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One way to secure the autonomy of special sciences like psychology is to block reductive strategies by assuming that higher-order properties in psychology are multiply realizable. Multiple realizability would then secure both metaphysical irreducibility and dependency by exploring the variety of ways in which higher-order phenomena can be realized in different systems. Originally, a promising way to understand this variability was in terms of the possible realization role played by property disjunction. However, the non-projectability of disjunctive predicates into explanatory generalizations undermines the multiple realizability strategy mainly because a condition for these generalizations to have scientific weight is that they be based on the existence of natural kinds. Traditionally, disjunctive properties have no reference to kinds. In this paper I explore the character of disjunctive properties as cases of homeostatic property clusters sufficient to be classified as genuine natural kinds, and the consequences for the question of the autonomy of the special sciences.

Introduction. Cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia enfold heart disease morbimortality. Diagonal earlobe crease has been proposed as a prognostic marker of extension and severity of illness in patients with acute coronary syndrome. But its usefulness remains unclear in patients with or without coronary disease. Methods. A case-control study was carried out on a total of 805 patients with and without cardiovascular risk factors or acute coronary syndrome. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to determine the probability of having diagonal earlobe crease with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and acute coronary syndrome. Data were summarized as odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals and P values. Results. An unadjusted (univariate) analysis showed that being male, being older than 55 years, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia, as well as having acute coronary syndrome, were associated with the presence of diagonal earlobe crease. The multivariate analysis showed that men (OR 1.6, 95% IC 1.1–2.4, P=0.007), being over 55 years old (OR 4.8, 95% IC 3.2–7.2, P

In February 2019, Paraguay celebrated the thirtieth anniversary of the coup that ended the Stroessner dictatorship and inaugurated a chaotic yet effective process of democratic transition. This article focuses on a forgotten actor of Paraguay’s institutional and political renewal: the peasant movement. In fact, in a country considered as one of the most unequal in the world in terms of land distribution, the political imprint of the peasant movement actually seems negligible, despite its numerical importance and its great mobilizing capacity. Based on a thorough reading of the academic literature on the subject, we try to understand the reasons behind the impotence of the peasant movement when it comes to influencing the political agenda.

The objective of the research is based on analyzing entrepreneurship, innovation and its relationship with local development in the city of Cuenca. It was based on a descriptive type with a non-experimental field design. Regarding which initiatives entrepreneurs believe that the government should implement to support them, 39.3% consider that there would be a reduction in bureaucratic procedures as a measure to support entrepreneurship, 22.6% state that training would be of great help, 21.4% state that tax benefits They are necessary to promote entrepreneurship and 16.7% believe that it is necessary to simplify the hiring of employees. The aspects that link entrepreneurship with job creation, education and local development are present on the one hand in the capacity to undertake promoted through education, on the other hand, the presence of entrepreneurs in the city is a source of job.

Objetivo: Describir la etiología más frecuente en pacientes que requirieron cirugía por artroplastía fallida de cadera en sala de Ortopedia y Traumatología (OyT) del Hospital General de Agudos “Dr. Juan A. Fernández” (HGAJAF) entre julio a de 2018 y noviembre de 2019. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal, de carácter retrospectivo a partir de una base de datos de la sala de OyT creada por el Servicio de kinesiología del HGAJAF. El tipo de muestreo fue no probabilístico y consecutivo. Se incluyeron pacientes de ambos sexos, mayores de 18 años, internados en sala de OyT del HGAJAF en el periodo comprendido entre julio de 2018 y noviembre de 2019, con diagnóstico médico de artroplastia total de cadera, que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente por su reemplazo primario en este nosocomio o en otro establecimiento. Se excluyeron pacientes cuya historia clínica se encontraba incompleta por falta o pérdida de datos demográficos de los mismos y aquellos pacientes que fueron sometidos a una cirugía de resección. Resultados: Se reclutaron un total de 48 pacientes. El aflojamiento séptico n=20 (41,67 %) se presentó como causa de falla más prevalente, seguido por el aflojamiento aséptico n=16 (33,3 %). Conclusión: En esta muestra de pacientes con artroplastia fallida, el motivo de falla más frecuente fue el aflojamiento séptico.

El presente artículo trata la evolución del poblamiento medieval de la zona septentrional del Valle Alto del río Guadalbullón. Se presentan datos novedosos, nunca tenidos en cuenta en los yacimientos del entorno, gracias a la aplicación de múltiples análisis GIS en materia de altitud, pendiente y visibilidad. Todo ello, bajo una metodología multidisciplinar, ha podido confirmar modelos defensivos y patrones de asentamiento muy variables entre el emirato y la fijación fronteriza castellano-nazarí. Estas páginas ponen sobre la mesa la necesidad de actualizar el incompleto conocimiento histórico de Sierra Mágina siguiendo los principios metodológicos expuestos.

