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Introduction. To represent our national goods at the Western market it is necessary to ensure, first of all, the competitiveness of local products through complex mechanization of technological processes, labour costs reduction, increasing yields and quality of received products. The aim of the research is to provide the comparative analysis of technology and machines for potato harvesting, to determine the main factors that influence the agricultural technical indicators of harvesting equipment, to develop technological process patterns and to examine the strategies for improving the potato root-and-harvest machines. Methods and methodology. The research was carried out on the basis of technological and constructional analysis of technology and machines for potato harvesting. The methods of comparison and mathematical modelling of technological processes were used in the study. The research studies of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on technology and machines for potato harvesting were used as information base of our paper. Results. A comparative analysis of technology and machines for potato harvesting made it possible to determine the main factors that influence the agricultural performance of harvesting machinery and to develop the technological process for a digger, a double-loader digger and a harvester (harvesting machines). A theoretical model of the technological processes of harvesting machines includes both uncontrolled and controlled factors that influence the choice of a potato harvesting technology of a digger, a double-loader digger and a harvester. Nevertheless, the first factors are connected, primarily, with the conditions of potato growth and its biological properties, and the second factors deal with the organizational and technical measures, including the improvement of the working bodies of machines (cutting, dirt digging through, top separation, longitudinal hump with cut roller and other constructive and kinematic parameters), quality of received products, length and terms of potato storage, available farming human resources, free vehicle in the period of harvesting, farm potato storage, farm equipment for potato cleaning and sorting.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the emphasis of qualitative adjectives that differentiate the Ukrainian dialect. This is clearly evidenced by the maps of the Atlas of the Ukrainian language, which reflect the dialectal features of the stress of adjectives. The question arises of the genesis of accentuation types found in Ukrainian dialects, as well as the directions of accent changes: from root to prefix, suffix, inflection or vice versa. The expediency of not only identifying but also explaining the functioning of modern accent types is emphasized. A detailed analysis of the emphasis of adjectives is carried out on the basis of dialect texts as a whole, which are presented in collections of dialect texts, in particular in the textbook of dialect texts - Dialekts of the Ukrainian language. Collection of texts (Texts), which represent the south-eastern, south-western, northern, as well as descriptive works. To clarify the history of the emergence of accent types used works on historical accentology, in particular L.A. Bulakhovsky, V.M. Ilyich-Svitich, V.G. Sklyarenko, Z.M. Veselovskaya. As a result of the research, modern accent types were identified and analyzed as reflexes of late Proto-Slavic accent paradigms. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that qualitative adjectives in Ukrainian dialects retain the old place of emphasis, and acquired a new type of emphasis. Factors that influenced the emphasis of adjectives are: loss of former intonation and temporal-quantitative relations; change of intonations (descending emphasis in the non-article form passed to ascending - root - in the article form); mixing of two types of stress in the formation of article forms of adjectives from non-article; in particular, when article and non-article forms of adjectives have different emphasis. In the formation of article forms of adjectives from non-article there was not only a change in the structure of the word, but also a change in intonations: the descending stress in the non-article form was transformed in the article form of adjectives into ascending - root. The proposed study presents only a fragment of the research of the functioning of modern accent types in Ukrainian dialects as reflections of Proto-Slavic paradigms of adjectives. That is why it remains promising to study the processes and phenomena of stressing adjectives that both differentiate and integrate the Ukrainian dialect space.

By means of stress, as well as sounds and phonemes, the word is shaped, its various meanings are expressed and accuracy and unambiguousness of an utterance is perceived by speakers. Still, differentiation of semantics via stress has not become an integral part of language competence yet. At the time of expanding opportunities of the oral form of the Ukrainian literary language researches on the distinctive function of accent are being actualized. Autochthonous verbatives of the Ukrainian language southwestern patois are characterized by the productivity of lexico-semantic processes, which made the derivation of lexico-semantic variants possible, some of them acquiring homonymous (homogeneous) relations in the process of historical development of the language. To study the problem a continuous selection of Structural Class III polysemantic verbatives-onomatopes of the Ukrainian language southwestern patois has been carried out, homonymous relations have been found in them. It has been found out that they were formed due to transforming one of the sememes with the dominant onomatopoetic archiseme into processual (with peripherality or neutralization of the sound constituent) which caused shifting the stress onto the stem class suffi x. The process of the corresponding lexico-semantic variant of polysemantic verbatives acquiring homonymous semantics caused gradual recessive shifting accent to the stem class suffi x and because of this for a certain period the newest derivate in the patois (one or more) or variants of the literary language could have functioned with variant (root and suffi x) accent. And it is only afterwards that this formation adopted the latest accent type (suffi xal) which fi xed the differential function of stress.

