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Currently, Nano-materials have been explored for their abundant biomedical applications. In the present study the green synthesized (SC-AgNPs) by root extract of Smilax Chenensis have been characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy revealed SPR peak at 432 nm and FT-IR data reveals that the bioactive components of root extract have been actively involved in the reduction and stabilization of SC-AgNPs. TEM and AFM results revealed that SC-AgNPs were roughly spherical in shape. Further, the particle size of SC-AgNPs was also carried out by Dynamic Light Scattering method by aqueous colloidal solution and the results reveals that the SC-AgNPs are poly-dispersed in nature with an average size 45.6 nm with a Z average of 39.5 nm. The stability of colloidal SC-AgNPs was further confirmed by negative zeta potential value of − 21.0 mV. The SC-AgNPs showed good antibacterial activity against both gram –ve and gram + ve bacteria, whereas, SC-AgNPs coupled with antibiotic reveals excellent and enhanced antibacterial activity. The gram –ve E.coli and gram + ve S.aureus revealed highest zone of inhibition when compared to other two bacterial species. So, SC-AgNPs coupled with antibiotics can be excellent alternative to treat antibiotic resistant bacteria. The SC-AgNPs also reveals excellent antioxidant activity among them DPPH method revealed superior activity with an IC50 value76.22. The SC-AgNPs also reveals superior anticancer activity against MDA-MB-231 with IC50 value of 33.98 µg/mL and photo-catalytic activity the optical density of reduced from 1.861 to 0.135 OD within 30 min. The green SC-AgNPs detected to have multiple therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry (family Moraceae) has been historically used in traditional and modern medicine. This review explores the bioactive compounds in mulberry roots, their chemical composition, biological activities, traditional uses and modern applications. Mulberry roots contain phytochemicals with significant therapeutic potential, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic and antitumor effects. Mulberry root extracts, rich in compounds like morusin, kuwanon C and sanggenons, exhibit potent anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting inflammatory mediators and modulating immune responses. These extracts also possess strong antioxidative effects due to compounds such as morusin and oxyresveratrol, which neutralize reactive oxygen species and protect cells from oxidative stress. The antidiabetic properties are attributed to bioactive compounds that regulate blood glucose levels and enhance insulin sensitivity. Studies indicate that these extracts lower blood glucose, improve insulin production and protect pancreatic b cells. Additionally, mulberry root extracts demonstrate antitumor activities by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation in various cancer cell lines. Compounds like sanggenol M and mulberrofurans have shown cytotoxic effects against leukemia, melanoma and colorectal cancer cells. The anti-dopaminergic effects of these extracts make them potential candidates for managing psychotic disorders, as they reduce aggression, enhance catalepsy and decrease stereotyped behavior in animal models. Recent research highlights the potential of mulberry root extracts in developing pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals for metabolic health and chronic disease prevention. Future research should focus on clinical trials to validate their efficacy and safety in humans, bioavailability studies for optimizing therapeutic use, and mechanistic studies to elucidate molecular pathways. Standardization and quality control measures are essential for ensuring consistency and regulatory approval. In conclusion, mulberry roots are a valuable source of bioactive phytochemicals with diverse health benefits. Integrating traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific research can enhance the therapeutic applications of mulberry roots in modern medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyricularia oryzae is a fungal pathogen that causes blast disease in rice. In the present study, methanolic root extract of a medicinal herb Tribulus terrestris was assessed for its antifungal activity against this fungal pathogen. Roots of T. terretris were collected from Lahore, Pakistan and shade dried. The dried and crushed roots were extracted in methanol for two weeks and the effect of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% concentrations of the extract was checked in vitro against P. oryzae using malt extract broth as a growth medium. All the applied concentrations of the extract exhibited significant antifungal activity and declined P. oryzae biomass by 45-56% over control. The extract was analyzed by GC-MS to identify the possible antifungal constituents. Sixteen compounds were detected in the root extract in GC-MS analysis. Among these, three compounds namely neotigogenin (29.30%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (19.70%) and cis-13-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (18.10%) were found the highly abundant ones. Likewise, three compounds namely methyl stearate (6.65%), stigmasterol (6.05%) and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (7.11%) were categorized as moderately abundant ones. Different fatty acid methyl esters together with stigmasterol identified in the root extract have shown antifungal activity in various previous studies and might be responsible for antifungal activity against P. oryzae in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

