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The study aimed to assess the effects of including linseeds or hempseeds in the diets of late lactation Murciano-Granadina dairy goats on the nutritional quality of the milk and cheese fat, expressed by the fatty acids profile and the healthy lipid indices. Thirty-six goats were randomly distributed in 3 groups of 12 animals each, according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design, and fed three different diets: group CON (control, with sunflower meal, 11.5% DM basis); group LIN, where sunflower meal was replaced by linseed; and group HMP, where sunflower meal was replaced by hempseeds. The replacement had no effects on the milk yields and the milk protein content as no significant differences were detected among groups. The significant increase of the fat content in the case of the LIN and HMP groups was accompanied by significant decreases in saturated fatty acids concentration and very significant increases in monounsaturated fatty acids. The content of n3 and n6-PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) increased, mainly due to a 4.1 times higher proportion of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; C 18:3n-3) in LIN diet milk and a 1.3 times higher proportion of linoleic acid (LA; C 18:2n6c) in HMP diet milk. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; isomer c9, t11) was 1.9 times higher for the LIN diet and 5.05 times higher for the HMP diet. Feeding either linseed or hempseeds contributed to the reduction of the atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, increased the hypocholesterolemic: hypercholesterolemic ratio as well as the proportion of other desired fatty acids in the milk fat. The improved nutritional quality of milk, which has potentially far-reaching human health benefits, is maintained in cheese through the increase of the n3 and n6-PUFAs, especially for the LIN diet where the n6/n3 ratio decreased significantly, compared with the CON diet (3.62 vs. 6.88). The CLA concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.001) for the HMP cheese compared with the CON diet (1.89% vs. 0.78%). These effects highlight the opportunity of obtaining dairy products with improved nutritional quality using local feed resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the benefits of consuming products rich in omega-3, people have become more aware of the need for a surplus of n-3 fatty acids for meat in their diet. Three oilseeds rich in omega 3 fatty acids (linseed, hemp seeds and camelina seeds) were characterized to determine their nutritional value for inclusion in broiler diets to increase the PUFA content of poultry meat. Chemical determinations revealed a different protein content ranging between 19.74% (hemp seeds) and 26.78% (linseed). In terms of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid was determined for linseed (50.71g/100g total fatty acids), camelina (34.15g/100g total fatty acids) and hemp (14.2g/100g total fatty acids). The selected products rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids will be introduced into the feed and tested on batches of broilers to track the best growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibre inclusion in laying hen diets it is considered a solution to reduce feed formulation costs by improving nutrients absorption and metabolization within the gastrointestinal tract. A 5-wk study was conducted on 200, Tetra SL layers (28 weeks) randomly allocated in 5 groups (C, E1, E2, E3, E4, respectively), with initial average weights of 1732.26±109.35 g/hen, housed (4 hens/cage; 10 cages/group; 40 hens/group). All groups had the same basic feed compound structure (corn, oil, soybean meal and sunflower meal). The conventional diet (C group) contained 2780 kcal/kg Metabolizable energy (ME); 17.5% Crude protein (CP); 4.39% Crude fibre (CF). The experimental diets added 16.56% sunflower meal and 20% rice bran, increasing the dietary cellulose up to 7%. The fibre digestibility was improved using on E2 (0.015% enzyme); E3 (0.015% phytoadditive) and E4 (0.015% enzyme + 0.015% phytoadditive). The high fibre diets had no negative impact on productive performances and egg quality parameters. Yolk cholesterol significantly decreased (P<0.05) on E1, E3 and E4 groups compared to C, E2 groups. Villi height increased significantly (P<0.05) on E2 group compared to all other groups. In conclusion, the high dietary crude fibre (7%), additional enzymes/phyto additives, can improve the nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology with beneficial effects on health and egg quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable raw materials rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially in a linolenic (C18:3n3) are represented by flaxseed meal (51.67 ± 0.062% a-linolenic acid) and rice bran (1.79 ± 0.023% a-linolenic acid). A 6-wk study was conducted on 80, Tetra SL layers (38 weeks) assigned to two groups (C and E), to evaluate the effect of using raw materials rich in PUFA in layer diets, on layer performance. Hens