Sentiment analysis is a popular technique to identify the sentiment of a piece of text. Although several techniques have been proposed, the performance of current sentiment analysis techniques are still far from acceptable and the causes of wrong classifications are not clear. In this paper, we study how sentiment analysis performs on game reviews. We report the results of a large scale study on the performance of widely-used sentiment analysis classifiers on game reviews. Then, we investigate the root causes for misclassifications and quantify the impact of each cause on the overall performance. We study three existing classifiers: Stanford CoreNLP, NLTK, and SentiStrength. Our results show that most classifiers do not perform well on game reviews, with the best one being NLTK (with an AUC of 0.70). We also identified four main causes for wrong classifications, such as reviews that point out advantages and disadvantages of the game, which might confuse the classifier. The identified causes are not trivial to be resolved and our suggestion to game developers is to prioritize the causes with higher impact on the sentiment classification performance. Finally, we show that training sentiment classifiers on reviews that are stratified by the game genre is effective.

This paper presents a novel generalization of the reduplicant (henceforth red) placement in CV reduplication in Isbukun Bunun. It is shown that the variable red placements cannot be explained in terms of the presence of a PF marker or merely by the syllable number of the root, as assumed in previous studies. Rather, the variable red placements are argued to be simultaneously governed by the size and the syllable well-formedness of the root. The red is normally prefixed to the root; however, if onsetless red is generated under normal copying, the placement of the red shifts one syllable rightward, except for shorter (bimoraic) roots. Thus, the variable placements of the red are driven by a universal tendency for the red to be unmarked and the need for the P-Root to sustain a minimal size.

Complexity problems are a common type of performance issues, caused by algorithmic inefficiency. Algorithmic profiling aims to automatically attribute execution complexity to an executed code construct. It can identify code constructs in superlinear complexity to facilitate performance optimizations and debugging. However, existing algorithmic profiling techniques suffer from several severe limitations, missing the opportunity to be deployed in production environment and failing to effectively pinpoint root causes for performance failures caused by complexity problems. In this paper, we design a tool, ComAir, which can effectively conduct algorithmic profiling in production environment. We propose several novel instrumentation methods to significantly lower runtime overhead and enable the production-run usage. We also design an effective ranking mechanism to help developers identify root causes of performance failures due to complexity problems. Our experimental results show that ComAir can effectively identify root causes and generate accurate profiling results in production environment, while incurring a negligible runtime overhead

We analyze a tree search problem with an underlying Markov decision process, in which the goal is to identify the best action at the root that achieves the highest cumulative reward. We present a new tree policy that optimally allocates a limited computing budget to maximize a lower bound on the probability of correctly selecting the best action at each node. Compared to widely used Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) tree policies, the new tree policy presents a more balanced approach to manage the exploration and exploitation trade-off when the sampling budget is limited. Furthermore, UCB assumes that the support of reward distribution is known, whereas our algorithm relaxes this assumption. Numerical experiments demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithm in selecting the best action at the root., Comment: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control

To evaluate the technical quality of root canal obturations performed by undergraduate students.The records of 347 patients who underwent endodontic treatment by undergraduate students of Qassim University between 2018 and 2020 were assessed using standardised criteria based on obturation length, density and taper. All teeth that received primary endodontic treatment and had post-obturation periapical radiographs depicting the entire radicular length and the 2-3-mm periradicular area were included in the study.A total of 653 canals of 397 teeth were evaluated. The maxillary central incisor was the most commonly assessed tooth (15.1%). Overall, 80.2% of the evaluated canals were deemed acceptable based on all three assessment criteria. Maxillary teeth had significantly better obturation quality than the mandibular teeth. The mesio-lingual canal had the lowest quality in all three criteria.The technical quality of root canal obturations performed by undergraduate students in Qassim University was acceptable in the majority of the evaluated cases. Among the evaluated parameters of obturation quality, length control was the most frequently observed deficiency. Additional measures are therefore required to improve the quality of the obturation length.تقييم الجودة الفنية لسد قناة الجذر التي يقوم بها طلاب المرحلة الجامعية.تم تقييم سجلات 347 مريضًا خضعوا للعلاج اللبي من قبل الطلاب الجامعيين في جامعة القصيم بين عامي 2018 و 2020 باستخدام معايير موحدة على أساس طول التجويف والكثافة والاستدقاق. تم تضمين جميع الأسنان التي تلقت علاجا لبيا أساسيا والتي تم تصويرها بعد الانسداد صورا شعاعية محيطة بالذروة تصور الطول الجذري الكامل بالإضافة إلى 2-3 ملم من المنطقة المحيطة بالحوصلة في الدراسة.تم تقييم إجمالي 653 قناة من 397 سنا. كان القاطع المركزي العلوي هو السن الأكثر تقييما (15.1%). بشكل عام، تم اعتبار 80.2٪ من القنوات التي تم تقييمها مقبولة في معايير التقييم الثلاثة. تتميز الأسنان العلوية ذات الدلالة الإحصائية بجودة سد أفضل. كانت القناة الوسطى اللغوية هي الأقل جودة في المعايير الثلاثة.كانت الجودة الفنية لسد قناة الجذر التي أجراها طلاب المرحلة الجامعية في جامعة القصيم مقبولة في غالبية الحالات التي تم تقييمها. من بين العوامل التي تم تقييمها لجودة السد، لوحظ النقص الأكثر شيوعًا هو من حيث التحكم في الطول. التدابير مطلوبة لتحسين جودة طول السد.