Esta investigación analiza los procesos de desarrollo urbano, organización y resistencia en las urbanizaciones desarrolladas por iniciativa popular de Asunción, Paraguay. Para ello, la investigación recolectó los datos disponibles en las instituciones oficiales que cuentan con registros de estos barrios, y realizó posteriormente una investigación cualitativa por medio de observaciones y entrevistas en profundidad a 30 líderes de las organizaciones comunitarias en urbanizaciones populares. Los testimonios de los líderes entrevistados señalan que el proceso de urbanización popular en la zona ribereña de Asunción tiene sus orígenes en el período colonial, y se fue extendiendo durante las últimas décadas a los municipios que conforman la región metropolitana de la ciudad. Las comunidades protagonistas del proceso urbanización fueron construyendo estos barrios populares, mediante la conformación de redes organizativas y acciones solidarias. Si bien los mecanismos de ocupación y resistencia incluyeron movilizaciones callejeras, las organizaciones comunitarias no se han apartado de la gestión institucional, con la esperanza de conquistar mejores canales de participación ciudadana.

One of the drawbacks that usually occurs when working in a veterinary hospital is the need to have a permanent stock of medicines and other health products, including large volumes of sterile parenteral solutions, which are widely used in the daily clinic. Replacement fluids most frequently used are the solutions of dextrose 5 %, sodium chloride 0.9 % and Ringer lactate, among others. It is essential that the solutions to be administered are in sterile conditions. In that sense, short-wave ultraviolet light (UVC), non-ionizing radiation, is a powerful antibacterial agent that disinfects without altering the color, flavor, odor or pH of the sample. The objective of this work was to study the application of UVC radiation to sterilize parenteral solutions with refrigerated storage. We worked with 5 % dextrose solution and 0.9 % physiological solution separated in control samples, untreated, and treated with UVC light. The irradiation dose received by the samples was 3.4095 J/cm2. Subsequently, they were stored in temperature controlled refrigeration chambers at 4 °C for 7 days. It was observed for the case of the irradiated samples, that there was no visible development during that time, conserving its sterility. In addition, the inactivation factor, F.I. %, was determined after 7 days. In both studied solutions , 99 to 100 % inactivation was obtained. Analyzing the obtained results , the use of irradiation with UVC light as a means of sterilization and the subsequent maintenance of the solutions at refrigeration temperatures, we consider that it constitutes an interesting and new technology to be implemented

Minimum tillage in rice production is increasing in southern Brazil, reaching 60% of the total planted area. Compared to conventional tillage, in this system there is an increase in the occurrence of perennial weeds, such as Luziola peruviana and Leersia hexandra, which are amphibious plants, as they can occur in both flooded environments and aerobic conditions. These weeds are controlled in burn-down before rice planting by glyphosate applications, the efficacy of which depends on the soil moisture. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different soil moisture regimes in L. hexandra and L. peruviana growth and photoassimilate partitioning. Both species were assessed under soil moisture regimes of flooded, saturated, 7 kPa, 15 kPa, 40 kPa, and 100 kPa (experiment 1) and flooded, saturated, and 7 kPa (experiment 2). Plants were sampled immediately after drainage (3 months after transplant) and 1 and 2 weeks after drainage. The results showed that as soil moisture levels decreased, growth and development parameters were negatively affected in both species. Photoassimilate partitioning was affected by water regime and differences were observed between species. The total soluble sugars and starch content decreased in the leaves, and sucrose concentration increased in the roots following drainage. Soil drainage affects the growth and alters carbohydrate partitioning of these weeds, increasing the sugar storage in roots. The agronomic impact of these findings is that this behavior may affect herbicide transport in phloem and may affect herbicide efficacy.

Many authors have been working on approaches that can be applied to social robots to allow a more realistic/comfortable relationship between humans and robots in the same space. This paper proposes a new navigation strategy for social environments by recognizing and considering the social conventions of people and groups. To achieve that, we proposed the application of Delaunay triangulation for connecting people as vertices of a triangle network. Then, we defined a complete asymmetric Gaussian function (for individuals and groups) to decide zones where the robot must avoid passing. Furthermore, a feature generalization scheme called socialization feature was proposed to incorporate perception information that can be used to change the variance of the Gaussian function. Simulation results have been presented to demonstrate that the proposed approach can modify the path according to the perception of the robot compared to a standard A* algorithm.