were housed in an experimental hall under controlled environmental conditions, in 3-tier batteries (4 layers/cage), and 16h/24 h light regimen. The commercial (C) diet had 2.800 kcal ME, 17.8% CP and 0.885 ga - linolenic acid/100 g total FAME. Unlike for diet C, the experimental (E) diet formulations used 2.5% flaxseed meal and 10% rice bran which increased the concentration of a-linolenic acid (4.575 g/100 g total FAME) in this diet. The average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, laying percentage and egg weight were monitored throughout the experimental period. Eighteen eggs per group were collected during the final experimental day, and physical measurements were performed on the eggs. Daily feed intake (121.088 g/day/hen) and feed conversion ratio (1.965 kg feed/kg egg) were not influenced by using flaxseed meal (2.5%) and rice bran (10%) in laying hens diet compared with the C group. Also, the laying percentage was higher (P>0.05%) at the E group (95.23%) compared to the C group (94.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the antioxidant effect evaluation of a winery by-product - the grape pomace cakes, a 4-week trial was conducted on 180 Lohmann Brown laying hens, aged 52 weeks. The layers were assigned to three groups: a control group (C) and two experimental groups (E1 and E2), with 60 hens/group, housed in standard Zucami type cages (2 hens/cage). Compared to the control formulation, the experimental formulation included 5% flax meal, enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids and as antioxidants 100 mg vitamin E/kg feed (E1); 2% grape pomace cakes (E2). Forty eggs/group were randomly collected in the end of the trial, 10 eggs/group being stored at +20oC and 10 eggs/group at +4oC, for 14 and 28 days in order to determine their fatty acids content and the quality preservation over time. After 14 days, eggs stored at +4oC has significantly (P <0.05) higher values of the Haugh unit, compared to those from 28 days, with comparable values for both experimental groups and control group. In contrast, the eggs stored at room temperature (+20oC), has lower values of the Haugh unit in both storage periods (14 and 28 days), compared to those stored at +4oC, without significant differences between groups (P>0.05), although experimental groups included flax meal. The results regarding the freshness of the eggs stored in the fridge (+4oC) for 14 days showed a 20% AA eggs in E2 group, while in the other groups were no AA eggs. Only group E2 had 10% eggs, stored at +20oC for 14 days, with grade A freshness, compared to 0% for groups C and E1. The grape pomace cakes had comparable effects with vitamin E on the preservation of egg quality over time, thus it can be affirmed that the grape pomace cake diet is effective in maintaining the quality of eggs enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four plants have been characterized physico-chemical as vegetal phytoadditives (blueberry leaves, walnut leaves, marigold and buckthorn meal) in order to determine their nutritional value for inclusion in laying hens diets as possible alternatives to the use of antibiotics in poultry feed. Chemical determinations revealed a variable protein content ranging between 6.76% (blueberry leaves) and 14.14% (buckthorn meal). Marigolds had significantly higher iron content (1262.54 ppm) and blueberry leaves showed high concentrations of manganese (1410.10 ppm) and zinc (40.37 ppm). The walnut leaves were characterized by high concentrations of: calcium (2.01%), lutein + zeaxanthin (264.10 ppm), total polyphenols (53.94 mg EAG/g) and polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially a-linolenic acid (13.45 g/100 g total fatty acids). The studied phytoadditives will be evaluated in a digestibility trial for their nutritional assessment in laying hens diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted in order to determine the effects of the dietary flax and grape seeds meals and of the pumpkin waste in pig diets (60-100 kg) on the production parameters and nutrient digestibility. The 40-day feeding trial used 9 pigs assigned to 3 groups (C, E1, E2), housed in individual metabolic cages. The average initial body weights of the pigs were 65.25±14.49 kg (C), 65.33±3.78 kg (E1) and 65±10.03 kg (E2). Group C diet (19.59% crude protein; 7.16% fibre and 3232 kcal metabolisable energy/kg) was conventional, with corn meal, wheat and soybean meal. Differently from group C formulation, the E1 diet included 5% flax meal and 1% grape seeds meal, while E2 diet included 5% pumpkin waste. The average daily feed intake was significantly (P=0.05) higher in group E2 (3.394±0.36 kg feed/pig/day) compared to groups C (3.034±0.44 kg feed/pig/day) and E1 (3.332±0.36 kg feed/pig/day). There were no significant (P= 0.05) differences in the feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg gain). Fibre absorption coefficient was significantly (P = 0.05) lower in group E2 (pumpkin waste), by 24.83% compared to group C and by 17.60% compared to group E1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the