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This paper examines the propensity of African American students to graduate from Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Using IPEDS data from 2004 to 2016, we take care in developing a control group of institutions from which to compare HBCU success. Results suggest that despite accepting more students who are at risk of not graduating, HBCUs have a higher graduation rate for African American students than their peers. We then show that gender nor major choice help explain this persistent difference.

Many institutions of higher learning aim to promote greater racial diversity to harness learning benefits and foster a sense of inclusion. Nevertheless, the institutional pursuit of racial diversity is difficult to benchmark. The current constitutional boundary limits the use of race to promote the diversity in college admissions to a "narrow," "holistic," and "case-by-case" strategy laden with definitional ambiguity. This ambiguity is deepened by constraints, such as institutional history, demographics, geography, and institutional rank, that often go unaccounted for in popular diversity measures. This article creates an expected diversity measure that describes the amount of racial diversity one would expect accounting for the home state of their incoming class. This initial step serves as an example that universities may follow when using their own internal data to account for a richer set of diversity constraints and to better monitor progress toward reaching their racial diversity goals. These measures can free universities from chasing unattainable external judgments on diversity targets, such as national benchmarks, thereby encouraging a more effective redistribution of resources for diversity-related outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. We investigate how much state-to-state elderly migration patterns have changed during 1970-2000 and compare the findings from 2 commonly used sources of data, the census flow tabulations and the integrated public use microdata series (IPUMS). Methods. We calculate descriptive statistics such as migration rates, the distribution of top destination and origin states, and a new migration Herfindahl-Hirschman Index that measures geographic concentration. Comparisons over time and between data sources are formalized using correlations and regression analyses that permit persistent flow patterns. Results. After an increase between 1970 and 1980, elderly migration rates have been stable, with a slight decline. Elderly migration has become less geographically concentrated; the decline of California and Florida and ascension of Nevada and the Carolinas as top destinations are evident. Correlation and regression analyses reveal that migration patterns are overall very persistent over time, especially using census tabulations based on a larger sample. Discussion. Elderly migration patterns have been quite stable since 1970. Using the IPUMS, as most migration studies do, exaggerates the changes in elderly migration over time in both descriptive and statistical analyses, a result that is likely due to its smaller sample size and the relative rarity of an interstate move. Key Words: Census--Elderly migration flows--IPUMS--Migration HHI concentration measure. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbp135.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2010.03.001 Byline: Timothy C. Ford (a), Jonathan C. Rork (b) Keywords: State growth; Knowledge spillovers; Foreign direct investment Abstract: Research has shown that foreign direct investment (FDI) encourages economic growth at the state level. We also know that knowledge spillovers, measured via patent counts, contribute to economic growth. Using an instrumental variable approach, this paper demonstrates that FDI increases patent rates in US states, thereby providing a link for the mechanism through which FDI impacts growth. Moreover, we find that FDI in neighboring states has just as strong an impact on patent rates, giving further credence to the notion that knowledge can spill across state borders. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics, California State University-Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Tahoe Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819, United States (b) Department of Economics, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, PO Box 3992, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States Article History: Received 25 February 2008; Revised 25 February 2010

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2008.00554.x Byline: Timothy C. Ford (1), Jonathan C. Rork (2), Bruce T. Elmslie (3) Abstract: ABSTRACT. It has long been surmised that firms controlled by different countries may have unequal effects on the host economies in which they locate. By looking at the seven major source countries of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the United States, we provide empirical evidence that the state growth effects of FDI differ by source country. We attribute these differential growth effects to the relative differences in factor endowments between the source country and the state. The implication of this result is that technology transfer, believed to be the engine of economic growth, becomes more costly the more dissimilar the endowments. Author Affiliation: (1)Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, AR 71753. E-mail:tcford@saumag.edu (2)Department of Economics, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, PO Box 3992, Atlanta, GA 30302. E-mail:jrork@gsu.edu (3)Department of Economics, University of New Hampshire, 15 College Road, Durham, NH 03824. E-mail:bte@cisunix.unh.edu Article History: Received: April 2004; revised: July 2005, March 2007; accepted: July 2007.

By an examination of the tax structure of state lotteries in the United States, it is shown that state lotteries face interstate tax competition. Payout rate of state lotteries is influenced by the payout rates of neighboring states.

Since 1976, more than 30 states have eliminated their 'death' taxes and many others have reduced them. This unexplored case of interstate tax competition presents a unique opportunity to develop [...]

Income tax breaks for elderly taxpayers are sizable, widespread, and potentially affect growth through migration and other behaviors. We provide the first investigation into the growth effects of differential tax policy by age, taking a multi‐pronged empirical approach to US state‐level data since 1977. Some analyses include panel error‐correction models combined with variation in state‐level policies over time. Alternative analyses use how changes in federal tax law manifest at the state‐level. Results suggest that taxes on lower income taxpayers, of any age, decrease growth the most, while taxing the high income elderly—those targeted recently—has little effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State governments have a long history of providing income tax relief to their elderly constituents. Our research investigates the current distributional and revenue effects of these tax breaks, as well as the economic status of the elderly, and explores how these measures have changed since 1990. Using data from the 1990 Integrated Public Use Microdata Series and the 2013 American Community Survey, combined with the TAXSIM calculator, we calculate current state income tax liabilities and revenues and simulate the effects of removing all age-related tax breaks. Our analyses reveal that the economic well-being of the elderly has grown substantially relative to the nonelderly and that state tax breaks primarily benefit the middle- and upper-income elderly. Revenue costs of these tax breaks have also grown substantially, and their modest and mixed effects on income equality, measured by changes in the Gini, cast doubt on equity as a justification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One challenge states face in designing income tax systems is deciding how to treat nonresident earners. Numerous states have entered into reciprocity agreements with other states that exclude nonresidents’ income from the tax base. These agreements provide a unique opportunity to explore the nature of state tax competition. The authors demonstrate that not only do reciprocity agreements allow states to have higher income tax rates than do nonreciprocity states but also that the states with reciprocity agreements exhibit increased levels of competition over other taxes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The United States has experienced a dramatic increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent years. While foreign firms bring immediate benefits of high-paying jobs, data limitations have prevented detailed study on FDI's long-term effects on the states receiving it. By creating a new stock measure of FDI based on employment, we are able to capture these long-term effects. Results demonstrate that FDI has a greater impact on per capita output growth than domestic investment for US states that meet a minimum human capital threshold. Ironically, the most active states in the recruitment of FDI tend to fall below this threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]