Objetivo: Conocer la adherencia a las medidas no farmacológicas de los kinesiólogos/as que trabajan en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de adultos, para prevenir la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (NAVM) en establecimientos de salud públicos y privados de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA). Materiales y método: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de tipo encuesta online entre octubre y diciembre de 2018. Se incluyeron kinesiólogas/os que trabajan en una UTI de adultos ubicada geográficamente en CABA. Se los invitó a participar del estudio enviando la encuesta mediante la herramienta Survey Monkey®. Resultados: Se analizaron un total de 97 encuestas, de las cuales un 80,4% correspondían a roles asistenciales y un 19,6% a roles de coordinación. Se obtuvo una adherencia del 12,8% a las medidas de prevención no farmacológicas de la NAVM por parte de los kinesiólogos asistenciales. Conclusión: La baja adherencia a las medidas de prevención obtenida en nuestra encuesta, refleja la brecha que existe entre la práctica diaria de los kinesiólogos intensivistas y las recomendaciones de las guías basadas en la evidencia.

Desde que se publicaron los primeros casos de queratitis causados por Acanthamoeba spp., en 1974, 3 la cifra fue en aumento. Esta patología está relacionada con el uso de lentes de contacto y las cirugías refractivas, aunque no de manera excluyente, ya que el protozoario puede contraerse de fuentes de agua contaminadas, como lagunas y estanques. 1, 2, 5, 8, 10 El crecimiento de las amebas de vida libre se ve favorecida por el aumento de la temperatura del agua producto del calentamiento global y la tropicalización del clima. En el presente trabajo, se informan 11 casos de queratitis asociados al uso de lentes de contacto y cirugías refractivas y el caso de un paciente que adquirió los protozoos en su tarea laboral limpiando un aljibe. Para el diagnóstico de laboratorio se realizó raspado corneal para llevar a cabo el parasitológico directo y la siembra en medio de cultivo. Todas las muestras cultivadas resultaron positivas para Acanthamoeba spp. Esta entidad nosológica se caracteriza por generar un cuadro clínico caracterizado por fuertes dolores oculares y disminución de la capacidad visual. En el examen oftalmológico, se puede confundir con una infección herpética. Si la infección no se diagnostica y se trata de manera oportuna, puede conducir a la perforación de la córnea y a la pérdida del ojo.

Demand response is a basic tool used to develop modern power systems and electricity markets. Residential and commercial segments account for 40%-50% of the overall electricity demand. These segments need to overcome major obstacles before they can be included in a demand response portfolio. The objective of this paper is to tackle some of the technical barriers and explain how the potential of enabling technology (smart meters) can be harnessed, to evaluate the potential of customers for demand response (end-uses and their behaviors) and, moreover, to validate customers' effective response to market prices or system events by means of non-intrusive methods. A tool based on the Hilbert transform is improved herein to identify and characterize the most suitable loads for the aforesaid purpose, whereby important characteristics such as cycling frequency, power level and pulse width are identified. The proposed methodology allows the filtering of aggregated load according to the amplitudes of elemental loads, independently of the frequency of their behaviors that could be altered by internal or external inputs such as weather or demand response. In this way, the assessment and verification of customer response can be improved by solving the problem of load aggregation with the help of integral transforms.

Pre-slaughter handling of pigs established properly is very important, not only from the point of view of welfare, but also for the quality of meat. The aim of present research was to evaluate the effect of gender and density of pigs during their transport to the abattoir on the skin temperature and carcass and meat quality. Were used 192 (115.54 ± 6.03 kg) finishing pigs to investigate the effects of gender (barrows and gilts) and transport densities for slaughter (236, 251, and 275 kg/m²) on the skin temperature and carcass and meat quality. Average skin temperature between genders and transport densities at any point of time during pre-slaughter did not differ. Skin temperatures before unloading had the highest average value relative to all other time points, followed by immediately after unloading and remaining the same for the next 2 h. Lowest skin temperature value was registered on pigs at the pre-slaughter time followed by farm and at loading times. Pigs transported with different densities did not show differences for the skin carcass lesions. Meat from pigs transported at 275 kg/m² presented higher frequency of red, soft, exudative (RSE) and lower of red, firm, non-exudative (RFN) classes as compared to those for other densities. Animals transported at 236 and 251 kg/m² did not differ as the frequency of RSE and RFN meat. Skin temperature of pigs oscillate along the pre-slaughter times and the pre-slaughter transport of pigs at 236 and 251 kg/m² generates less frequency classes of faulty pork, although difference in the densities did not have any effect on the skin temperature and skin lesions.

Durante más de tres siglos, contados a partir de su fundación, la ciudad de Santa Marta careció de educación superior; solo hasta mediados del siglo XIX comenzó sus actividades académicas la Universidad del Estado Soberano del Magdalena con las escuelas de Medicina. Jurisprudencia y Pedagogía. Pero esta institución tuvo una corta existencia ya que fue cerrada en 1872.

