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Background and Aims Polyploidy and hybridization are important factors for generating diversity in plants. The species-rich dog roses (Rosa sect. Caninae) originated by allopolyploidy and are characterized by unbalanced meiosis producing polyploid egg cells (usually 4x) and haploid sperm cells (1x). In extant natural stands species hybridize spontaneously, but the extent of natural hybridization is unknown. The aim of the study was to document the frequency of reciprocal hybridization between the subsections Rubigineae and Caninae with special reference to the contribution of unreduced egg cells (5x) producing 6x offspring after fertilization with reduced (1x) sperm cells. We tested whether hybrids arose by independent multiple events or via a single or few incidences followed by a subsequent spread of hybrids. Methods Population genetics of 45 mixed stands of dog roses across central and south-eastern Europe were analysed using microsatellite markers and flow cytometry. Hybrids were recognized by the presence of diagnostic alleles and multivariate statistics were used to display the relationships between parental species and hybrids. Key Results Among plants classified to subsect. Rubigineae, 32% hybridogenic individuals were detected but only 8% hybrids were found in plants assigned to subsect. Caninae. This bias between reciprocal crossings was accompanied by a higher ploidy level in Rubigineae hybrids, which originated more frequently by unreduced egg cells. Genetic patterns of hybrids were strongly geographically structured, supporting their independent origin. Conclusions The biased crossing barriers between subsections are explained by the facilitated production of unreduced gametes in subsect. Rubigineae. Unreduced egg cells probably provide the highly homologous chromosome sets required for correct chromosome pairing in hybrids. Furthermore, the higher frequency of Rubigineae hybrids is probably influenced by abundance effects because the plants of subsect. Caninae are much more abundant and thus provide large quantities of pollen. Hybrids are formed spontaneously, leading to highly diverse mixed stands, which are insufficiently characterized by the actual taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents morphological diversity within Rosa agrestis Savi, species identified among others in the buffer zone and the area of the Low Tatras National Park (Slovakia). This taxon belongs to the polymorphic section Caninae DC. em. Christ, and its morphological differentiation particularly relates to the degree of hairiness and glandularity of leaves and the presence or absence of glandules on pedicels. Based on these features four varieties of this species (R. agrestis var. agrestis, R. agrestis var. albiflora (Opiz.) Degen, R. agrestis var. gizellae (Borbás) R. Keller, and R. agrestis var. schulzei) were distinguished in Europe (Popek 1996). The occurrences of all these varieties were found in the analyzed area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their genetic homogeneity, many taxonomic species are described as European dogroses ( Rosa L. section Caninae (DC.) Ser.) with consistent morphological variability. Here we report a morphometric study of 27 hip and leaf characters of proximate dogrose populations that include Rosa agrestis, a member of the subsection Rubigineae, in Flanders. In principal components analysis one R. agrestis population in Kanne had intermediate morphology between R. canina and R. corymbifera, on the one hand, and three other R. agrestis populations, on the other, suggesting hybridogenic origin. Half-sib R. agrestis seedlings were grown under controlled conditions and their leaf characters were studied. A tendency toward deviating morphology in seedlings from the Kanne population, analogous to the mother plants in the field, and a correlation for specific leaf characters between mother plants and their corresponding seedlings reinforce a genetic basis for the observed divergence in the Kanne population. The assumed hybridogenic mother plants did not produce fewer seeds per hip than the others of the pure populations. In addition, for all sampled dogroses, which included six species, the diameter of the discus was correlated with the number of seeds per hip, whereas the diameter of the orifice was not correlated with this character. This implies that only the diameter of the orifice and not the diameter of the discus might be decisive for species identification among European dogroses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we report the isolation and characterisation of seven flavonoids, the levels of total phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, and the antioxidant activity of the leaf extract of Rosa agrestis Savi (Rosaceae). The results showed that the R. agrestis leaf extract exhibited significant antioxidative activity as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (EC50 = 47.4 µg mL-1), inhibited both β-carotene bleaching and deoxyribose degradation, quenched a chemically generated superoxide anion in vitro and showed high ferrous ion chelating activity. Reactivity towards 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical cation and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values were equivalent to 2.30 mM L-1 Trolox, the water soluble α-tocopherol analogue, and 1.91 mM L-1 Fe2+, respectively. The high antioxidant activity of the extract appeared to be attributed to its high content of total phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins. The flavonoids isolated from R. agrestis leaves were diosmetin, kaempherol, quercetin, kaempherol 3-glucoside (astragalin), quercetin 3-rhamnoside (quercitrin), quercetin 3-xyloside and quercetin 3-galactoside (hyperoside). Diosmetin (5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone) was isolated for the first time from Rosa species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]