nutritional and antioxidant composition of tomato processing waste with the aim to enable the development of new alternatives for the recycling of this by-product. The samples of dried tomato waste were found to contain 176.2 g/kg protein, 21.9 g/kg fat, 524.4 g/kg crude fiber and 42.1 g/kg ash. The essential amino acids represented 34.2% of total protein, the most abundant being leucine, followed by lysine and isoleucine. Unsaturated fatty acids represent 77.04% of the total fatty acids, linoleic being the major one. The results confirmed that dried tomato wastes contain considerable amounts of lycopene (510.6 mg/kg) and β-carotene (95.6 mg/kg) and exhibited good antioxidant properties. Total phenolics showed average contents of 1229.5 mg GAE/kg, of which flavonoids accounted for 415.3 mg QE/kg. Ellagic and chlorogenic acids were the most abundant phenolic acids while among flavonoids only rutin and myricetin were quantified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of foods rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids is influenced by the structure and nature of the feeds given to animals. The use of feed ingredients rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids causes the feeds to get rancid due to fat oxidation. Hence, the need to use antioxidants blocks oxidation by their reaction with the free radicals. The aim of the work was to investigate ways to prevent the degradation of high-polyunsaturated fatty acids diets used for Hubbard broilers feeding. Two compound feeds formulations, grower and finisher, were used. The control compound feed used corn, wheat, soybean meal and gluten as basic ingredients, plus 2% flax meal which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The experimental compound feeds differed from the control diet by the use 2% (E1) and 3% (E2) grape seeds meal, which has antioxidant properties. The flax meal had 30.01% protein, 15.59% fat, 75.76 g PUFA/100 g total fatty acids, of which 57.87 g omega -3 fatty acids, and 17.89 g omega-6 fatty acids/100 g total fatty acids, and omega- 6/omega-3 ratio of 0.31; the energy level was 20.94 Mj/kg. The grape seeds meal had 12.76% protein, 7.13% fat, 3.68 mg EAG/g polyphenols and 35.30 mM Trolox equivalents/g sample, as antioxidant capacity. The compound feeds for the grower stage had between 20.19% (C) and 20.44% (E2) protein, between 5.44% (C) and 6.06% (E2) fat, between 65.33 g% (C) and 70.10 g% polyunsaturated fatty acids, of which omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids between 4.29 g% (E1) and 5.01 g% (E2). The compound feeds for the finisher stage had between 19.84% (C) and 20.09% (E2) protein, between 8.13% (E1) and 8.74% (E2) fat, an average value of 60.80% of polyunsaturated fatty acids, of which omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids between 7.31 g% (C) and 7.92 g% (E2). We analysed the evolution of the compound feeds fat degradation indices at 0 and 14 days after manufacture and noticed that the peroxide index at 14 days, compared to 0 days, had the lowest increase in group E2, 4.00%, for the grower compound feeds, compared to 14.63% for group C, and 10.00% for the finisher compound feeds, compared to 26.82% in group C. fat acidity displayed the same evolution, with the lowest increase in group E2: 13.86%, compared to 20.10% in group C for the grower stage, and 1.83% (E2), compared to 4.27% in group C for the finisher stage. The Kreiss reaction was negative for all compound feeds. The use 3% of grape seeds meal as natural antioxidant in the compound feed for group E2, inhibited the reactions of lipid degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of essential fatty acids in human and animal health, growth, and development is a topic of continued interes. A 6-wk study was performed on 80 Tetra SL (56 weeks) laying hens, to determine the nutritional quality of the poultry eggs treated with a a mixture of cereal and oleaginous grains (corn, flax oil, barley and peas - VMLO). The laying hens, housed in an experimental hall with controlled environment (16 light regimen, 20.01±1.44°C temperature; 65±6.38% humidity) were assigned to 2 groups (C and E). The poultry received a conventional feed with the same basic structure (2750 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and 16.5% crude protein). Compared to the C diet (2750 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and 16.5% crude protein) characterized by 0.83 g of a-linolenic acid (C18:3n3), the E diet included 15% VMLO, which resulted in an increase in a-linolenic acid concentration in the diet up to 13.80 g/100g total fatty acids. At the end of the study, 18 eggs/group were collected to determine the PUFA and cholesterol concentrations in yolk. The results obtained for E group eggs, whose concentration in PUFA O3 (5.07±0.546g % total fatty acids) increased significantly (P<0.05) compared to C (1.22±0.139g % total fatty acids), indicated significantly lower values concerning the cholesterol concentration (1.661±0.056 g% dry egg yolk) compared to C (1.865±0.178 g% dry egg yolk). Use of VMLO