La felicidad se identifica como una emoción básica y como una de las principales metas humanas que acompañan al ser humano por su travesía en la vida. La presente investigación se propuso explorar las diferencias sexuales y las relaciones entre elementos mediadores de la felicidad (cultura, recursos personales, auto-monitoreo, procesos de regulación emocional) y el bienestar subjetivo con la pareja, la familia, los amigos, el trabajo, el autoconcepto y las necesidades básicas. Se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística de N = 203 estudiantes universitarios de la Ciudad de México quienes en forma voluntaria respondieron a una batería de pruebas de ejecución, máxima y típica, validada previamente. Los resultados muestran la supremacía de las mujeres en las habilidades emocionales así como en la expresión emocional, mientras lo que predominó en los hombres fue el ejercicio de estrategias de control emocional. Asimismo, se encontraron mayor cantidad de relaciones y estos eran más fuertes entre los elementos mediadores de la felicidad con el bienestar subjetivo de las mujeres en su relación de pareja y autoconcepto, mientras que en los hombres se refleja en su relación con los amigos, principalmente.

Na busca por respostas quanto às condições de bem-estar animal, visou-se a avaliar neste trabalho o comportamento de pintainhos nas duas primeiras semanas de vida, por meio de processamento de imagens digitais. O experimento foi realizado em dois galpões comerciais, utilizados para criação de 15.200 aves de corte por galpão, durante um ciclo produtivo, dotados com fornalha a lenha de aquecimento indireto do ar. Foram instaladas duas câmeras de vídeo por galpão para aquisição de imagens digitais. Uma das câmeras possuía inclinação angular de 45º, e a outra, inclinação angular de 90º em relação ao solo. As imagens foram analisadas para cada condição climática diária e binarizadas, sendo depois processadas por meio de descritor de agrupamento/dispersão e correlacionadas com os valores de temperatura do ar. Observou-se correlação entre o descritor e os valores de temperatura do ar, sendo que as imagens obtidas pela câmera posicionada a 45º e divididas em 25 blocos, obtiveram maior correlação. Pelos dados obtidos, pode-se observar que o comportamento de agrupamento e dispersão dos pintainhos pode ser usado como indicador dos estados de conforto térmico e que o descritor se mostrou eficiente para esta quantificação.The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of young chickens in the first two weeks of life through digital images processing, for the determination of the best condition of animal welfare. The experiment was accomplished at two buildings with furnace with indirect air heating, used for creation of 15,200 broiler chickens by building, during one single productive cycle. For the production of digital images, two video cameras were installed by building. One of the cameras had an inclination of 45º and the other a 90º in relation to the ground. The images were analyzed for each daily climatic condition. Then, they were binarized and processed through grouping/dispersion descriptor and correlated with the values of temperature of the air. Correlation was observed between the descriptor and the values of temperature of the air. Images obtained by the camera positioned at 45º had the highest correlation. From the data obtained can be observed that the grouping/dispersion and the behavior of the young chickens can be used as indicator of the states of thermal comfort and that the descriptor was efficient for the quantification.

En nuestra entrega para el Tomo XXXIX del Anuario de Derecho Civil Uruguay, ratificamos nuestra opinión vertida en La Pluma No. 29 Junio 2008, en el sentido de que el régimen de la ley 18.212 no es aplicable a la cláusula penal pactada en una compraventa para el caso de resolución del contrato por incumplimiento de la obligación de pagar el precio.La cuestión debe resolverse en función de la materia regulada por la ley.En ese orden de ideas, en el trabajo publicado en el ADCU referido, siguiendo a Emilio Betti, manifestamos: "La materia (ratio legis) de la ley es la disciplina de la usura civil y penal abarcativa no solamente de los intereses usurarios sino también de los negocios usurarios en las operaciones de crédito"

This article was originally submitted for publication to the Revista del Instituto de Antropología (UNC) in the 1970s. Since the publication ceased to circulate years ago and that the Institute was dissolved, we have decided to save from the archives some contributions for reasons beyond the authors have been yet published. The draft of this article together with the Institute of Anthropology file now comprise part of the archives of the Museum of Anthropology (FFyH, UNC). To make it accessible to a much wider audience this unpublished information was selected.In this second volume of the Revista del Museo de Antropología we present this paper that provides an overview of the work carried out between late 1960 and early 1970 of a vast area of the province of Santiago del Estero, focusing on occupations ascribed to the Lower Formative Period. It offers the characterization of several sites and the remains found in them.