IntroductionMost research on intercropping cultivation in the past has focused on seed yield and yield components, and less attention has been paid to below-ground interaction processes. However, the connection of plants in the below-ground sector is a vital issue in identifying the mechanism of competition and productivity in intercropping cultivation. Meanwhile, the selection of a legume plant due to the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) increases the productivity in intercropping cultivation. However, the BNF by the legume component can be affected by the component crop in intercropping cultivation. Therefore, creating the optimum conditions for the BNF in planting ratios plays an essential role in the dynamics of inter-species interaction. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the interactions of the below-ground sector and the percentage of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere in different ratios of intercropping cultivation.Material and MethodsA field experiment was conducted for two years (2018-19) at the research farm of Sari agricultural science and natural resources university, Iran (33º, 36ʹ N, 53º, 03ʹ E with 43 m altitude). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. The experimental treatment was 75% soybean + 25% niger, 50% soybean + 50% niger, 25% Soybean+75% niger based on the replacement method and monoculture. For example, a 25:75 combination consisted of three rows of planting a soybean and one row of niger and vice versa in the 75:25 combinations. The 50:50 also included planting two rows of each of the studied plants. This study investigated the percentage of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere, nitrogen yield, total enzymatic activity of the soil, and root activity in different planting ratios.Result and DiscussionThe percentage of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) in all different planting ratios was higher than a single soybean crop. This trend continued until it reached 90 days after planting. At 75 and 90 days after planting, the highest Ndfa has related to 50:50 and 75:25 planting ratios in both cultivation years. Also, the yield of Ndfa was higher than expected in planting ratios, and its value increased further as it approached the final stages of growth. In addition to the above, the total microbial activity of soil in different ratios of intercropping cultivation was higher than the monoculture of the studied plants. Its amount in 50:50 planting ratio was 16.38 and 31.69% higher than monoculture soybean (0: 100) and niger (0: 100) at 60 days after planting, respectively. The most increased total microbial activity of the ground in niger and soybean plants in the middle and late stages of growth was observed at a depth of 0-20 and 10-30 cm, respectively. Also, niger plant in different ratios of intercropping cultivation, while increasing root activity, have a higher number of secondary compounds in root extract. In general, the increase in root activity in the late stages of growth was accompanied by a decrease in the number of rows of niger plants, especially in the planting ratio of 75:25. Also, the total phenol and flavonoids in the niger root extract increased to 105 days after planting and then decreased. Thus, in general, different ratios of intercropping cultivation were more successful in producing secondary compounds than the monoculture of niger.ConclusionIncreasing the significance of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere and the other activity of niger root as a complementary plant in intercropping cultivation ratios can play an essential role in the dynamics of underground sector interactions intercropping cultivation patterns. In addition to the above results and based on the total microbial activity of the soil, the complementary structure of niger and soybean root in intercropping cultivation can affect the ability of interspecific competition in intercropping cultivation by distinguishing ecological niche even in a short period.

Background and objective: Medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine to treat several diseases and infections. This study aimed to identify the active ingredients in Borrerria verticilata root extract for the synthesis of new antimicrobial drugs. Materials and methods: Roots of Borerria verticillata were collected from Ucha village, Makurdi local government of Benue State, Nigeria. For extraction, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water were used as solvent. The roots were air-dried and powdered before extraction. The extracts were qualitatively tested for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, steroids, and phenol. Antimicrobial potency of the extracts against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, and some fungi implicated in dermatophytic infections were studied. Agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration. Results and conclusion: The yield of the extracts ranged from 1.5% for water to 3.5% for hexane as solvent. The phytochemicals in the root extracts were included to flavonoids, terpenes, saponins, and glycosides. The microbial inhibition zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration ranged from 0 to 21.67 mm, 8 to 512 mg/ml, and 256 to 512 mg/ml, respectively. This study revealed that the root extract of Borerria verticillata plant has an antimicrobial effect against multidrug-resistant bacteria and also antifungal potential. Therefore, it can be used in food and cosmetics industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: One of the main reasons for the death due to snake bites is the non-availability of antivenoms in the regions where they are needed. The use of medicinal plants and plant-based natural products as an alternative to antivenom will become a milestone in snake bite envenomation. The present study investigates the in vitro antivenom properties of Cyanthillium cinereum root extracts. Materials and methods: The C. cinereum root's aqueous extract was prepared by the Soxhlet extraction method, and phytochemical screening was performed to detect the presence of various bioactive compounds. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC--MS) analysis were performed for the detection and identification of phytochemical constituents. In this study, an in vitro model is used to assess the antivenom capability of aqueous extract. Venom toxicity and neutralization assays were as follows: An in vitro pharmacological evaluation was performed by direct hemolysis assay, indirect hemolytic assay, proteolytic activity, neutralization of procoagulant activity, and gelatin liquefaction method. Results: Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals by the standard method showed the presence of various phytochemical constituents. Also, GC--MS analysis showed the presence of three major compounds that possess antivenom activity from the obtained 60 bioactive compounds, and their chemical structures were also determined. Venom protein profiling was performed by sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS--PAGE) analysis. The plant extract was able to neutralize the Naja naja (N. naja) and Daboia russelii (D. russelii) venom induced hemolysis and it was reduced below 50 and 40%, respectively and the extract was also able to reduce the hemolytic halo produced by venoms. Procoagulant activity and gelatin liquefaction assay showed that venom-induced clotting was neutralized by increasing the root extract concentration sufficiently. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of the root of C. cinereum showed potent in vitro venom-neutralizing activity, and it can be used as a formidable therapeutic agent against N. naja and D. russelii envenomation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leonurus sibiricus L. has great ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal significance. This study aimed to assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Leonurus sibiricus L. transgenic roots extracts transformed by Rhizobium rhizogenes, with and without the AtPAP1 transcriptional factor. The study determined the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as in vitro antioxidant assays, including hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide scavenging activity. In addition, in silico computational studies and molecular docking were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the identified compounds. The ligands were docked to NADPH oxidase, cyclooxygenase 2,5-lipoxygenase, inducible nitric synthase and xanthine oxidase: enzymes involved in the inflammatory process. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 85.3 ± 0.35 to 57.4 ± 0.15 mg/g GAE/g and 25.6 ± 0.42 to 18.2 ± 0.44 mg/g QUE/g in hairy root extracts with and without AtPAP1, respectively. H2O2 scavenging activity (IC50) was found to be 29.3 µg/mL (with AtPAP1) and 37.5 µg/mL (without AtPAP1 transcriptional factor), and NO scavenging activity (IC50) was 48.0 µg/mL (with AtPAP1) and 68.8 µg/mL (without AtPAP1 transcriptional factor). Leonurus sibiricus L. transformed root extracts, both with and without AtPAP1, are a source of phytochemicals belonging to different classes of molecules, such as flavonoids (catechin and rutin), phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid) and phenylpropanoid (verbascoside). Among the radicals formed after H removal from the different -OH positions, the lowest bond dissociation enthalpy was observed for rutin (4′-OH). Rutin was found to bind with cyclooxygenase 2, inducible nitric synthases and xanthine oxidase, whereas chlorogenic acid demonstrated optimal binding with 5-lipoxygenase. Therefore, it appears that the Leonurus sibiricus L. transformed root extract, both with and without the AtPAP1 transcriptional factor, may serve as a potential source of active components with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential; however, the extract containing AtPAP1 demonstrates superior activities. These properties could be beneficial for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Introduction: The prevalence of hyperglycemic diseases known collectively as diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in the current century. Diabetics are particularly vulnerable to infections, which can have devastating health consequences. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of an aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus roots on diabetic complications in rats with diabetes caused by Alloxan. Martial and Methods: Specifically: Alloxan monohydrate, Borosilicate, and a diagnostic kit. Specifically: a diagnostic kit, a phrase, or a paraphrase. Centrifuge Micropippet, Glucose check monitoring device, electronic digital scales, EDDY's Hot plate analgesometer MK-11, and the Biofuse pico. All chemicals employed were of the AR grade variety, including the alloxan monohydrate, metformin, chloroform, diethyl ether, and ethyl ether. Results: No deaths or toxicity symptoms were observed in the AECR acute toxicity test in mice, indicating that the extract was well tolerated and the test doses were safe in the animals. The effect of AECR on fasting blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was measured using an auto analyzer glucose kit to determine the compound's antidiabetic activity. The plasma or blood glucose level is measured after an individual has fasted as part of a carbohydrate metabolic test. The hormone glucagon is secreted into the bloodstream during fasting to facilitate the catabolic release of glucose. Conclusion: The results show that in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, the oral administration of an aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus exhibited neuroprotective, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities by increasing insulin production and decreasing glucogan production and an SGOT snd SGPT level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional use of Mirabilis jalapa L. roots to enhance male sexual performance prompted us to assess the in silico, in vitro, and in vivo aphrodisiac activities of its hydroethanolic extract using normal male rats. Spectroscopic characterization indicated the presence of ß-D-glucopyranoside, methyl-1,9-benzyl-2,6-dichloro-9H-purine, and Bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate; these compounds have a significant inhibitory effect on the phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) enzyme in silico evaluation and minerals (including zinc, cadmium, and magnesium). Other phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. These phytochemicals and minerals may contribute to the aphrodisiac activities of the extract. Additionally, the in vivo study revealed that the administration of M. jalapa root extract (300 mg/kg) significantly enhanced (p < 0.01, p < 0.03) mount, intromission, and ejaculation frequencies while significantly (p < 0.05) decreasing the mount and intromission latencies, as well as the post-ejaculatory interval time, in comparison with the standard drugs sildenafil and ginseng, resulting in enhanced erection and sexual performance in the rats. Furthermore, the extract significantly (p < 0.05) increased penile reflexes and also elevated the levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormones. Extract (300 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the PDE-5 enzyme in an in vitro study. Concludingly, the comprehensive findings of this study suggest that a standardized herbal extract derived from M. jalapa roots alleviates erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation in male rats. M. jalapa root extract proved to be an alternative treatment for erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as highly effective antimicrobial agents against multidrug‐resistant (MDR) pathogens. This study aims to employ green chemistry principles for AgNP synthesis involving phytochemical‐rich extract from Glycyrrhiza glabra roots. The approach highlights using renewable feedstocks, safer chemicals, minimum byproducts, and process scale‐up. The synthesis of AgNPs was assessed using a surface plasmon resonance band at 420 nm, and structural properties were characterized using TEM, x‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This method enables the production of high‐yield dispersions of AgNPs with desired physicochemical characteristics, including dark yellow solution, size (~20 nm), spherical to an oval shape, crystal structure, and stable colloidal properties. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was investigated against the MDR bacteria strains of gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram‐negative (Escherichia coli). This work reveals that the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs can be influenced by bacterial cell wall components. The results demonstrate the strong interaction between AgNPs and E. coli, exhibiting a dose‐dependent antibacterial response. The green approach facilitated the safer, facile, and rapid synthesis of colloidal dispersions of AgNPs, providing a sustainable and promising alternative to conventional chemical and physical methods. Furthermore, the effect of AgNPs on various growth parameters, including seed germination, root and shoot elongation, and dry weight biomass, was assessed for mung bean seedlings. The results revealed phytostimulatory effects, suggesting the promising prospects of AgNPs in the nano‐priming of agronomic seeds. Research Highlights: Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract enabled rapid, high‐yield, and eco‐friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).Spectrophotometric analysis examined the optical properties, scalability, and stability of AgNPs.Transmission electron microscopy provided insights into the size, shape, and dispersity of AgNPs.Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant damage to gram‐negative bacterial cell morphology and membrane integrity.AgNPs were found to enhance seed germination, seedling growth, and biomass yield of Vigna radiata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mouthwash has been defined as a concentrated aqueous solution of one or more active ingredients with pharmaceutical excipients and usually possess deodorant, antiseptic and astringent properties. They are, meant for oral hygiene and for treating mouth infections and cleaning the buccal cavity. Mouthwash thus refers to a liquid product that is made to freshen breath but not intended to be swallowed, a typical example of liquid preparation is the mouthwash of Hydrogen peroxide. It is similar to gargles and is used for oral hygiene and to treat infections of the mouth. Pharmacogenetic studies were performed on the root of Moringa oleifera Lam. The phytochemical constituents were identified and the screening revealed the presence of cardiac glycoside, alkaloids and saponins. Antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera root extract and its mouthwash formulations (MOR-A, MOR-B, MOR-C, MOR-D, and MOR-E) have been studied comparatively with a commercial mouthwash-Hydrogen Peroxide. The formulated mouthwash of Moringa oleifera root methanol extract at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 5.62 mg/mL - 7.08 mg/mL exhibited similar antimicrobial activity to that of commercial product (Hydrogen Peroxide). The order of the susceptibility of the microorganisms to the formulated mouthwash was: Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Candida albicans > Staphylococcus aureus. In the course of formulating the mouthwash, the activity of the extract was not negatively affected. Stability analysis showed that, there was no change in color, odor, taste and appearance in the formulated mouthwash after two months of storage. This justifies the use of Moringa oleifera root as chewing stick to promote the treatment of dental caries in traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An estimated 70 million population are exposed to arsenic poisoning in India in the 2020. The present study is aimed to develop the antidote for arsenic-induced toxicity in Charles Foster rats. A total of n=18 rats (12 weeks old) of an average weight of 160 ± 20 g were used for the study. The study group included three groups, n=6 control (Group I: Untreated) and n= 12 (group II) treated with sodium arsenite orally at the dose of 8mg/Kg b.w daily for 6 months. The n= 6 animals were dissected and the rest n=6 (Group III) was administered orally with Panax quinquefolius (Ginseng) root ethanolic extract at 300mg/Kg body weight per day for 8 weeks. All the animals were sacrificed after the completion of their respective doses and their blood samples were taken for haematological and biochemical evaluation, while the vital tissues such as liver and kidneys for the histopathological study. The study revealed significant fluctuation (p<0.0001/p<0.001/p<0.05) in the haematological parameters viz. leukocyte count, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, haematocrit percentage, MCV, MCH and MCHC and biochemical parameters such as SGPT, SGOT, ALP, bilirubin, urea, uric acid, creatinine and lipid peroxidation in arsenic-treated groups. There was a significant reduction (p<0.0001/p<0.001/p<0.05) in the levels of haematological and biochemical parameters after the administration of ginseng extract. Similarly, the histopathological study revealed a high magnitude of degeneration in the hepatocytes and nephrocytes after the treatment of arsenic, but after the administration of ginseng extract, there was significant restoration at the cellular level. Thus, the root extract of P. quinquefolius possessed significant ameliorative properties against arsenic-induced toxicity in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We monitored seasonal variations of amino acids and organic acids in the mycorrhizosphere of Tricholoma matsutake in the Yangdok region by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The contents of amino acids and organic acids identified in extracts of