in poultry feed has positively influenced egg quality without affecting production performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 4 weeks study was conducted on 12 pigs divided in 2 groups (C, E). The average initial body weight for control group C was 66.42 kg±10.27 and 66.25 kg±9.88 for experimental group E, respectively. The C diet based on corn and soybean meal was characterized by: 17.46% crude protein and 3232 kcal/kg ME. Compared to diet C, the E diet had included 7.5% flaxseed meal and 1% grapeseed meal (17.60% CP, and 3200 kcal/kg ME). At the end of the experiment there were no significant differences (P=0.05) among groups concerning the performances. All carcasses were assessed in E category, with no statistical differences between groups. Regarding meat quality, best results were noticed at E group for a-linolenic acid concentration (omega 3 fatty acid) of ham (1.29±0.04 g/100g total fatty acids) compare to C (0.51±0.01 g/100 g total fatty acids). Also a-linolenic acid concentration of tenderloin (1.12±0.03 g/100 g total fatty acids) in group E was higher compare to C group (0.6±0.06 g/100g total fatty acids), but without significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a 3-week „in vivo" feeding experiment conducted on 90, Cobb 500 broiler chicks, aged 14 days, assigned to 3 groups: a control group (C), and two experimental groups (E1, E2). Unlike the diet formulation for group C (based on corn, wheat, soybean meal and flax meal), the diet formulations for the experimental groups also included 2% (E1) and 3% (E2) grape seeds meal as natural antioxidant. The bioproductive parameters monitored throughout the feeding trial were not significantly (P>0.05) different between the groups. Six broilers per group were slaughtered in the end of the trial and six samples of breast meat and of thigh meat were formed for each group. the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was significantly (P=0.05) higher in the experimental groups, both in the breast meat: 31.50±1.59g (E1) and 33.74±0.29g (E2) vs. 29.29±0.96 g/100 g total fatty acids (C), and in the thigh meat: 30.28±1.09g (E1) and 34.08±1.80 (E2) vs 29.58±1.16 g/100gtotal fatty acids (C). The highest content of alfa linolenic acid (ALA), 1.12±0.07g, was recorded in the breast meat from group E1, which was significantly (P=0.05) different from0.89±0.34g/100 g total fatty acids, in group C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural and synthetic zeolites are widely used in animal nutrition as performance promoters, and their use also exerts a variety of favourable effects on the prevention or treatment of certain animal diseases in the farm. Natural zeolites provide the necessary macro and trace elements for animals, and stimulate their health and production (Quote Garcia-Lopez et al., 1992; Nikkhah et al., 2001; Sadeghia si Shawrangb, 2008; Dschaak et al., 2010; Deniz Alic Ural, 2014; Panagiotis et al., 2016). Thus the present paper has proposed the characterization of tuff in terms of its nutrient content and the study of the effects of its use in cows feeding on milk quality. Tuff has 90.49g% dry matter, 1.63g% calcium, 0.09g% phosphorus, 1793.18ppm iron. The raw ingredients used in the diets of dairy cows were: a mixture of barley and corn with a content of 87.52g% of dry matter, 9.61g% crude protein, 1.39g% ether extractives; corn cob + beans with 39.21% dry matter, 3.68g% crude protein, 1.36g% ether extractives; corn silage with a content of 28.71 g% dry matter, 1.47 g% crude protein, 0.54 g% ether extractives, and alfalfa hay with 88.87 g% dry matter, 17.23 g% crude protein, 0.92 g% ether extractives. Cow's milk had 13.51g% dry matter, 2.62 g% protein, 0.11g% calcium, 0.08g% phosphorus, 1.63 ppm iron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary products from winemaking are considered to be a rich source of bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, which can offer numerous opportunities to improve feed quality. This paper aims to characterize three winery by-products (grape marc, grape seed meal and grape seed oil) with regard to: the primary chemical composition; polyphenol content; antioxidant capacity; fatty acid profile and amino acid profile. Grape marc had 10.43% crude protein, significantly lower (P<0.05) compared to grape seed meal (12.70%). The polyphenols content was significantly different (P<0.05) between the tested raw materials, the highest concentration being found in the grape seed meal (28.05 mg EAG/g) and the smallest in the grape seed oil (0.28 mg EAG/g). Consequently, the antioxidant capacity significantly differentiated (P<0.05) among all raw materials, the highest value of 145.83 mM Trolox / g being recorded at grape seed meal, followed by 9.44 mM Trolox / g in grape marc and 0.70 Mm Trolox / g to grape seed oil. The highest lysine content (0.58 g/100 g SU) was recorded in the marc, while the cystine (0.24 g/100 g SU) was recorded in grape seed grains. The obtained results show that these winery by-products can be used as natural antioxidants in animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food industry by-products can be used in dairy cows feeding on condition they have suitable feeding value. A complex physical-chemical study was conducted on seven plant by-products (wheat germs meal, sunflower meal, flaxseed meal, pumpkin meal, nuts meal, rosehip meal and grape meal) to determine their feeding value. These byproducts have variable protein contents: between 10.86% in rosehip meal and 39.34% in the flaxseed meal), and different contents of amino acids, lysine particularly: 2.09% (wheat germs meal); 1.72% (pumpkin meal) and 1.04% (sunflower meal). The highest concentration of linolenic acid was determined in the flaxseed meal (68.57 g/100 g total fatty acids), which also had the highest level of digestible energy (18.16 MJ/kg) and the highest amount of intestinally digestible protein allowed by the energy content (118 g PDIE/ kg DM). The flaxseed meal also had the highest amount of milk feed units (1.45 FUmilk/kg DM) and of meat feed units (1.48 FUmeat/kg DM) among all studied by-products. The results of these analyses show that the surveyed by-products can be used to feed ruminant animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feeding trial was conducted on 75, ROSS 308 broiler chicks (0-42 days), to evaluate the feeding quality of the meat from broilers treated with unconventional food industry by-products. The feeding trial was performed under controlled environmental conditions, under experimental conditions. The broiler chicks were assigned to 3 groups (C; E1 and E2), housed in digestibility cages (5 broiler chicks/cage), which allowed monitoring the production parameters. During the first phase (starter), the broiler chicks received a conventional compound feed formulation. For phases II (grower) and III (finisher), the experimental compound feeds formulations (E1 and E2) included a mixture of cereal and oleaginous grains (corn, flax oil, barley and peas - VMLO) as follows: 4 and 7.5%, respectively, for E1, and 10 and 12.5% respectively, for E2. The dietary concentration of ɷ:3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ɷ:3 PUFA) in E2 diet increased with the dietary level of VMLO byproduct (4.95% ɷ:3 PUFA for the grower period and 6,10% ɷ:3 PUFA for the finisher period). Six broilers/group were slaughtered at 42 days and breast meat, thigh meat and liver were collected and analysed. The analytical results indicate an improved feeding quality of the broiler meat as showed by significant (P≤0,05) changes in the basic chemical composition of the broiler meat and in the fatty acids profile and cholesterol concentration. The fat level decreased significantly (P≤0,05) in the breast meat from group E2 (0.91±0.09 g fat): 18.75% lower than in group C (1.12±0.07 g fat) and 5.35% lower compared to group E1 (1.06±0.09 g fat). Group E2 also recorded the best values for the omega 3 fatty acids, essential to human health, determined in the breast meat (3.99 g/100g total fatty acids), thigh meat (3.89 g/100g total fatty acids) and liver (5.12 g/100g total fatty acids) samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the variation of milk production, biochemical composition and milk fatty acid profile according to the lactation stage, on 60 multiparous goats of the Carpathian breed, grown in an extensive system (Dobrogea, southern Romania). The goats were milked twice a day for 8 months, (February to September). Milk yield was recorded monthly and milk samples representative of the two daily milking were analysed for: protein, fat and lactose contents. In addition, fatty acid methyl esters were quantified using a gas chromatograph. The maximum amount of milking milk was recorded at the end of April (1635.23 ± 0.048 g milk/ animal / day) and the smallest milk production was recorded in September (823.14 ± 0.191 g milk / goat / day). The biochemical composition of milk has varied considerably during lactation: in the first and last part of the lactation there was an insignificant increased concentration of its components (fat, protein, lactose, minerals). Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated acids levels increased during the summer months compared to spring months and the saturated fatty acid level decreased during the summer months. The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids recorded the highest value in August (6.16 mean gFAME / 100g Total FAME), and the lowest value was at the beginning of lactation (4.51 mean gFAME / 100g Total FAME). The data recorded in our study show an increase in CLA (conjugated linolenic acid ) concentration by April (0.85 mean gFAME / 100g Total FAME), when it reaches a maximum, it remains at an increased value until July, followed by an insignificant decrease (0.54 mean gFAME / 100g Total FAME) towards the end of the lactation. A ratio of ω6 / ω3 fatty acids decreased in April under 4, the decrease of this ratio being significant compared to the first 2 months of lactation (p <0 ,05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to characterize several bioactive xenobiotic phytochemicals from a dried