Conduziu-se um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos de codornas de corte de dois grupos genéticos durante 84 dias de experimento. Utilizaram-se 98 aves com média de peso equivalente a 258 g e 40 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois grupos genéticos (A e B) e sete repetições de sete aves por unidade experimental. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração (g/ave/dia), o peso médio dos ovos (g), a postura por ave por dia (%) e por ave alojada (%), a porcentagem de ovos viáveis produzidos, a porcentagem de ovos viáveis/ave/dia, a massa de ovos (g/ave/dia), a conversão por massa de ovos (kg/kg), a conversão por dúzia de ovos (kg/dz), a gravidade específica (g/cm³), o peso da gema (g), do albúmen e da casca, a porcentagem de gema, albúmen e casca, a altura e o diâmetro dos ovos (mm), a viabilidade das aves (%), o peso inicial e final (g) e o ganho de peso (g) das aves. O grupo genético B apresentou menor peso inicial aos 40 dias de idade, maior peso e porcentagem de casca e melhor gravidade específica dos ovos. As demais características não diferiram entre os grupos genéticos. Ambos os grupos genéticos avaliados apresentam desempenho satisfatório no período de 40 a 124 dias de idade.An experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate the performance and quality of eggs from meat quails from two genetic groups during 84 days of experiment. A total of 98 birds averaging 258 kg and 40 days old was assigned to a completely randomized design with two genetic groups (A and B) and seven replications of seven birds each. The evaluated characteristics were: diet consumption (g/bird/d), average egg weights (g), laying per bird per day (%) and per lodged bird (%), percentage of viable eggs produced, percentage of viable eggs/bird/d, egg mass (g/bird/d), conversion by egg mass (kg/kg), conversion by egg dozen (kg/dz), specific gravity (g/cm³), egg yolk weight (g), albumen and shell, percentage of yolk, albumen and shell, height and diameter of eggs (mm), viability of birds (%), initial and final weight (g) and weight gain (g). The genetic group B showed lower initial weight at 40 days old, higher weight and percentage of shell and better specific gravity of eggs. The other characteristics did not differ between the genetic groups. Both evaluated genetic groups have satisfactory performance in the period from 40 to 124 days old.

Pulmonary nocardiosis is a granulomatous disease with high mortality that affects both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients. The mechanisms leading to the establishment and progression of the infection are currently unknown. An animal model to study these mechanisms is sorely needed. We report the first in vivo model of granulomatous pulmonary nocardiosis that closely resembles human pathology. BALB/c mice infected intranasally with two different doses of GFP-expressing Nocardia brasiliensis ATCC700358 (NbGFP), develop weight loss and pulmonary granulomas. Mice infected with 109 CFUs progressed towards death within a week while mice infected with 108 CFUs died after five to six months. Histological examination of the lungs revealed that both the higher and lower doses of NbGFP induced granulomas with NbGFP clearly identifiable at the center of the lesions. Mice exposed to 108 CFUs and subsequently to 109 CFUs were not protected against disease severity but had less granulomas suggesting some degree of protection. Attempts to identify a cellular target for the infection were unsuccessful but we found that bacterial microcolonies in the suspension used to infect mice were responsible for the establishment of the disease. Small microcolonies of NbGFP, incompatible with nocardial doubling times starting from unicellular organisms, were identified in the lung as early as six hours after infection. Mice infected with highly purified unicellular preparations of NbGFP did not develop granulomas despite showing weight loss. Finally, intranasal delivery of nocardial microcolonies was enough for mice to develop granulomas with minimal weight loss. Taken together these results show that Nocardia brasiliensis microcolonies are both necessary and sufficient for the development of granulomatous pulmonary nocardiosis in mice.

O presente artigo propõe-se a examinar processos de análise textual qualitativa que, num ciclo de análise constituído de três elementos - unitarização, categorização e comunicação - se apresenta como um movimento que possibilita a emergência de novas compreensões com base na auto-organização. Ao longo do texto trabalha-se com a metáfora de uma tempestade de luz, procurando com isso criar uma imagem que traduza o modo como emergem as novas compreensões no processo analítico, atingindose novas formas de ordem com a participação do caos e da desordem.In this article we intend to examine a qualitative process of textual analysis. A cycle of three elements is presented: unitizing, categorizing and communicating. Arguments are put forward to support the idea that this cycle is a process of emergence of new understandings based on self-organization. A metaphor, comparing this analysis with "a storm of light" is presented, intending to show how the emergence of new comprehensions occurs in the analytical process, reaching new forms of order through chaos and disorder.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the width and length incidence in a single seed fraction of oat [Avena sativa (L.)] cv. Cristal. The seeds were selected by a mechanical divider and by hand, and their correspondence to radiographic images in seeds with glumes and their caryopses. The width and length of the seeds with glumes and their caryopses were measured with electronic calliper, and their weight, with precision balance. Radiographic images of seeds with glumes were taken with an X-ray experimental equipment. The analyst selected seeds with glumes by the width and by the length previously determined and so with more weight, than that obtained by hand selection was slightly narrower, larger and lighter. The presence of the glumes masked the caryopses real dimensions (width and length), and conduced the analyst to select seeds that differed more by the width than by the length. The radiographic images showed the presence, or not, of caryopses inside the seed and its real dimensions. The mechanical partition method for seeds showed to be more efficient because the analyst subjectivity was not considered when the selection upon its dimensions was done. The X-ray analysis was a useful tool that complements the pure seed fraction selection as another factor of seed quality.