The complexity of the directional construction in Chinese involves the following factors: (a) it can take a single directional item as the predicate; (b) two directional items can cooccur to serve as the predicate; (c) one or two directional items can be attached to a matrix verb in a single clause; (d) if more than one directional item is involved, their linear order can differ. I propose that the leading factor behind this complexity is that in Chinese a single Root can take different categories when merged in different syntactic positions. Therefore, the same directional item may in fact have the phonological form of a verb, a preposition, a part of a single preposition, or even a spatial aspectual marker in different directional constructions. I then place this account within the context of parametric studies of motion event constructions, showing that two new dimensions can be added: the special property of Roots in a language and the existence of Spatial Aspect in at least some languages.

Background Breakthrough imaging technologies may challenge the plant phenotyping bottleneck regarding marker-assisted breeding and genetic mapping. In this context, X-Ray CT (computed tomography) technology can accurately obtain the digital twin of root system architecture (RSA) but computational methods to quantify RSA traits and analyze their changes over time are limited. RSA traits extremely affect agricultural productivity. We develop a spatial–temporal root architectural modeling method based on 4D data from X-ray CT. This novel approach is optimized for high-throughput phenotyping considering the cost-effective time to process the data and the accuracy and robustness of the results. Significant root architectural traits, including root elongation rate, number, length, growth angle, height, diameter, branching map, and volume of axial and lateral roots are extracted from the model based on the digital twin. Our pipeline is divided into two major steps: (i) first, we compute the curve-skeleton based on a constrained Laplacian smoothing algorithm. This skeletal structure determines the registration of the roots over time; (ii) subsequently, the RSA is robustly modeled by a cylindrical fitting to spatially quantify several traits. The experiment was carried out at the Ag Alumni Seed Phenotyping Facility (AAPF) from Purdue University in West Lafayette (IN, USA). Results Roots from three samples of tomato plants at two different times and three samples of corn plants at three different times were scanned. Regarding the first step, the PCA analysis of the skeleton is able to accurately and robustly register temporal roots. From the second step, several traits were computed. Two of them were accurately validated using the root digital twin as a ground truth against the cylindrical model: number of branches (RRMSE better than 9%) and volume, reaching a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.84 and a P Conclusions The experimental results support the viability of the developed methodology, being able to provide scalability to a comprehensive analysis in order to perform high throughput root phenotyping.

The recently resurfaced rumors propped up by certain Israeli circles that the Pashtuns are the lost tribe of Israel has given academic circles a lingering pause. Its biblical claims are anecdotal, its historical documentation is inconsistent, its geographic claims are incoherent, and its linguistic assertions are implausible. The claim doesn’t stand a chance of DNA verification. Politically, the claim has hit a raw nerve in Afghanistan where the legitimacy of Pashtun power as an ethnic majority is challenged while in Pakistan the Pashtun cultural identity is threatened. Amidst this hyped ethnolinguistic strife that threatens regional stability, the ‘why now’ of the resurfaced controversy is as unnerving as the ‘why then’ of its origins is disconcerting. This article examines the claim from historical, cultural, linguistic, and genetic perspectives as it explores the root causes of how the rumors may have started in the first place and the reasons for its persistence.

Root architecture can be targeted in breeding programs to develop crops with better capture of water and nutrients. In rich nations, such crops would reduce production costs and environmental pollution and, in developing nations, they would improve food security and economic development. Crops with deeper roots would have better climate resilience while also sequestering atmospheric CO2 . Deeper rooting, which improves water and N capture, is facilitated by steeper root growth angles, fewer axial roots, reduced lateral branching, and anatomical phenotypes that reduce the metabolic cost of root tissue. Mechanical impedance, hypoxia, and Al toxicity are constraints to subsoil exploration. To improve topsoil foraging for P, K, and other shallow resources, shallower root growth angles, more axial roots, and greater lateral branching are beneficial, as are metabolically cheap roots. In high-input systems, parsimonious root phenotypes that focus on water capture may be advantageous. The growing prevalence of Conservation Agriculture is shifting the mechanical impedance characteristics of cultivated soils in ways that may favor plastic root phenotypes capable of exploiting low resistance pathways to the subsoil. Root ideotypes for many low-input systems would not be optimized for any one function, but would be resilient against an array of biotic and abiotic challenges. Root hairs, reduced metabolic cost, and developmental regulation of plasticity may be useful in all environments. The fitness landscape of integrated root phenotypes is large and complex, and hence will benefit from in silico tools. Understanding and harnessing root architecture for crop improvement is a transdisciplinary opportunity to address global challenges.

Prior to the Second World War, Malta appeared vulnerable to fascist influence due to the connections between the Italian Fascist regime and Malta’s irredentist political movement, then led by Nerik Mizzi. In part this Fascist influence was present in cultural propaganda promoting irredentist ideas such as the ‘Mare Nostrum’, which Mizzi and his conservative political party, the Partito Nazionalista, helped propagate. However, previously unseen British documents also reveal significant financial support by the Italian government to Mizzi and his political activities. Mizzi never disclosed this, including the financial support he was granted by Mussolini after having met him personally in Rome on 30 November 1936. Mizzi never openly expounded fascist views, although he consistently supported an irredentist vision of Malta and openly campaigned for Malta to fall under Italy’s jurisdiction. Meanwhile, support for domestic fascist organisations was negligible. At the onset of the War, the Imperial Government started to clamp down on the irredentists, eventually exiling Mizzi and most of his collaborators. The author argues that Mizzi’s dalliance with fascism was not just a convenient relationship for a greater cause, but also a direct acceptance of fascist politics given that making Malta part of Italy’s jurisdiction would also have meant accepting fascist rule.