pine root and mycorrhizal soil displayed seasonal variations. Isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and malonic acid were predominant at fall coinciding with the establishing of the fruit bodies. This information might help in a successful cultivation of matsutake in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni / Zhongshan Daxue Xuebao is the property of Sun-Yat-Sen University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to explore the antibacterial, antioxidant, and DNA damage protection potentials of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L) root extracts. Antioxidant activity of root extracts was researched by using DPPH? free radical scavenging and reducing capacity analysis. Methanolic extract of blackberry root system showed the maximum activity for TPC, TFC, DPPH?, and ferric reducing capacity. Antibacterial activity of blackberry root extracts was screened against clinic isolates (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus aureus) by the Kirby Bauer method. Although the metanolic extract possessed a significant antibacterial activity at 100 mg/mL concentration, distilled water extract did not show any inhibition to clinic isolates. The protective effects of root extracts on pBR322 plasmid DNA against the mutagenic effect of UV photolysis of H2O2 were tested. All concentrations of methanolic and distilled water extracts were observed to protect DNA damage in the presence of H2O2 and UV. These results indicated that the presence of antioxidant substances of root system extract of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L) can be effective against harmful effects of free radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The allelopathic effect of pistachios was analyzed by field and laboratory tests. The parameters analyzed in the field trials were the biomass, weed density, weed diversity, and specific richness of the weed community. The studies were carried out in the area under the canopy and in the area beyond the influence of the pistachio tree, and the results obtained were compared. In the laboratory, germination bioassays were carried out on seeds of 11 weed species in root water extract, rhizosphere soil, and leaf water extract. The germination percentage, radicle elongation, epicotyl elongation, and germination index were determined. The results obtained show that significantly less biomass was present in the area under the influence of the trees, and fewer different weed species were detected in that area. In addition, germination bioassays showed that the aqueous leaf extract was a potent inhibitor of germination. The total content of flavonoids and phenols according to the organs (roots or leaves) was also studied. Extracts obtained from leaves showed higher concentrations of total phenols and also of flavones and flavanols than roots. Gallic acid, catechin, myricetin, and quercetin were identified in extracts obtained from both leaves and roots, while naringenin and rutin were identified only in the leaf extract. The presence of phenolic compounds in which allelopathic activity has been previously described and the results obtained in the trials seem to indicate that there is an allelopathic effect of the leaf extract, which could be used for weed control, thus facilitating ecological and/or sustainable management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ziziphus mauritiana commonly called jujube in English is known to be used in traditional medicine to cure various diseases such as fever, abdominal pain, nausea, wound healing, diarrhea, antiseptic, to mention few. Thus, toxicity studies are necessary to establish the safety of the plant. The present study aimed at determining the oral sub-chronic toxic effect of methanolic root extract of Z. mauritiana plant. Adult laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used for the study. Three different concentrations were administered orally for duration of 28 days. Food and water consumption, toxicity signs and mortality were observed daily and the mortality recorded. The body weight of each animal was monitored on weekly basis. Biochemical parameters and histopathological changes were analyzed to evaluate the liver and kidney functions. There is significant change in the average weight of the animals over the period of time at P-value <0.05. Death was recorded at higher (1000mg/kg) and medium (500mg/kg) concentrations only, with LD50 of 375mg/kg. There was no significant alteration in the biochemical parameters, however, there were slight abnormalities including slight vacuolation and hepatic necrosis, and slight tubular necrosis and hyperplasia of inflammatory cells in the histopathology of both liver and kidney respectively, for medium and higher treated group compared to control group. This indicated that daily repeated exposure to Ziziphus mauritiana root extract may be safer only at lower doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Codonopsis javanica L. root is a gingsen-like medicinal material with valuable bioactive compounds and alkaloids in its composition. However, the diversification of commercial products from Codonopsis javanica root extract is limited and poorly represented on the market. This study presents a new production process of an instant tea product from Codonopsis javanica root extract, which involved spray drying with maltodextrin as a drying additive. Study objects and methods. The research featured different process parameters including a drying additive concentration, a drying temperature, and a feed flow rate. Moisture content and drying yield were selected as the main outcomes. Results and discussion. In general, the improved drying yield was associated with an increased drying additive concentration, a lower drying temperature, and a higher feed flow rate. The best drying yield (78.35%) was obtained at the drying additive concentration of 30% (w/w), the drying temperature of 140°C, and the feed flow rate of 300 mL/h. The total saponin content in the product was 0.29% (w/w), and the ABTS free radical scavenging ability reached 59.48 μgAA/g. The obtained powder was spherical and exhibited fairly uniform particle morphology with shriveled and concave outer surface. Conclusion. The research results justified the use of Codonopsis javanica as an ingredient in beverage industry and suggested maltodextrin as an appropriate substrate for spray-drying natural extracts.