O presente artigo propõe-se a reunir argumentos em favor do educar pela pesquisa como modo, tempo e espaço de formação docente. Iniciando-se por apresentar alguns princípios que fundamentam o educar pela pesquisa, mostra-se sempre com exemplificações práticas, como esses podem ser implementados pelo uso de um ciclo de pesquisa constituído por questionamento, argumentação e validação. Procurase mostrar também como esse encaminhamento da formação de professores possibilita uma educação com qualidade formal e política. Conclui-se o texto com alguns argumentos que sustentam que o educar pela pesquisa possibilita superar algumas limitações históricas dos cursos de formação de professores.This paper presents some arguments intending to demonstrate the strenghts of educating through inquiry as a way, a time and a space for teacher education. Starting with the presentation of some principles that base education through inquiry, it is showed, always based on practical examples, how these may be implemented with the use of an inquiry cycle formed by questioning, argumenting and validating. It is also intended to show how this process of teacher education may reach a high for-mal and political quality. In conclusion it is argued that educating through inquiry may help to over-come some historical limitations of teacher education courses.

En nuestra entrega para el Tomo XXXIX del Anuario de Derecho Civil Uruguay, ratificamos nuestra opinión vertida en La Pluma No. 29 Junio 2008, en el sentido de que el régimen de la ley 18.212 no es aplicable a la cláusula penal pactada en una compraventa para el caso de resolución del contrato por incumplimiento de la obligación de pagar el precio. La cuestión debe resolverse en función de la materia regulada por la ley. En ese orden de ideas, en el trabajo publicado en el ADCU referido, siguiendo a Emilio Betti, manifestamos: "La materia (ratio legis) de la ley es la disciplina de la usura civil y penal abarcativa no solamente de los intereses usurarios sino también de los negocios usurarios en las operaciones de crédito"

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar las alteraciones producidas por el deterioro en semillas de soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) utilizando diferentes pruebas de vigor. Se utilizaron semillas de soja de diferentes cultivares en 1997 y 1998, las cuales fueron sometidas a la prueba de germinación y diferentes pruebas de vigor: envejecimiento acelerado; conductividad eléctrica; deterioro controlado y tetrazolio. El deterioro controlado en semillas con 22% de humedad mostró ser un mejor indicador de la disminución del vigor de la semilla de soja que el envejecimiento acelerado. La conductividad eléctrica en semillas individuales podría ser considerada una buena prueba de vigor para detectar alteraciones producidas en las membranas citoplasmáticas en un estadio temprano del deterioro de las semillas. La clasificación de la viabilidad y el vigor a través de la prueba de tetrazolio está dada por el lugar donde se produce el daño y no por el tipo de daño que sufre la semilla.

El presente trabajo destaca la importancia del estudio de los apoyos sociales y de la representación simbólica de lo social en la dictadura franquista. Este enfoque permite interpretar el franquismo no sólo como el resultado de una «contrarrevolución» preventiva, puntualizándose el papel de la clase empresarial y el avance de la visión corporativa de la sociedad, sino también como la encarnación de una idea profundamente reaccionaria y tradicional de España que estuvo en el centro del universo simbólico de muchos españoles, trascendiendo divisiones sociales y territoriales. El análisis de los militantes y de los jefes locales de FET y de las JONS en la posguerra, así como de los componentes de las instituciones municipales en 1948, permite establecer unas conclusiones acerca de las bases sociales de la dictadura.

Sendo a astronomia uma das mais antigas ciências, cujos conhecimentos permitiram ver o universo de diferentes perspectivas, vemos nela um potencial instrumento de trabalho no ensino de ciências na escola. Tratamos aqui de apresentar uma breve revisão teórica e reflexiva sobre a importância da astronomia para o desenvolvimento e compreensão humana acerca da vida. Vemos nessa ciência a possibilidade de desenvolver a alfabetização científica dos alunos, em especial nos anos iniciais da educação básica. Apresentamos os fundamentos do ensino dessa ciência e a possibilidade de incluí-las nas aulas de ciências, entendendo que, a partir do trabalho com alguns conteúdos dela é possível alfabetizar cientificamente as crianças. Isso partindo da ideia de que a ciência não é uma resposta única aos fenômenos vivenciados no mundo, mas uma construção social, cujos produtos são os conhecimentos científicos. É preciso trabalhar com as crianças essa ideia de ciência como construção humana, social e cultural, para desmitificar a ideia, geralmente transmitida pela escola, de que o ofício de cientista é para poucos escolhidos.

