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Los frutos y sus subproductos, son fuente importante de fitoquímicos, que impactan en la calidad de los alimentos y la salud de los consumidores. Particularmente los subproductos de dátil son fuente potencial de estas moléculas, debido a que durante su producción comercial el nivel de subproductos obtenido es importante. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de utilización de diferentes métodos (maceración y extracción asistida por ultrasonido: EAU) y solventes (agua, etanol:agua, acetona:agua) de extracción, sobre el contenido de fitoquímicos y la capacidad antioxidante de extractos de subproductos de dátil producidos en el estado de Sonora. Se determinó el contenido de compuestos fenólicos (fenoles, CFT; y flavonoides CFlvT totales), además de la capacidad antioxidante (radical-DPPH•+ y poder reductor, PR). Los resultados mostraron que los subproductos de dátil presentan contenido de humedad (28.44%), grasa (0.52%), proteína (2.56%) y cenizas (2.75%), similares al fruto comercial. Además, se encontró que la utilización de diferentes solventes afectó (p

Poro de Tabasco cheese (PTC) is one of the most popular cheeses in southern Mexico. It has been made by traditional, nonstandardized artisanal techniques dating back more than 50 yr. These techniques result in the cheese having a heterogeneous chemical and microbiological composition and, consequently, distinct organoleptic characteristics. Scientific interest in artisanal cheese is growing because it represents a source of bacteria with potential health benefits. However, the quality of raw-milk cheeses often does not comply with official sanitary standards. The objective of the present study was to explore the chemical composition and microbiological quality of PTC and to describe its production process. Based on chemical composition, this cheese can be classified as a hard, full-fat, fresh cheese, with moisture on a fat-free basis and fat in dry matter ranging from 41 to 55% and from 49 to 57%, respectively. The chemical and microbiological composition of PTC varied among the evaluated dairies due to the lack of standardization in the production process. Microbial populations decreased during production, which may be associated with high acidity and high salt and low moisture contents, the presence of lactic acid bacteria or antimicrobial substances, and the drainage of whey. However, despite the absence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes in final cheeses for all dairies, Staphylococcus aureus and its toxins were found in some samples from one dairy. Therefore, heat treatment for milk and good manufacturing practices should be implemented throughout the entire production process to ensure a safe product.

Introduction The term descending necrotising mediastinitis (DNM) refers to an infection that begins in the oropharyngeal region and spreads through the fascial planes into the mediastinum. This study aims to estimate the incidence of DNM in our centre, the epidemiology and clinical features of the disease and to evaluate prognostic factors influencing mortality. Patients and methods We performed a retrospective study on 43 consecutive patients diagnosed at the Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron in Barcelona from January 1996 to December 2006. We performed a descriptive study and a bivariate and a multivariate analysis of variables collected. Results Overall mortality was 21%, but when we subdivided the study into two periods (1996–2000 and 2001–2006) it shows a significant decrease (40% versus 4.3%). Risk factors identified in the bivariate analysis were: diagnosis period 1996–2000, diabetes mellitus, comorbidity, number of surgeries, left lateral surgery, postoperative morbidity and septic shock. In multivariate analysis, only the presence of septic shock proved to be an independent predictor of mortality. Conclusions DNM is a disease of low incidence and should be suspected clinically and confirmed immediately with a computed tomography (CT). Multidisciplinary and early treatment has allowed us to reduce mortality by 40% in the first initial period to 4.3% today.

The objective of this review is to present an overview of some of the most commonly consumed artisanal Mexican cheeses, as well as those cheeses that show potential for a protected designation of origin. A description is given for each of these cheeses, including information on their distinguishing characteristics that makes some of them potential candidates for achieving a protected designation of origin status. This distinction could help to expand their frontiers and allow them to become better known and appreciated in other parts of the world. Due to the scarcity of scientific studies concerning artisanal Mexican cheeses, which would ultimately aid in the standardization of manufacturing processes and in the establishment of regulations related to their production, more than 40 varieties of artisanal cheese are in danger of disappearing. To preserve these cheeses, it is necessary to address this challenge by working jointly with government, artisanal cheesemaking organizations, industry, academics, and commercial partners on the implementation of strategies to protect and preserve their artisanal means of production. With sufficient information, official Mexican regulations could be established that would encompass and regulate the manufacture of Mexican artisanal cheeses. Finally, as many Mexican artisanal cheeses are produced from raw milk, more scientific studies are required to show the role of the lactic acid bacteria and their antagonistic effect on pathogenic microorganisms during aging following cheese making.

El artículo tratya la alimentación del niño en el promer año de vidad bajo dos puntos de vista:El primero, se refiere a los requeriemientos nutricionales y la maduración del sistema digestivo del niño por vía oral .Este aspecto se trata someramente, puesto que hay vasta literatura que lo maneja a profundidad.El segundo, analiza cómo a tráves de los colores, los olores, los sabores, la consistencia de los alimentos, los utesilios que se usan y la actitud de la familia se estimula el desarrllo psicofíisico y social del niño.