Teachers' duty is to teach. But in honesty, teachers do many things. Aside from relaying the information that their students need to learn, they are also responsible for handling each student with different characteristics and behaviors. Thus, it is a problem if teachers do not know how to facilitate them as well as if they do not have enough understanding of educational psychology. Knowing and understanding students' cause of different behaviors is one way for teachers to facilitate their students appropriately and can teach effectively. This article then discusses salient factors that lead student to behave in such ways. It also gives emphasis on how a teacher will become effective in teaching if she first learn the root of students' behavior.

The goal of this article is to develop a theory about the evaluation process in order to offer a perspective that is potentially capable of parsimoniously explaining a series of phenomena. I argue that not only is categorical thinking shared by humans and other animals, but also certain types of categorization ("what is something?"; "what end to seek?"; "by what means?"; "was there success in accomplishing the end?"), which I understand to be aligned in a mat of categorizations, constituting what I call the basic evaluation process. I hypothesize that within this evaluation process there are five options for basic categorizations pathways (BCP), namely: "identification of patterns in the novelty"; "acquisition of the benefit", "promotion of the good of the other"; "elimination of the threat"; and "escape the threat". Thus, the basic evaluation process would follow a certain path depending on the type of categorization "what is something?" performed ("a novelty", "a benefit", "an ally (or potential ally) in difficulty", "a threat that can be eliminated", or "a threat that cannot be eliminated"). Finally, I defend the idea that if the mental architecture of humans is composed of ancestral structures such as BCPs, it is then possible to locate BCP as being at the root of innumerable subjective phenomena of our species.

Maqolada insonning ma’naviyati ham, buyuk tajribalari ham , aslida, oilada qaror topishi, so‘ngra u ijtimoiy ahamiyat kasb etib borishi yoritilgan bo’lib, ma’naviyat — barcha tarbiyalarning mustahkam ildizi ekanligi to‘g‘risida mulohazalar yuritiladi.

En las familias, la comunicación es un aspecto muy importante y fundamentale en el desarrollo de los jóvenes, de allí parte la confianza entre padres e hijos, desde esta perspectiva la interacción hace parte de dicha formación, es aquí donde se puede perder el respeto mutuo y los valores que deben enraizar las buenas relaciones. Surge la necesidad de comprender las experiencias de comunicación asertiva entre padres y adolescentes de 12 a 16 años en la localidad de Ciudad Bolívar Bogotá. Se utiliza una metodología cualitativa con técnica de análisis fenomenológico. La población está conformada por 200 estudiantes en etapa de la adolescencia entre los grados 7 a 11. Se tomó una muestra de 10 estudiantes, cinco de sexo masculino y cinco de sexo femenino. Con el microanálisis y codificación abierta se identifican 27 códigos relevantes para la investigación, agrupadas en seis familias de códigos para ser analizados: construcción de la personalidad, fortalecimiento de los vínculos afectivos, malas conductas, habilidades comunicativas y técnicas para gestionar conflictos. Se concluye que la relación entre padres y adolescentes debe ser enfatizada en aquellos valores y fortalecimiento de los lazos familiares, como también el asertividad que conlleva a las buenas prácticas conductuales de los adolescentes.

Continuous professional development for workers is a sure way of keeping staff with up-to-date knowledge, skills and values for effective and efficient delivery on their jobs. The case of colleges of education, the trainers of teachers, cannot be underrated. Every major decision taken by the tutor on what to teach and how to teach it, when to teach could be positively impacted if the tutor is updated on trends of events at the sector. Even though the realization of importance of CPD is getting its root among stakeholders, a number of factors militate against successful hosting of the programmes. This research was therefore conducted in 2017 to unearth the challenges and to help discover their root cause. The study employed case study approach under qualitative design. Data were collected from four principals through semi structured interviews whilst four vice principals and twelve college tutors participated through open-ended questionnaire. Manual coding was adopted under thematic analysis. It was found among other things that training logistics /inadequate funding, limited time, poor attitude due to resistant to change among staff members, inadequate supervision and motivation are the challenges confronting college-based departmentalised programmes. It was concluded that multi factors come to play in challenging the success of any CPD programme organised for the staff of the colleges of education. It recommended that a holistic approach is adopted through involvement of all stakeholders and a comprehensive study initiated into ways of combating the challenges in order to ensure sustainability. Key words: Continuous professional development, college tutors, challenges, college management.