grape pomace (GP) derived from a Romanian winery and further to evaluate their effect on inflammation and oxidative markers in liver of pig. 20 crossbred TOPIG hybrid fattening pigs were randomly assigned (n = 10) to two experimental treatments: a normal diet (control group) and a diet included 5% grape pomace (GP group) for 24 days. The total polyphenols concentration of pomace was 36.2g gallic acid equiv. /100g. The pomace was rich in polyphenols from the flavonoids group, the main class being flavanols (epicatechins, catechin, epigallocatechin, procyanidins) and antocyanins (Malvidin 3-O-glucoside). The highest concentration was recorded for epicatechin (51.96g/100g) and procyanidin dimer (22.79g/100g). A high concentration of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) especially ω-6 fatty acids (59.82 g/100g fat) were found also in grape pomace. The GP diet lowered the gene expression and protein concentration of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokines suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of GP diet. Concentration of hepatic TBARS also decreased significantly. The total antioxidant capacity (liver TEAC) and activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) did not differ between the GP and control diet while their gene expression tended to decrease. The results showed that GP diet exerted an anti-inflammatory effect, but 5% dietary inclusion modulated only partially the oxidative response and suggest other rate of inclusion need to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feeding trial was conducted on 75, ROSS308 (0-42days) broilers, to evaluate the quality of the meat from broilers which received food industry by-products in their diets: rapeseeds meal and grape pomace, or flaxseeds meal and buckthorn meal. The broiler chicks were assigned to 3 groups (C, E1 and E2), and were housed in an experimental hall with controlled environmental conditions: average air temperature 27.07±2.75oC, humidity 64.80±9.57%. For 10 days, during the starter phase, all chicks received a conventional compound feed. In the other two stages (growing, finishing), compared to the conventional diet given to the C group, the diet formulations of the experimental groups included different proportions, depending on the phase of development, rapeseeds meal and grape pomace (E1), or flaxseeds and buckthorn meals (E2). The highest polyphenols concentration was determined in the finishing diet formulation for group E1 (with 8% rapeseeds meal and 4% grape pomace). The dietary concentration of ɷ 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ɷ 3 PUFA) in the diet formulations for group E2 increased with the level of dietary flaxseeds meal (2.5% during the grower phase and 8% in the finishing phase). Six broilers from each group were slaughtered in the end of the trial and meat (breast and thigh) and liver samples were collected and assayed for dry matter, protein, fat, ash, fatty acids and cholesterol. The highest concentration of ɷ 3 PUFA, which are essential for human health, were determined in the breast and thigh of E2 broilers (flaxseeds meal and buckthorn meal). The cholesterol level in the breast meat and thigh samples was not significantly different between groups; however, it was lowerin the experimental groups than in the control group. The fat level in the liver samples collected from C group broilers was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than in the experimental groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 6-week experiment used 168 Tetra SL (26 weeks) layers assigned to 4 groups. Compared to the conventional diet formulation used for the control group (C), in order to enrich the eggs in ω - 3 PUFA, the diet formulations used for the experimental groups (E1, E2, E3) included 7% flaxseed meal. Diet E1 used vitamin E (100 mg/kg feed) as antioxidant, while the other diets used 3% (E2) and 1.5% (E3) grape seeds powder. Egg samples were collected throughout the experimental period: initially, in the beginning of the experiment, in weeks II, IV and VI and when the experiment ended. The collected eggs were used to form egg yolk samples, which were assayed for fatty acids, peroxide value (PV), concentration of conjugated dienes (CD) and concentration of conjugated trienes (CT) and total antioxidant capacity. The yolks of the eggs from the experimental groups had a significantly (P≤0.05) higher concentration of ω - 3 PUFA compared to those from the control group. The lowest PV was determined in the yolk from E2 groups (3% grape seeds powder). The lowest CD concentrations were traced in the eggs collected on week II from groups E1 (6.278±1.931 μmol/g) and E2 (6.254±0.196 μmol/g). The yolks from groups E2 and E3 collected on weeks II and VI had the lowest CT absorbance. The antioxidant capacity was higher in the yolk from groups E1 (100 mg vitamin E/kg CF) and E2 (3 % grape seeds powder). The yolks from E3 (1.5% grape seeds powder) eggs collected in the end of the experiment had a significantly (P≤0.05) lower antioxidant capacity than E1 and E2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nuts meal obtained from oil extraction is among the plant by-products of interest as feed ingredients, due to their high feeding value. The chemical determinations have shown that this batch of nut meal had a high protein content (29.13%), with 11.49 MJ/kg metabolisable energy, also being a natural source of antioxidants (112.536 mM Trolox/g antioxidant capacity). From the total content of crude fat (15.15%) of the nut meal, 70.79% are polyunsaturated fatty acids. An experiment was conducted for 4 weeks on 80 Lohmann Brown layers (75 weeks), assigned to two groups (C and E) according to their body weight. The birds were housed in an experimental hall with controlled micro climate and 16 h light regimen. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, laying percentage and egg weight were monitored throughout the experiment. At the end of the trial, 18 eggs were collected from each group, and egg quality was determined. The laying percentage was significantly (p=0.05) higher in group E (83.66±8.36%), (nut meal treatment), than in group C (77.58±9.25%). Omega 3 fatty acids concentration in the yolk of the eggs from group E (2.44 g/100g total fatty acids) was significantly (p=0.05) higher than in group C (1.48 g/100g total fatty acids). The antioxidant capacity in the yolk was higher (p=0.05) in group E (88.404 mM Trolox/g) than in group C (79.171 mM Trolox/g), while the pH was higher (p=0.05) in group C (6.46) than in group E (6.31). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feeding trial was performed on 75, day-old ROSS 308 chicks assigned to 3 groups (C, E1 and E2) to test new feeding solutions for broilers using oil industry by-products. In the starter phase (0-10 days), all chicks received a conventional compound feed. In the other two stages (growing, finishing), compared to the conventional diet given to the C group, the diet formulations of the experimental groups included different proportions, depending on the phase of development, rapeseeds meal and grape pomace (E1) and flaxseeds meal and buckthorn meal (E2). The compound feed for group E2 had significantly (P≤0.05) higher ω-3 PUFA concentrations than groups C and E1. Six blood samples/group were collected in the end of the feeding trial, used for biochemical and haematological determinations. Six chicks/group were slaughtered on day 42, to measure carcass and internal organs development. The feed intake and gains were monitored throughout the experimental period (10-42 days). At 42 days, E2 broiler chicks had significantly (P≤0.05) lower body weight than C broiler chicks. Serum glycaemia, cholesterol and trygliceride concentrations were significantly (P≤0.05) lower in E2 chicks than in C chicks, by 17.94 %, 25.70 % and 42.05%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use in poultry diets of feed ingredients rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids requires the use of antioxidants to prevent fatty acids oxidation. The purpose of our experiment was to assess the use of a high level (4%) of dietary grape meal as antioxidant in layer diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, on layer performance and egg quality. The 4-week trial used 99, Tetra layers aged 64 weeks assigned to three groups (C, E1 and E2). The basal diet (C) consisted of corn, sunflower meal and soybean meal. The experimental diets (E1 and E2) had additionally 7% flax meal, while E2 included 4% grape meal as antioxidant. All diets had similar levels of protein and energy, 16.79% CP and 15.13 MJ / kg gross energy. The diet formulations for the experimental groups had a higher level of a linolenic acid (omega-3) (13.96 g/100 g fat, in E1, and 15.13 g/100 g fat, in E2) than the formulation for group C, 1.25 g/100 g fat. The ratio of PUFA omega-6/omega-3 in the fat of the compound feeds for the experimental groups decreased by 93.34% for E1 and by 93.57% for E2, compared to group C. The grape meal, with 3.86 mg gallic acid equivalent/g as polyphenols content, and an antioxidant capacity of 34.99 mM Trolox equivalent/g, increased the antioxidant capacity in the methanolic extracts from the eggs harvested from the experimental groups: 96.72 mM Trolox equivalent /g yolk in E1, 100.10 mM Trolox equivalent /g yolk in E2, compared to 91.78 mM Trolox equivalent /g yolk in group C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of plant by-products from the food industry in animal feeding is a way of reusing resources with a high feeding potential. With the view of their potential use in poultry diets, 5 byproducts (rapeseeds meal, grape seeds meal, flax meal, buckthorn meal and pumpkin meal) were characterized chemically and physically to determine their feeding value. The chemical determinations revealed a variable content of protein, ranging between 11.91% (grape seeds meal) and 34.88% (pumpkin meal). The rape seeds meal has 33.15% protein, with high concentrations of limiting amino acids (1.85% lysine, 0.71% cystine and 0.71% methionine), compared to the grape seeds meal (0.42% lysine) or the buckthorn meal (0.16% cystine; 0,17% methionine). The flax meal has a high concentration of a linolenic acid (42.93 g/100 g total fatty acids), and the grape seeds meal has a high antioxidant capacity (493.074 mMTrolox/g). The grape seeds meal has a high concentration of Fe (362 mg/kg), while the rapeseed meal has a high concentration of manganese (82.9 mg/kg), selenium (1.2 mg/kg) and zinc (95 mg/kg). The pumpkin meal has high concentrations (mg/kg) of Co (0.78), Cu (19.2), Ni (447) and Mo (116). The gross energy level (MJ/kg) was 16.94 (rapeseeds meal); 18.07 (grape seeds meal); 18.94 (buckthorn meal); 19.31 (flax meal); 20.10 (pumpkin meal). These results show that the analysed by-products meet the feeding requirements to be used as feed ingredients in layer diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objective was to determine whether the increase through diet of the fatty acids (FA) composition in sows colostrum and milk was associated with litter performances and their biochemical profile. The study was conducted in 4 sows TOPIGS (48 litter) allocated into 2 groups: control and Hemp diets. Litters were divided into two dietary treatments: control diet and control plus 2.5% additive based on L acidophilus (50%) and L. Plantarum (50%) bacterial strain. The FAs composition of the colostrum and milk (7 and 21 days) was determined by gas chromatography. The sow and litter biochemical profile was determined with BS-130 automatic analyser. The addition of hemp in feed of Hemp group sows starting the last 10 days of gestation significantly influenced the colostrum and milk composition in polyunsaturated FAs, n-3 and n-6 FAs. In Hemp group a- linolenic FA content in colostrum was 1.4 times higher than in the control group, 1.64 times higher after 7 days of lactation and 1.45times higher after 21 days of lactation compared to control group. The dietary addition of hemp lead to a reduction of ratio n-6: n-3 in milk. This was positive reflected in the litter performances (>3.8% at litter from Hemp group sow compared to C group) and their health. The microbial additive reinforced the positive effects on growth parameters (>20%at litter from Hemp group sow and > 25% at litter from control group respectively). Both sows and piglets serum biochemical parameters were within physiological limit. In conclusion, feed composition can beneficially influence colostrum / milk fatty acids composition in relation to litter performances, biochemical parameters and health. Milk fat quality had positive effects on piglet performance and their health, as shown by the biochemical plasma parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their multiple positive, acknowledged effects of the omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids, present day consumers are increasing interested in ways of incorporating these fatty acids in their daily diet. The production of eggs enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids via the feeds given to layers is one way, but solutions have to found to preserve for a longer time the organoleptic properties of these enriched eggs. It appeared thus necessary to use antioxidants, natural mainly, in layer diets. Due to their high content of polyphenols, the natural antioxidants block oxidation by their reaction with the free radicals. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of a winery by-product, grape seeds meal, displaying antioxidant properties, given to layers, on egg quality. The experiment was conducted at a commercial poultry farm owned by Avicola Lumina SA, for 4 weeks, on a total of 64.000 layers aged 27 weeks, Tetra SL LL hybrid. The layers were assigned to two groups, control (C) and experimental (E), of 32.000 layers each. The diets were based on corn, soybean meal and sunflower meal, and had the same protein and energy content. The diet of the experimental group differed by the inclusion of flax meal and camelina meal, as ingredients rich in unsaturated fatty acids, and of 1% grape seed meal, as natural antioxidant. Egg samples were collected in the end of the experiment and assayed for their quality. The higher concentration of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids in the diet for group E (12.26 ± 0.15 g/100 g fat) compared to group C (7.28 ± 0.89 g/100 g fat) was also found in the yolk of the sampled eggs, which increased from 3.33 ± 0.20 g/100 g fat in group C, to 5.76 ± 0.30 g/100 g fat in group E. The higher antioxidant capacity, 7.157 ± 0.662 mM Trolox equivalent / g of the diet for group E, compared to 6.507 ± 0.401 mM Trolox equivalent / g of the diet for group C, also increased the antioxidant capacity of the eggs. Thus, the eggs harvested from group E had an antioxidant capacity of 126.353 ± 4.523 mM Trolox equivalent / g, compared to 115.300 ± 7.269 mM Trolox equivalent / g in the eggs collected from group C. These results that the winey by-product, grape seed meal, can be used as antioxidant feed additive in layer diets enriched in unsaturated fatty acids, thus improving the properties of the eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]