effective on pain reduction, especially in the 8th and 12th postoperative hours when the pain was at moderate-to-mild levels (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Aromatherapy with R. damascena essential oil was effective in relieving mild to moderated postoperative pain. Yet, further studies are needed to confirm this finding.