Stemming is a common word conflation method that perceives stems embedded in the words and decreases them to their stem (root) by conflating all the morphologically related terms into a single term, without doing a complete morphological analysis. This article presents STEMUR, an enhanced stemming algorithm for automatic word conflation for Urdu language. In addition to handling words with prefixes and suffixes, STEMUR also handles words with infixes. Rather than using a totally unsupervised approach, we utilized the linguistic knowledge to develop a collection of patterns for Urdu infixes to enhance the accuracy of the stems and affixes acquired during the training process. Additionally, STEMUR also handles English loan words and can handle words with more than one affix. STEMUR is compared with four existing Urdu stemmers including Assas-Band and the template-based stemmer that are also implemented in this study. Results are processed on two corpora containing 89,437 and 30,907 words separately. Results show clear improvements regarding strength and accuracy of STEMUR. The use of maximum possible infix rules boosted our stemmer's accuracy up to 93.1% and helped us achieve a precision of 98.9%.

Despite enjoying high favourable outcome rates, root canal treatment is not always successful. Root canal retreatment is a widely practised option for managing a non-healing root treated tooth. A basic distinction between retreatment and initial treatment is the requirement to remove the existing root filling material occupying the root canal space. Only then, can the technical deficiencies and possible causes of failure be addressed. Hence, the successful removal of the root filling material is critical to achieving the objectives of retreatment. Many different materials and techniques have been used for root canal filling, which have been documented in a plethora of studies; these are mainly laboratory studies investigating the removal of root filling materials. To help guide future research, which may then better inform clinical practice in relation to retreatment procedures, the focus of this narrative review is on the research methods and experimental models employed to study the removal of root filling materials. The current available literature demonstrates great variation in the research methodologies used to study the removal of root filling material, including direct visualization by splitting tooth samples or clearing, three-dimensional radiographic imaging including using microcomputed tomography or cone-beam computed tomography, and a combination of these techniques. Depending on the research method employed, variation also exists in quantification of root filling material removal; these include measurements of surface area, volume or weight, and criteria-based (semi-quantitative) assessment. Experimental models, using human teeth or resin models, differ with respect to standardization techniques and replication of the clinical scenario including initial sample preparation, canal filling, allocation and technical aspects of retreatment procedures. Future models should replicate, as closely as possible, the clinical scenario. Currently, microcomputed tomography provides a highly detailed, non-invasive and non-destructive method of objectively assessing and quantifying root filling removal.

The inverted specific-class distance measure (ISCDM) ranks first in the list of distance metrics that deal solely with nominal attributes, especially when values are missing and noise exists in non-class attributes. However, the attribute independence assumption still inevitably exists, which is almost untenable in many real-world applications with sophisticated attribute dependencies. Many improved versions based on different attribute weighting schemes have been proposed to relax this unrealistic assumption and circumvent its damage to measuring performance. However, existing attribute weighting schemes are limited to assigning a weight corresponding to each attribute; they ignore the more fine-grained dependence relationships between attributes and classes. Thus, in this study, we derive a novel fine-grained attribute weighting scheme, which first calculates the initial fine-grained attribute weights according to different attribute values and class labels and then uses random walk with restart to optimize them. We titled our improved measure fine-grained attribute-weighted ISCDM (FAWISCDM). Extensive experimental results on 66 datasets from a machine learning repository, collected by the University of California at Irvine illustrate that the FAWISCDM is notably superior to the original ISCDM and some other state-of-the-art competing methods, in terms of the negative conditional log likelihood and root relative squared error.

This article examines calumba root as a mobile scientific object in global history. The narrative begins with the first mention of calumba as an antidote from the “Indies” by an Italian phy...

The primary objective of this work was to generate species-specific information about root architectural adaptation to variation in boron (B) availability at the onset of storage root formation among three sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] cultivars (Beauregard = BX; Murasaki = MU; Okinawa = OK). Three B levels were used: 0B (B was omitted in the nutrient solution, substrate B = 0.1 mg·kg−1), 1XB (sufficient B; 0.5 mg·kg−1), and 2XB (high B; 1 mg·kg−1). The check cultivar BX showed evidence of storage root formation at 15 days in 0B and 1XB, whereas cultivars MU and OK failed to show evidence of root swelling. The 1XB and 2XB levels were associated with 736% and 2269% increase in leaf tissue B in BX, respectively, relative to plants grown in 0B. Similar magnitudes of increase were observed in MU and OK cultivars. There were no differences in adventitious root (AR) count within cultivars but OK showed 25% fewer AR numbers relative to BX across all B levels. 0B was associated with 20% and 48% reduction in main root length in BX and OK, respectively, relative to plants grown in 1XB and 2XB. 2XB was associated with a 10% increase in main root length in MU relative to plants grown in 0B and 1XB. 0B was associated with reduced lateral root length in all cultivars but the magnitude of responses varied with cultivars. These data corroborate findings in model systems and well-studied crop species that B deficiency is associated with reduced root growth. These data can be used to further understand the role of cultivar-specific responses to variation in B availability in sweetpotato.