Pretendemos aqui discutir quais as contribuições da epistemologia genética para a aprendizagem de temas da astronomia presentes no currículo dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Desta epistemologia surge, na pedagogia, a chamada metodologia construtivista. Demonstramos em nosso artigo que, ao utilizar uma metodologia que parta de perguntas e problemas o professor pode possibilitar a ação dos alunos sob o objeto de pesquisa e assim, tornar possível que construam seus conceitos sobre o mundo e possam cada vez mais complexificarem seus saberes. Ensinar astronomia desde os anos iniciais pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento do raciocínio lógico-matematico dos alunos, o que os torna capazes de compreender o mundo que os cerca, isto consequentemente influenciando na sua alfabetização cientifica, pois, cada vez mais poderão intervir no mundo de forma consciente. Neste sentido que acreditamos não apenas na inclusão de temas da astronomia no ensino de ciências, como também na necessidade de revisar as metodologias aplicadas nesta disciplina.

Apresentam-se para discussão algumas idéias derivadas de uma perspectiva sócio-cultural para a Educação. Encaminham-se algumas reflexões sobre o uso dessas idéias na escola, mais especificamente no ensino de Ciências, como modo de produzir aprendizagens nos professores e alunos, em que tomar conta do ambiente no sentido de cuidado passa ser um aspecto importante a ser inserido no currículo escolar em razão da degradação ambiental produzida pelo ser humano. O texto está estruturado em quatro partes. A primeira introduz alguns conceitos sobre linguagem e discurso; a segunda trata mais especificamente questões da fala e de sua importância no contexto escolar; a terceira se ocupa com a escrita, apresentando-a como modo mais elaborado de apropriação discursiva; finalmente, a última parte, aprofunda elementos referentes ao uso da narrativa como modo de envolvimento discursivo e de encaminhamento de aprendizagens escolares. Defende-se a idéia de que, numa perspectiva sócio-cultural, a linguagem é elemento essencial no domínio e na apropriação de discursos. Constitui, ao mesmo tempo, modo de comunicar o que já se sabe e de apropriar-se de novos conhecimentos. Dentro disso assume-se que a narrativa pode ter um papel destacado. Nesse sentido, aponta-se para a possibilidade de ambientalizar a escola a partir do ensino de Ciências pela apropriação de discursos cada vez mais complexos sobre a problemática ambiental que nos envolve e da qual somos, enquanto seres humanos, responsáveis.

Este texto apresenta uma reflexão sobre o processo de construção do conhecimento ao investigar concepções sobre educação em Ciências e a natureza das ciências relacionadas a experimentos de um museu interativo. A partir da análise de conteúdo dos depoimentos dos visitantes, foi constatado que o Museu pode ser utilizado dentro de uma concepção empirista sobre a aprendizagem, como se os experimentos interativos pudessem, por si mesmos, possibilitar a construção de conhecimentos. Entretanto, os professores envolvidos no projeto de forma continuada reconheceram formas alternativas de perceber a natureza das ciências e o seu desenvolvimento histórico, com reflexos na sua prática pedagógica, ao integrarem os recursos do Museu ao seu trabalho escolar em uma abordagem interacionista.

La clasificación de la provincia de Alicante en cuatro zonas económicas en función del racionamiento alimenticio después de la guerra civil motivó unas diferencias injustas en la dieta, con repercusiones económicas (ocultación, estraperlismo, etc.) y demográfi- cas, fundamentalmente movimientos de población hacia los centros urbanos y sobre todo hacia la capital. Esta emigración afectó como mínimo al 1% de la población, pero el porcentaje fue muy superior en los municipios rurales.

La guerra civil provocó importantes cambios en la población: una mortalidad eleva- da, un descenso de la natalidad y de la nupcialidad, el exilio y una movilidad espacial extraordinaria. Este último aspecto, referido a Alicante, es el objetivo de este artículo. Esta ciudad, por su condición de retaguardia, fue un centro receptor de numerosos refugiados, sobre todo mujeres y niños. Después de la guerra, muchos refugiados permanecieron en la ciudad y, además, llegaron los militares victoriosos y el personal de servicios que, con los prisioneros y los reclutas, cambiaron la estructura demográfica considerablemente.

Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo a un grupo de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Amalia Simoni" de Camagüey, desde el 1ro de diciembre de 2001 al 1ro de diciembre de 2002, para evaluar la tolerancia al ejercicio físico después de una rehabilitación respiratoria El universo estuvo formado por 30 pacientes, a los que se les realizaron ejercicios respiratorios como desbloqueo diafragmático, refuerzo de la prensa abdominal y respiración con los labios fruncidos. Los datos se completaron mediante una encuesta, la cual se convirtió en el registro primario definitivo. Se encontró predominio del grupo etáreo de 50 a 59 años (53.33 %) y del sexo masculino (56.66 %) respectivamente; predominaron los pacientes trabajadores (46.66 %) y los que fumaron más de 20 años (53.33 %), los cuales no presentaron mejoría después de los ejercicios. La dificultad para cargar peso y subir escaleras fueron las principales limitaciones antes de los ejercicios. Se evidenció una mejoría después de los mismos, el 73.33 % pudo subir escaleras, y el 66.6 % cargar peso.