Abstract Background The plant Sterculia urens Roxb. of Malvaceae family is comparatively understudied. Genus Sterculia is widely recognized by its phytomedicinal and ethnomedicinal attributes. The study is aimed to evaluate the qualitative analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thin layer chromatography (TLC), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the crude hydro-methanolic extract of S. urens root. Results The antioxidant activity, antimicrobial assay for clinical isolates, and TPC were measured by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity, agar well diffusion method, and Folin–Ciocalteu assay respectively. Hydro-methanolic extract confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, steroids, and glycosides as primary and secondary metabolites, which was later confirmed by TLC. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed the presence of alkanes, alkenes, alkyl halides, halogen compounds, primary alcohol, tertiary alcohol, aldehyde, aromatic amine, secondary amines, amide group, and carboxylic acid. The crude extract was composed of a significant quantity of total phenolic content with 705 ± 0.40 mg GAE/g. Synergistically, the IC50 value of the crude extract and ascorbic acid was found to be 27.055 μg/ml and 37.244 μg/ml, respectively, which suggests that root extract possesses strong antioxidant properties. The majority of the microbial strains exhibited varying degrees of sensitivity to the root extract with a notable inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Penicillium glaucum. Conclusion The findings of this analysis suggest that the hydro-methanolic extract from S. urens root exhibit antioxidant activity quantified by its ability to scavenge DPPH; antimicrobial activity displayed appreciable microbial sensitivity. These properties are associated with the presence of high phenolic content, different secondary metabolites, and their functional groups. The results are suggestive that S. urens root is rich in bioactive compounds, which serve as a novel natural source for potential therapeutic applications. Graphical abstract

Pelargonium sidoides DC is an interesting plant with various biological properties. Pharmaceutical companies and manufacturers of food supplements are particularly interested in its beneficial effects in upper respiratory tract infections. The search for new therapeutic options is especially important at a time when antibiotics are prescribed too often. However, due to proven clinical effects of extracts from Pelargonium sidoides, their use in diet supplements, especially intended for infants and small children, is highly disputable. The paper presents reports on the use of Pelargonium sidoides extracts in paediatrics and also tries to answer the question whether the pelargonium extract should be qualified as food supplement or medicine.

Hundreds of plant species, including many economically important crop plants, are attacked by a highly destructive soil-borne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. In the present study, methanolic root extract of septicweed [Senna occidentalis (L.) Link] was evaluated against this fungus. Different concentrations of the extract (0.5 to 3.0%) considerably decreased fungal biomass by 33–43%. Nine compounds were identified when the extract was analyzed by GC-MS. The major compound was 11-octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (26.49%) followed by (5β)pregnane-3,20β-diol, 14α d-mannose (13.85%);, 18α-[4-methyl-3-oxo-(1-oxa-4-azabutane-1,4-diyl)]-, diacetate (13.61%); ethyl isoallocholate (11.37%); pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester (11.01%); and 9,12- octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E,E)- (9.76%), which might be the cause of antifungal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluated the haemato-biochemical alterations and acute toxicity of hydro-methanol root extract of Anarcaduim occidentale (AO) in cockerels. Forty chickens randomly assigned into four groups (A, B, C and D) of 10 birds each were used for the experiment. Groups A, B, C and D received 3000, 1500 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the extract and distilled water respectively. Relative weights, haematology, serum biochemistry, gross and histopathological features of the lymphoid organs of chickens were studied. No significant ( P>0.05) variation was observed in their body weights. The white blood cell count of group A chicken were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of groups B and C chickens. Serum biochemistry tests revealed significant ( P<0.05) variations at different doses for the alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, uric acid, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus activities when compared to the control group. Gross and histopathological examinations showed no overt alterations in the tissues examined. It was observed that varied doses of root extract of Anarcaduim occidentale caused significant decrease in haematology and serum biochemistry parameters of chickens and no obvious lesions in internal organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), a medicinal plant of family Cannabaceae, growing wild in most of the rainfed areas of Punjab, Pakistan. In this study, phytochemical profile of methanolic extract of root was assessed through GC-MS analysis and various biologically active compounds were identified through literature survey. There were 14 compounds in the root extract. The most abundant compounds were ?-sitosterol (27.08%) and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (24.09%) and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (21.81%). Other identified compounds were methyl stearate (5.51%), stigmasterol (5.12%), campesterol (4.19%), phenol, 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-(2.52%), 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (2.10%), squalene (1.89%), ß-amyrin (1.88%), eicosanoic acid, methyl ester (0.85%), tetracosanoic acid, methyl ester (0.88%), dronabinol (1.02%) and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (0.96%). Most of the identified compounds possess one or more biological activities viz. antitumor, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and analgesic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides roots as a “green” or eco-friendly inhibitor of carbonate calcium formation was investigated. The presence of chelating factors such as polyphenol compounds and foaming agents in the plant extract was assessed. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) demonstrated the ability of G. aretioides extract for dissolution of the carbonate calcium precipitates. Moreover, conductivity measurements revealed that the G. aretioides extract could efficiently retard sedimentation of carbonate calcium from a brine solution of calcium ions exposed to carbonate ions by adding Na2CO3 to the system solution. In addition, chronoamperometry was performed for a period of 3 h by polarizing the steel electrode to -0.9 V (vs. SCE) at 40°C. The presence of G. aretioides extract at a concentration of 10% (w/v) in chronoamperometry prevented the precipitation of CaCO3 on the steel electrode surface. This was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses which showed an absence of precipitates and lack of calcium ions on the steel electrode after 3 h chronoamperometry, respectively. However, further studies are required in order to amend the characteristics of G. aretioides extract to render it more applicable as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, anti-scale agent for a wide range of industrial applications.