Understanding how housing inequities among families with children are rooted in structural racism is important for identifying opportunities to engage in ongoing and collective work as pediatricians to lift children out of poverty. This article discusses the complex mechanisms between housing and child and family health outcomes, and offers potential solutions linking housing, health programs, and policy solutions. Beginning with a review of historical antecedents of housing policy and their impact on health inequities, the authors outlines policies and structures directly linked to disproportionate housing instability and inequities in health outcomes among children. This article examines four key domains of housing – affordability, stability, quality, and neighborhood – and their relationship to child and family health. Finally, the authors present multidimensional solutions for advancing health equity.

Defect patterns on semiconductor wafer maps point to different manufacturing problems. Consequently, they have become key factors in identifying and resolving the root causes of yield improvement. Perhaps not surprisingly, the probability of having multiple defect patterns on a wafer map has increased in tandem with advances in manufacturing technology. Prior research on defect patterns has focused primarily on image classification methods which are neither good at mixed-type defect pattern classification nor able to provide locational information for further analysis. This study develops a framework that integrates a Mask R-CNN-based instance segmentation model with copy-paste and rotational data augmentation. The proposed method is able to precisely classify and locate defect patterns on a wafer map given limited training data, tasks which can help companies identify the manufacturing root causes of defects in a timely manner when ramping up their production for yield enhancement. Our experiments were performed using real-world WM-811K data. Using COCO pre-trained weights and only 1,056 items of original training data, the model reached an accuracy of 97.7% on single-type classification. Mixed-type classification hamming loss, exact match and accuracy were 0.155, 69% and 82%, respectively.

Although the class imbalance issue affects hierarchical datasets, the literature has few studies that deal with it, especially when it comes to methods to pre-process the training dataset as a whole. In this study, we present novel resampling algorithms to deal with imbalance in hierarchical datasets. To be able to process the imbalanced data , we first propose methods to retrieve the set of majority and minority label paths. The resampling algorithms were designed with respect to the depth of the label path prediction and may be used for hierarchical classification problems with single- and multiple-path labels. We propose two oversampling and two undersampling algorithms: HROS-FD/PD – Random Oversampling for Full/Partial Depth Hierarchical problems, and HRUS-PD/FD – Random Undersampling for Full/Partial Depth Hierarchical problems. While the resampling algorithms for full-depth problems deal with the data by simply processing the set of majority/minority paths, the partial depth approaches process the data in a leaf-node order way, recalculating the set of majority/minority paths at each step until reaching the root label. The experimental evaluation with 23 hierarchical datasets across different domains and characteristics, supported by statistical analysis, showed that the proposed resampling algorithms significantly improve the classification performance.

Children's literature products are of great importance in the development of children, in the formation of their characters and additive identities. Children reach children's literature products through lessons from the moment they start school with the contribution of the family in the pre-school period. In addition to acquainting children with literary works and gaining reading habits, it is important which books they read. Because the most effective power that provides social continuity between societies is education. Social values, awareness of being human, family, individual and citizen, in short, cultural accumulation can be transferred to the child through education. One of the best tools to provide this transfer in educational institutions is literary products. For this reason, it is important to examine the values in children's literature and the way these values are handled in a positive and negative way. The aim of this research is to read Şermin Yaşar's books, Exaggeration Dust and Grandpa’s Grocery, which are found to be widely read by secondary school students, based on the ten root values (justice, friendship, honesty, self-control, patience, respect, love, responsibility, patriotism, helpfullnes) in the Turkish Lesson Curriculum of the Ministry of National Education. Document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research, and content analysis technique was used in the analysis of the data. As a result of the research, while the values of respect (26%), helpfulness (17%) and honesty (14%) were the most common values in the book of Grandpa’sGrocery, the values of patriotism (0%) and patience (1%) were the least included; In the Exaggeration Dust book, the values of love (23%), responsibility (20%) and helpfullness (18%) were most frequently included, while patriotism (1%) and honesty (2%) values were the least included.

The articles reflects how reduplication matters in the process of transferring meaning from the source language into the closest equivalent meaning in the target language. Indonesian reduplications are varied in their types and meaning that cover reduplications of verbs, nouns and adjectives and each has its own function such to indicate plurality in reduplicated noun, to indicate repeated action, to convey intensity, to emphasise or to form other meaning from the root. This study aims at investigating the types of Indonesian reduplication and the types of translation procedures applied in retaining the meaning of Indonesian reduplication into English as the target language. Descriptive translation study is applied as it provides a method for the description of language use in translation in the form of parallel corpora. The results show that the types of Indonesian reduplication are: full reduplication, partial reduplication and reduplication (stem and affix), and the translation procedures found are couplet, equivalent, modulation, and synonymy. This study gives the implication that in translating Indonesian reduplication into English; the translator should fully comprehend the meaning of the reduplicated word in the source language before defining its equivalent in the target language in order not to distort the meaning being expressed in the source language when it is transferred into the target language

This article examines the grammatical behavior of Dutch adverbs featuring so-called adverbial -s. This will be done on the basis of three questions: Firstly, what is the grammatical nature of adverbial -s? Secondly, in which structural configurations does it appear? Thirdly, what does adverbial -s tell us about the existence of adverbs as a separate part of speech? The article provides the following three answers to these questions: Firstly, adverbial -s is an affixal manifestation of the categorizing heads n and a (so-called -s-Support). Secondly, n and a externalize as -s when the raised root that forms an amalgam with the categorizing head is silent or a bound root. Thirdly, “adverbs” featuring adverbial -s are nominal, adjectival or adpositional expressions with an articulated syntactic structure. Some of these syntactic structures correspond to the so-called construct state. In short, linguistic expressions featuring adverbial -s do not support the idea that adverbs form a separate part of speech.