Abstract Background The FABP2 gene encodes for the intestinal FABP (IFABP) protein, which is expressed only in intestinal enterocytes. A polymorphism at codon 54 in exon 2 of the FABP2 gene exchanges an Alanine (Ala), in the small helical region of the protein, for Threonine (Thr). Given the potential physiological role of the Ala54Thr FABP2 polymorphism, we assess in this study the local population frequency and analyze possible associations with five selected markers, i.e. glycemia, total cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, and high Cardiovascular Risk Index (CVR index). Methods We studied 86 men and 116 women. DNA was extracted from a blood drop for genotype analysis. Allele frequencies were calculated by direct counting. Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium was evaluated using a Chi-square goodness of fit test. For the polymorphism association analysis, five markers were selected, i.e. blood pressure, Framingham Risk Index, total cholesterol, BMI, and glycemia. For each marker, the Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated by an online statistic tool. Results Our results reveal a similar population polymorphism frequency as in previous European studies, with q = 0.277 (95% confidence limits 0.234–0.323). No significant association was found with any of the tested markers in the context of our Argentine nutritional and cultural habits. We did, however, observe a tendency for increased Cholesterol and high BMI in Thr54 carriers. Conclusion This is the first study to look at the population frequency of the Thr54 allele in Argentina. The obtained result does not differ from previously reported frequencies in European populations. Moreover, we found no association between the Thr54 allele and any of the five selected markers. The observed tendency to increased total cholesterol and elevated BMI in Thr54 carriers, even though not significant for p < 0.1 could be worth of further investigation to establish whether the Thr54 variant should be taken into consideration in cardiovascular prevention strategies.

Abstract Background Multiple endocrine neoplasias type 2A (MEN 2A) is a dominantly inherited cancer syndrome. Missence mutations in the codon encoding cysteine 634 of the ret proto-oncogene have been found in 85% of the MEN 2A families. The main tumour type always present in MEN 2A is medullar thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Only 25% of all MTC are hereditary, and generally they are identified by a careful family history. However, some familial MTCs are not easily detected by this means and underdiagnosis of MEN 2A is suspected. Methods DNA samples from MEN 2A patients were amplified by PCR. The products were incubated with the restriction enzyme Bst ApI or Bgl I. The samples were loaded in non-denaturing 10% Polyacrilamyde Gel and run at 120 volts for 40 min. The gels were stained with 10 μg/ml ethidium bromide, and the bands were visualized under a UV lamp. Results We developed a PCR-mutagenic method to check the integrity of the three bases of the cysteine 634 codon. Conclusion The method can be used to detect inherited mutations in MTC patients without a clear family history. The method is relatively simple to use as a routine test in these patients to decrease the underdiagnosis of MEN 2A. In addition, the assay can be used to screen affected families with any mutation in cysteine 634.

Este artigo apresenta um recorte da pesquisa "1º Inventário de Saúde do Trabalhador 2009", desenvolvida pela Coordenação Geral de Saúde do Trabalhador do Ministério da Saúde. Buscou-se identificar lacunas e potencialidades da implantação da Rede Nacional de Atenção Integral em Saúde do Trabalhador (Renast), focando as ações de Vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador (Visat) e variáveis estruturantes dos Centros de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador (Cerest), como o financiamento, a equipe profissional e a participação dos trabalhadores. Analisaram-se as atividades de Visat e destacaram-se as articulações dos Cerests intra e intersetoriais, entre elas instâncias regionais da Previdência Social e universidades, além das internas ao SUS, sobretudo com instâncias da Vigilância em Saúde. Os resultados demonstraram que as ações de Visat estão acontecendo na maioria dos Cerests (58,4%) e que há uma adequação estrutural e da equipe, além de relativa participação dos trabalhadores nas Comissões Intersetoriais de Saúde do Trabalhador (CIST) dos Conselhos de Saúde. São apresentadas considerações para a construção de parâmetros para futuras pesquisas e recomendações visando ao fortalecimento da Renast. Destaca-se a necessidade de intensificação da capacidade de análise das informações decorrentes das ações de vigilância e do registro de casos.

Abstract: Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM) are mutualistic associations between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and the roots of many plant species. AMF spores give rise to filaments that develop in the root system of plants and contribute to the absorption of water and some nutrients. This article introduces a semi-automated counting model of AMF spores in slide images based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The semi-automated counting of AMF spores facilitates and accelerates the tasks of researchers, who still do the AMF spore counting manually. We built a representative database of spore images, processing images through the Circle Hough Transform (CHT) method and training an ANN to classify patterns automatically. The classification analysis and the performances of the proposed method against the manual method are presented in this paper. The accuracy for the identification of spores by CHT in conjunction to ANN classification in the images was 90%. The results indicate that this method can accurately detect the presence of AMF spores in images as well as count them with a high level of confidence.