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Music education has formed part of compulsory education levels in Spain since the entry into force of the Organic Law for the LOGSE of 3 October 1990. Nonetheless, it cannot be said that music education is fully consolidated at these education levels. The purpose of this article is to determine the perception of currently active teachers regarding their daily teaching practices in the subject of music. A focus group of 11 active teachers was established, all of whom were civil servants: six primary school teachers and five compulsory secondary and higher secondary education teachers. The results show that problems arise due to their different conceptions of music education, as well as the lack of connection between teaching practice and the supporting theory. It is therefore considered necessary to reflect on these aspects with a view to definitively establishing this subject as a basic and integral part of the school curriculum.

El arte desarrolla las soft skills. No obstante, el manejo de estas últimas y el trabajo de las artes quedan relegadas a un segundo plano en la educación. De ahí, la necesidad de observar el vínculo de las soft skills en función del bajo y alto interés por las artes visuales en una muestra de 589 futuros docentes. Los resultados mostraron que el interés por las artes visuales fue más alto en la mayoría de dimensiones de las soft skills. Asimismo, estos factores predicen el alto interés por las artes visuales. Se debe ampliar el conocimiento científico en este campo. Art develops soft skills. However, the management of the latter and the work of the arts are relegated to the background in education. Hence, the need to observe the link between soft skills based on the low and high interest in visual arts in a sample of 589 future teachers. The results showed that interest in the visual arts was higher in most dimensions of soft skills. Likewise, these factors predict high interest in visual arts. Scientific knowledge in this field should be expanded.

The objective of this study is to develop intercultural and critical citizenship competences by using a literary excerpt among a group of EFL university students in Spain. For this purpose, the focus group method was adopted, and a qualitative study was designed. The core aim was to implicitly work on aspects such as otherness, the rejection of racism and the use of revenge as a response to a perceived unethical action. The findings demonstrate that the approach dealt effectively with all these concepts. The literary excerpt triggered discussions against racism and religious intolerance. Revenge was rejected as a constructive solution to discrimination and the cohort expressed their connection to ‘others’ through a common humanity, which is linked to human rights principles. These values are closely aligned to the theoretical reference points known as Intercultural Citizenship Education (ICE), Global Citizenship Education (GCED) and cosmopolitan citizenship.

Aesthetic-musical awareness demarcates a person's own perception of their ability to connect with music and the emotions it evokes. This may imply a benefit for the affective state of the individual. Therefore, the aim of this study was to observe whether there are statistically significant differences in emotional intelligence, perceived academic self-efficacy, and perfectionistic automatic thoughts when there are high and low scores in aesthetic-musical awareness in late adolescence. Likewise, we also aimed to determine whether emotional intelligence, perceived academic self-efficacy, and perfectionistic automatic thoughts are predictors of high aesthetic-musical awareness. To this end, a sample of 798 Spanish students between 17 and 23 years of age (Mage = 18.5 years) was used. Statistically significant differences were found for the dimensions of each variable when there were high and low scores in aesthetic-musical awareness (scores between d = −0.31 and −0.40), with higher mean scores for emotional intelligence, perceived academic self-efficacy, and perfectionistic automatic thoughts being present in the group with high aesthetic-musical awareness. Likewise, it was observed that the probability of presenting high scores in aesthetic-musical awareness was higher when there was an increase in emotional intelligence, perceived academic self-efficacy, and perceived automatic thoughts. In conclusion, the results found demonstrate that both emotional intelligence, perceived academic self-efficacy, and the presence of perfectionistic automatic thoughts influence on whether an individual has greater aesthetic-musical awareness. Taking into account previous studies that show how music influences the well-being of the person, these findings show a favorable link for the design of programs that benefit the emotional state of adolescents.

The education of future teachers is going through a crisis related to audiovisual education. Following what is known as the 2015&ndash, 2030 Agenda, the world of education is being confronted with a new learning model that must respond to the proposals of the Sustainable Development Goals&mdash, SDGs. In this article, we want to emphasize the need for training future teachers to meet the new needs of media education, taking into account the increasing importance of sustainable development of children in relation to audiovisual media to maintain their welfare, skills and future prospects. For this reason, the objective of the study is to collect the perceptions of 278 future schoolteachers about the significance of audiovisual education and their own training on the subject, the socio-educational objectives of audiovisual tools, their positioning regarding audiovisual methodology and the concept of communication. Two ad-hoc questionnaires with an ex-post-facto design were used. The findings showed that a reduced percentage of students felt they had received full audiovisual training. Nevertheless, over half of the future schoolteachers considered their work in the classroom to be important for social and educational ends, both from a theoretical and a practical viewpoint. We believe it is necessary to provide audiovisual education to future schoolteachers based on students&rsquo, interests and needs.