PurposeThis article explores the connection between Culturally Responsive School Leadership (CRSL) and Positive School Leadership (PSL) and how both engage with a concept that deeply connects both leadership expressions – trust.Design/methodology/approachA multi-year, single site case study method examined a district-level equity leader, and her struggles and successes with promoting equity and positive culture throughout a large suburban district in the US.FindingsTrust, established through regular interactions, allowed the district's leadership equity team to build positive relationships with building leaders. Trust was not only a mitigating factor on the relationships themselves, but also regulated the extent to which equitable practices were discussed and implemented in the district. Trust allowed conflicts to surface and be addressed that led to individual and organizational change.Research limitations/implicationsThe case highlights the importance of both CRSL and PSL principals, along with the idea of “soft power” in cultural change, to foster equity in schools. Established trust does not erase the difficulties of enacting CRSL/PSL, but allows the difficulties to be addressed. The authors found that dynamic, iterative, regular interactions over a long period reinforced trust allowed CRPSL to take root in the district.Originality/valueThe authors use a single subject case to argue that the core of empirical work moving forward should draw on an integration of culturally responsive leadership.

Improvement initiatives crafted based on well-understood problems of practice often stand the greatest chance of leading to sustainable educational improvements. Framing problems of practice using multiple modes of evidence is advisable to fully understand the system of root causes of the problem and its stakeholders. In this study, we used the document analysis method to investigate the types of evidence (e.g., literature, anecdotal, secondary data) that students used to frame problems of practice in EdD dissertations in practice within CPED consortium member institutions (N=53). Results suggest that students predominantly use literature to frame problems of practice with fewer using primary and secondary data.

Nominalizations can be structured by adding affixes before or after root to create new words in language. Madurese has several language aspects that have not been widely explored. Previous linguistic studies on Madurese mostly focused on morphological aspects such as Madurese affixation in general. Therefore, this research discusses Madurese Deverbal Nominalization Process (Noun Derived from Verb). The goals of this research are to identify what types of affixes which form deverbal nouns in Madurese and to know how the affixation process that forms the deverbal nouns in Madurese. For example: pa-mandi-an, the root is mandi (take a shower) after it attachés to confix (pa- -an) the word class category changes to noun pa-mandi-an, that is a bath room. This research is a descriptive qualitative research, and the data were collected from a Madurese short story entitled Tora (satengkes carpan Madura), which was written by Jamal D. Rahma (2017). The findings are presented descriptively by identifying the process of the derivational forming nouns. The results of this research shows that prefixes, suffixes, confixes and infixes are contributed to create new lexemes in Madurese.

God created humankind certainly with purposes: as a noble being and caliph on earth with given uniqueness of potential and strength. Humankind is gifted with brain to think, the act of thinking is basically the act of asking, the act of asking is searching for the answers, and searching for the answers is the root of looking for the truth. If we explore and discover these unique potentials of humankind, then we will know the tasks that we need to carry out in our lives to the best of our capabilities. The best of humankind is the ones that benefits others. This Community Service Activity (PKM) carries the main theme of “Preparing Millennials to Excel and Innovate” with a sub-theme: “Discovering Self Strength, Building Entrepreneurial Spirit among Senior High School Students” at Kembangan Subdistrict – West Jakarta. This PKM is a suitable and important programme for the senior high school students to prepare themselves for graduation, especially during this Covid-19 pandemic. The students are provided with new knowledge, mission- visions, as well as mentoring in finding their potentials and strengths, finding paths and ways to success, and understanding about their talents, knowledge, and skills, which will lead to potentials and strengths. It is hope that the students can optimize their strengths and prepare themselves with future challenges:whether to further their studies to higher level, or working with organizations or to become entrepreneurs, or another option is to be part-time students in college while working or being entrepreneurs. All potentials including the entrepreneurial spirit based on creativity need to be grown and nourish among students from now on. “Meeting & Greeting - Sharing & Knowing- Networking” is essential to be prepared among students. Other knowledge in entrepreneurship also needs to be acknowledged and learnt by students, such as accounting and financial governance to help millennial entrepreneurs in managing financial information.

The article is given to considering semantics and recurrence of “Legendary creatures” names of the Germanic root within the English dialect. The creator looks at semantic implications of three lexemes of Germanic beginning designating legendary animals, analyzes standardizing recurrence of these lexemes in four corpuses, five sort sub-corpuses of the English dialect. The semantic implications of lexemes are distinguished; the lexemes are positioned agreeing to polysemy-monosemy feature and the recurrence within the present day English dialect. The paper considers the conceivable interrelations between the semantic, recurrence

This article analyzes the occurrence of performative root phenomena in complement clauses. I show that the clauses that host this kind of phenomena have the same distribution as direct speech complements. I argue that the correspondence is based on the fact that, due to their rich syntactic left periphery, these embedded clauses convey speech acts. This assumption receives further support by the grammatical behavior of what I argue are the two major classes of verbs subordinating direct speech and ERP-hosting embedded clauses: locutionary and illocutionary embedding verbs. I analyze illocutionary verbs as bearing an abstract illocutionary predicate selecting either a propositional or a speech-act type, and locutionary verbs as ordinary relational predicates selecting a speech-act type. Taken together, these elements allow for a straightforward syntax-semantics interface and explain the differentiated behavior of root phenomena in complements to locutionary and illocutionary verbs.