The allelopathic effect of pistachios was analyzed by field and laboratory tests. The parameters analyzed in the field trials were the biomass, weed density, weed diversity, and specific richness of the weed community. The studies were carried out in the area under the canopy and in the area beyond the influence of the pistachio tree, and the results obtained were compared. In the laboratory, germination bioassays were carried out on seeds of 11 weed species in root water extract, rhizosphere soil, and leaf water extract. The germination percentage, radicle elongation, epicotyl elongation, and germination index were determined. The results obtained show that significantly less biomass was present in the area under the influence of the trees, and fewer different weed species were detected in that area. In addition, germination bioassays showed that the aqueous leaf extract was a potent inhibitor of germination. The total content of flavonoids and phenols according to the organs (roots or leaves) was also studied. Extracts obtained from leaves showed higher concentrations of total phenols and also of flavones and flavanols than roots. Gallic acid, catechin, myricetin, and quercetin were identified in extracts obtained from both leaves and roots, while naringenin and rutin were identified only in the leaf extract. The presence of phenolic compounds in which allelopathic activity has been previously described and the results obtained in the trials seem to indicate that there is an allelopathic effect of the leaf extract, which could be used for weed control, thus facilitating ecological and/or sustainable management.

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Objective(s):Perovskia abrotanoides Kar., from family Lamiaceae, is a little known medicinal plant growing in various regions of Iran. In the present study, cryptotanshinone (CT), tanshinone 2A (Tan2A), and hydroxycryptotanshinone (HCT) were isolated and purified from the roots of P. abrotanoides. In addition, cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of total root extract (TE) and three purified tanshinones were investigated in human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Materials and Methods: Alamar Blue® assay was used to determine cell viability. Cell apoptotic rate was detected using propidium iodide staining of DNA fragmentation by flow cytometry (sub-G1 peak). The PARP cleavage, as the sign of apoptosis, was investigated by Western blotting. Results: The results revealed that CT, Tan2A, HCT, and TE exhibited significant cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. All of these compounds caused apoptosis in treated cells and induced sub-G1 peak in the related flow cytometry histograms. HCT was found to have the highest anti-proliferative activity on cancer cells. Western blotting analysis showed cleavage of PARP protein in MCF-7 cells treated with purified tanshinones and TE after 48 hr contact with cells. Conclusion: The findings suggest that root extract of P. abrotanoides and purified tanshinones especially Tan2A and HCT have cytotoxic and apoptotic effects against cancer cell lines. So, they may serve as potential cytotoxic agents for future investigations.

Legume plants produce a high diversity of natural secondary metabolites with a prominent function that is important for the communication of the plants with other organisms and are significant for growth and development processes. In the present experiment, 50 roots of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr], were selected from the fields during 2016 to study the effect of root metabolites on bacterial growth and their growth hormone production potential. Bioassay was performed on the germination of chickea (Cicer arietinum L.) plant. The results indicated that the secondary metabolites of legume root enhance bacterial growth. It was found that the bacterial (Pseudomonas) growth was concentration dependent and was highest at the highest concentration of root extract, reflected by its maximum cell count. The highest cfu count (254 × 105 cfu/ml) of Pseudomonas was obtained in culture medium containing 100% root extract after 48 hr incubation. The amounts of IAA and GA produced at this concentration were 387.9 μg/25ml and 103.87 μg/25 ml, respectively. The production of IAA and GA was maximum in root extract containing media. It was observed that root extract was most effective in inducing seed germination and multiple root production. It was concluded that root extract played a vital role in the in vitro plant growth hormone (IAA and GA) production and enhancement of growth of chickpea plant.