Introduction. Most patients admitted to the Intensive Care Units (ICU) receive antimicrobial treatment. A proper therapeutic strategy may be useful in decreasing inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatments. When the infection is not microbiologically confirmed, the antimicrobial streamlining may be difficult. Nevertheless, there is scant information about the influence of the microbiological confirmation of the infections on empirical antimicrobial treatment duration. Method. Post-hoc analysis of prospective data (ENVIN-UCI register) and observational study of patients admitted (24 hours) in a medico-surgical ICU, through the three-months annual surveillance interval for a period of ten years, receiving antimicrobial treatment for treating an infection. Demographic, infection and microbiological data were collected as well as empirical antimicrobial treatment and causes of adaptation. The main goal was to establish the influence of microbiological confirmation on empirical antimicrobial treatment duration. Results. During the study period 1,526 patients were included, 1,260 infections were diagnosed and an empirical antibiotic treatment was started in 1,754 cases. Infections were microbiologically confirmed in 1,073 (62.2%) of the empirical antibiotic treatment. In 593 (55.3%) cases, the antimicrobial treatment was considered appropriate. The main cause of treatment adaptation in the microbiologically confirmed infections was streamlining (39%). The microbiological confirmation of the infection was not associated with significantly shorter empirical antibiotic treatments (6.6 ± 5.2 VS. 6.8 ± 4.5 days). Conclusion. The microbiological confirmation of infections in patients admitted to UCI was associated with a higher reduction of antimicrobial spectrum, although had no effect on the length of empirical antimicrobial therapy.

"La microbiota asociada a los quesos artesanales juega un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de las características sensoriales típicas y en su inocuidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la dinámica poblacional de la microbiota durante el proceso de manufactura artesanal del queso de Poro de Balancán (QPB) del estado de Tabasco. Muestras de leche cruda (LC), suero para cuajar (SPC), cuajada (C), suero de cuajada (SC) y queso (Q), de dos lotes de producción del QPB fueron recolectadas y estudiadas. A las muestras, se les determinó su composición fisicoquímica (humedad, proteína, grasa y acidez titulable), así como las cuentas de microorganismos indicadores (mesófilos aerobios, coliformes totales, hongos y levaduras), bacterias patógenas (Salmonella, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus y la presencia de su enterotoxina) y bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) (Lactobacillus, Lactococcus y Streptococcus). Para el estudio de la dinámica poblacional de la microbiota, se realizaron análisis mediante electroforesis en gel con gradiente desnaturalizante (DGGE) utilizando iniciadores universales dirigidos a la región V3 del gen 16S DNAr. Los resultados mostraron que la composición proximal del queso se encuentra dentro de lo establecido por la NOM-243-SSA1-2010. A pesar de la presencia de patógenos en LC, se observó una sucesión de las poblaciones en Q probablemente asociada a la acción de BAL (las cuales se encontraron en altas concentraciones). El análisis DGGE mostró que Streptococcus thermophilus y Lactobacillus delbruekii subsp. bulgaricus fueron los microorganismos más predominantes durante las manufactura del QPB. No obstante, otras especies de BAL encontradas pudieran ser importantes en las características finales de este queso. Los resultados de este estudio permitieron identificar las poblaciones microbianas que conforman el ecosistema QPB y como los cambios en las poblaciones microbianas son esenciales para el desarrollo de las características finales de este queso. Palabras clave: Dinámica poblacional, microbiota, queso de Poro de Balancán, PCR-DGGE."

The term descending necrotizing mediastinitis (MND) refers to an infection that begins in the oropharyngeal region and spreads through the fascial planes into the mediastinum. This study aims to estimate the incidence of MND in our centre, the epidemiology and clinical features of the disease and to evaluate prognostic factors influencing mortality.We performed a retrospective study on 43 consecutive patients diagnosed at the Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron in Barcelona from January 1996 to December 2006. We performed a descriptive study and a bivariate and a multivariate analysis of variables collected.Overall mortality was 21%, but when we subdivided the study into two periods (1996-2000 and 2001-2006) it shows a significant decrease (40% versus 4.3%). Risk factors identified in the bivariate analysis were: diagnosis period 1996-2000, diabetes mellitus, comorbidity, number of surgeries, left lateral surgery, postoperative morbidity and septic shock. In multivariate analysis, only the presence of septic shock proved to be an independent predictor of mortality.MND is a disease of low incidence and should be suspected clinically and confirmed immediately with a computed tomography (CT). Multidisciplinary and early treatment has allowed us to reduce mortality by 40% in the first initial period to 4.3% today.

The aim of the following research has been to analyse the degree of subjective psychological well-being (understood as vital satisfaction, positive affection and negative affection) and its relation with some health problems (illnesses symptoms) and behaviours of health risk, (mainly related to the consumption of both, legal and illegal substances), in a sample of teenagers escolarized in boarding schools with a high external control. The sample used has been composed by 170 individuals of both sexs with ages among 14 and 20. The results show that meaningful relations between the previonsly mentioned terms exist and that they are associated to socialdemographic variables, such as age, sex and the school regimen. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido analizar el grado de bienestar subjetivo (entendido como satisfacción vital, afecto positivo y afecto negativo) y su relación con algunos problemas de salud (síntomas de enfermedades) y conductas de riesgo para la salud (fundamentalmente, las relacionadas con el consumo de sustancias legales e ilegales) en una muestra de adolescentes escolarizados en régimen ordinario e internado con alto control externo. La muestra utilizada ha sido de 170 sujetos de ambos géneros con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 20 años. Los resultados muestran que existen relaciones significativas entre los constructos anteriormente mencionados y, asociados a su vez a variables sociodemográficas, tales como edad, sexo y régimen de escolarización.