High perceived academic self-efficacy influences both subject performance and emotions of the subject. In turn, dispositional empathy implies a social and emotional adaptability towards the subject itself and those around them. This study aimed to analyze the differences in the mean dispositional empathy factors (i.e., perspective taking, fantasy, empathic concern and personal distress) between future teachers with high and low perceived academic self-efficacy, as well as the predictive capacity of dispositional empathy on high perceived academic self-efficacy, and the correlations between both dimensions. For this, a sample of 805 Spanish students of the Faculties of Education of the Universities of Alicante and Murcia was recruited. The Escala de Autoeficacia Percibida Espec&iacute, fica de Situaciones Acad&eacute, micas was used to assess perceived academic self-efficacy and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index was used to analyze the dimensions of dispositional empathy. It was observed that high academic self-efficacy is more likely to present in people with a high level of perspective taking and fantasy (OR = 1.07 and 1.09, respectively) and less for those with personal discomfort (OR = 0.17). The other analyzes provided the same conclusions. In conclusion, it is important to develop perceived academic self-efficacy in undergraduates and future teachers due to the consequences that can lead to their classrooms.

The question of developing educational policies that involve training people to be capable of critical reflection and skilled in approaching the discussion-debate binomial, with the overall goal of achieving learning which is of a transformative kind, is currently embraced by the transdisciplinary paradigm known as Global Citizenship Education. This qualitative study investigates the impact of protest or topical songs released in response to the Iraq War on a cohort of university students and explores whether these songs could be useful in Global Citizenship Education. The results of the study emphasize the value of these types of songs as triggers for transformative learning, because, independently of respective national educational policies or the possible influence of the mass and digital media, these songs were shown to tap into an underlying set of universal values, rights and attitudes among citizens that drive the need for Global Citizenship Education design and evaluation.

Agricultural work in many cultures has been accompanied by a series of songs used to break the monotony of work and to give rhythm to the activity. Furthermore, certain facets of life in each society are reflected in their words. The objective of this study is to look at the role of songs relating to farm labour in the social and cultural context of the Valencian Community, through analysis of the accounts of participants and of the significance they attribute to these songs as part of their cultural heritage and community identity.

Perfectionistic Automatic Thoughts (PAT) negatively affects people who present it. Hence the importance of their study to determine possible ways of reduction. The current study tried to identify PAT profiles and specify the statistically significant differences in the Spontaneous Use of Mental Imaging in 647 undergraduates. For this the Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory and the Spontaneous Use of Imagery Scale were used. The cluster analyses showed three groups of PATs, low (LPAT), moderate (MPAT) and high (HPAT). An analysis of variance revealed moderate size differences in the visual-spatial capacity as well as in the total of the Spontaneous Use of Mental Images for MPAT and LPAT. Implications for the training of future teachers related to the use of mental imagery that can reduce maladaptive PAT are discussed.

La educación musical en la enseñanza obligatoria en España —infantil, primaria y secundaria—, es una de las materias de más reciente incorporación al currículo escolar y donde la praxis tiene su razón de ser. El problema es entender qué significa este procedimiento, la praxis, y saber su dificultad para su aplicación. Para ello hay que conocer la problemática inserta en responder qué es la música; qué es la educación musical y la importancia de relacionar educación musical y comparatismo como forma de realizar investigaciones valiosas para esta materia. Music education is one of the most recent subjects to be included in the respective school curricula of Spain’s compulsory education system —infant, primary and secondary— and it is where praxis finds its raison d’être. The problem lies in understanding what is involved in this procedure —praxis— as well as knowing the difficulties arising from its application. To this end, it is necessary to answer complex questions related to defining music and music education, as well as understanding the importance of relating music education to comparative education as a means by which to conduct valuable research in this subject.

Salpassa denotes the blessing of houses, land, and other belongings, carried out during Easter week and Resurrection (Easter) Sunday in the Valencia–Catalonia linguistic region of north-eastern Spain. Although it is now remembered mostly as a consecrating ceremony or a religious rite, recent field research has shown that a playful element, carried out by children through their songs and other activities, was also an important aspect of the traditional Salpassa.

El presente trabajo es una investigación sobre la adecuación del material empleado en las actividades de autoaprendizaje y su valoración en la asunción de las competencias de la guía docente de Lenguaje Musical para el alumnado de la diplomatura de Magisterio Musical. Para ello, la información se ha obtenido mediante dos cuestionarios autoadministrados a los alumnos, uno cuantitativo y otro cualitativo. Los resultados afirman y muestran la influencia de la formación previa de los estudiantes en la culminación y nivel de progresión del trabajo autónomo, la necesidad de tutorización y el desarrollo de cuestiones prácticas. Por último, se plantea la insuficiencia de medios, tanto personales como materiales, para el desarrollo correcto de la nueva metodología basada en el EEES. This paper is a research study on the suitability of the materials used in self-learning activities and their impact on the acquisition of competences according to the teaching programme of Music Theory in the context of university students studying Primary Education with Music as a major subject. For this purpose, qualitative and quantitative questionnaires were filled in by the students. The results show and demonstrate the influence of students´ previous knowledge of music in the achievement and level of progression of students’ independent work; also they underline the need for tutor-led sessions and for the development of practical issues. Finally, they also point out the lack of staff and material resources to adequately develop the new methodology based on the EHES.