Salacia oblonga, an inhabitant of tropical regions of India & Sri Lanka has been used in the traditional Ayurveda system. It is a climbing shrub with densely warty branches. Leaves are oblong, green, veined, and borne on stalks up to 1 cm long. It is a part of folk medicine and the extracts are used to treat diabetes. This study is conducted to assess the antioxidant and Antihypercholesterolemic potential of methanolic root extract of Salacia oblonga. The methanolic root extract was prepared, concentrated and stored. In vitro antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH assay and NO radical scavenging assay. Antihypercholesterolemic potential was also analysed. The methanolic root extract of Salacia oblonga was proved to possess a good level of antioxidant (82% inhibition at 500 µg/ml) and anticholesterol activity(75% inhibition at 500 µg/ml) in this study. The data obtained from the study depicts that the root extract possesses both antioxidant and anti cholesterol activity. Thus the extract can scavenge the free radical accumulation and prevent early onset of cardiovascular related disorders and also lifestyle oriented disorders like diabetes, hypertension etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Eurycoma longifolia jack (E.L) is a herbal medicinal plant of South-East Asian origin, popularly recognized as 'Tongkat Ali.' The plant roots have been scientifically proven to have many biological effects including antibacterial activity however, no previous research to date has studied the effect on oral pathogens including cariogenic bacteria. This study was done to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activities of E.L. root extract against three common oral pathogens. Material and Methods: The microorganisms used were Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei. E.L root was extracted using soxhlet method. Disc diffusion assay was conducted using extract concentration of 200 mg/ml. Nystatin and Ampicillin were used as positive control for fungal and bacterial tests respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was done to determine the lowest inhibitory concentration of the extract on the microorganisms. Results: E.L extract inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans at a concentration of 200 mg/ ml with a zone of inhibition of 16.0 ± 3.0 mm and 7.0 ± 1.0 mm respectively. There was no antimicrobial effect of the extract on Lactobacillus casei. The MIC of E.L extract against both Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans was 25 mg/ml. Conclusions: The results from this study revealed the potential use of Eurycoma longifolia jack as an antimicrobial agent which can be used to produce new oral care products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin cancer is among one of most the commonly occurring type of cancers in humans and usually caused by high exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The extract from different parts of the plant Annona reticulata is reported to have anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activity. The current therapy for skin cancer has various side effects; topical delivery of methanolic root extract of Annona reticulata can be considered to be an innovative approach. The present study is an attempt to formulate a topical gel loaded with methanolic root extract of Annona reticulata for the treatment of skin cancer. The methanolic root extract was prepared and subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening as well as volatile component analysis using GC–MS. The in-vitro SRB assay was conducted by using B16-F10 for anti-melanoma activity. The topical gel loaded with methanolic extract was evaluated for its physicochemical properties and further evaluated for in-vivo anti-cancer efficacy and histological study. The phytochemical screening of the extract presented with alkaloid, acetogenins, carbohydrate, flavonoid, tannin and protein while the GC–MS analysis had the presence of 46 differnt components. The extract cytotoxicity at concentration of 15 ± 1.4 μg/mL. The methanolic root extract was found to be compatible and formed a homogenous gel and the histopathological study clearly shows the efficacy of the gel in the treatment of skin cancer. The outcomes from both the in-vitro and in-vivo studies of methanolic root extract loaded carbopol gel is important as it has the potential to treat skin cancer. • This is a research finding based on traditional healing knowledge from the ethnic healers. • The Methanolic Extract shows effective action against Skin Cancer comparable to the standard synthetic drug. • The feasibility of preparation of gel and the ease of its application will be a novel therapy for skin cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of water extracts of Chenopodium album leaves and roots on the growth of grass weed (Setaria viridis) and broad leaf weed (Corchorus olitorius) grown with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in greenhouse pots were studied in the National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. In this experiment fresh leaf and root extracts and their corresponding dry leaf and root extracts at different concentrations were used. There were significant inhibitions in the dry weights of S. viridis and C. olitorius by all extracts at the flowering stage of beans and at harvest. The inhibition effect of all C. album extracts on both weeds (dry weight/pot) depended on the extracted plant organ (leaf or root), its fresh or dry form as well as its concentrations. The inhibition caused by the leaf extract was much higher on weed growth than that of root extract. A higher concentration of fresh leaf extract (25%) had the highest significant inhibition effect. The results also indicated that C. olitorius was more sensitive to the extracts than S. viridis. On the other hand, the inhibition effect of the extracts on the growth of both weeds was accompanied by increased bean growth and yield/plant. The analysis of both leaf and root extracts of C. album revealed that the total content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the leaf extract was more than triple that of the root extract. The results suggested that the fresh leaf extract of C. album may be a possible tool for the development of weed control using natural herbicides.

Three new compounds, a dihydrobenzofuran (coumaran) derivative (compound 1) and two pterocarpans (compounds 2 and 3) were isolated from a root extract of Calicotome villosa growing wild in Corsica. Their structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and MS/MS as 2-(1-methylethenyl)-5-hydroxy-6-carbomethoxy-2,3-dihydro-benzofuran, 4,9-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-dimethylallylpterocarpan, and 4,9-dihydroxy-3′,3′-dimethyl-2,3-pyranopterocarpan.