This article analyzes how Offred, the protagonist of The Handmaid’s Tale, reconstructs her fragmented self through storytelling in a dialogic thought process that is connected to the intertextual references. She recollects her memories and engages in a parodic critique of Gileadean propagandistic discourse. This implies a process of transformation that involves both her body and her mind and critically deconstructs the role the regime has assigned to her. The readers are invited to take a stand if this is not the world they want to live in. The novel challenges the narrative of Gilead in an attempt to rewrite it from a female point of view. This process is connected to the disruptive and heterogeneous disposition of the novel, which Kristeva calls semiotic and links to the maternal chora. The dichotomous view is therefore denied at the root and a multifaceted perspective is proposed.

Root is one of the most important vegetable organs in higher plants, playing pivotal roles in plant anchoring in soil and uptake of water and nutrients. Plant roots interact with soil microbes named microbiota, which are related to many plant activities. Roots and root microbiota are essential for plant growth and plasticity in response to environmental stresses. Ideal root architecture and healthy root microbiota ensure stable crop yields under normal and stress conditions. It is urgent to incorporate theoretical breakthroughs of root research into crop breeding, which will promote the absorption and utilization of water and nutrients and help to fit the breeding goal of sustainable agriculture in our country. Subsequent work should focus on molecular mechanisms of crop root development and the interaction between plants and root microbiota, and the incorporation of ideal root architecture selection into crop breeding, which would be very important opportunities and challenges to achieve the green sustainable agriculture in China.

BACKGROUND: Many frail older adults have an unhealthy dentition; unrestorable broken teeth and root remnants with open root canals, commonly accompanied by periapical and periodontal inflammation, are often seen. Improving oral health in the growing group of frail older adults with remaining teeth is a considerable challenge for dental care professionals. Dentists are often uncertain how to deal with root remnants and unrestorable broken teeth in frail older adults.METHODS: The authors aim was to provide recommendations to dentists to help in their clinical decision making about the extraction or retention of roots remnants and broken teeth in frail older adults.CONCLUSIONS: Decisions about the extraction or retention of root remnants should made on the basis of preventing pain and oral discomfort, preventing severe inflammation, and preventing additional decline in oral health. Both root-related and patient-related factors are considered.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Decision-making trees can help dentists decide whether to extract root remnants and unrestorable broken teeth in frail older adults.

Настоящая работа затрагивает тему оптимизации процесса экстракции биологически активных веществ из биомассы корневых культур in vitro лекарственных растений Сибирского федерального округа, а именно шлемника байкальского, шлемника обыкновенного и лапчатки белой. Параметры, которые влияли на ход процесса, были выбраны следующие: продолжительность процесса, температура экстракции и гидромодуль. В ходе эксперимента выяснилось, что для максимального выхода экстракта шлемника байкальского необходимо соблюдать следующие параметры: соотношение объема растворителя, наиболее эффективного в данном случае 70 %-ного этанола, к массе исходного сырья 1:10, продолжительность процесса 60 мин, температура 50 °С. Максимальный выход биологически активных веществ из шлемника обыкновенного будет достигаться при температуре экстракции 60 °С в течение 60 мин с использованием 70 %-ного этанола в качестве органического растворителя в соотношении к высушенному образцу 1:10. Оптимальные параметры извлечения активных веществ из лапчатки белой: соотношение экстрагента, в качестве которого выступает диэтиловый эфир, к исходному сырью 1:20, продолжительность 60 мин при температуре экстракции 40 °С. Извлечение экстрактов из культур in vitro позволит сохранить популяцию растений, произрастающих в естественных условиях. This work touches on the topic of optimization of the process of extraction of biologically active substances from the biomass of root cultures in vitro of medicinal plants of the Siberian Federal District, namely Scutellaria galericulata, Scutellaria Baicalensis, Potentilla alba . The parameters that influenced the course of the process were chosen as follows: process duration, extraction temperature and hydronic module. In the course of the experiment, it turned out that for the maximum yield of the Scutellaria Baicalensis extract, the following parameters must be observed: the ratio of the volume of the solvent, the most effective in this case 70% ethanol, to the weight of the feedstock 1:10, the duration of the process is 60 min, the temperature is 50 °C. The maximum yield of biologically active substances from Scutellaria galericulata will be achieved at an extraction temperature of 60 °C for 60 minutes using 70 % ethanol as an organic solvent in a ratio of 1:10 to the dried sample. The optimal parameters for the extraction of active substances from Potentilla alba are: the ratio of the extractant, which is diethyl ether, to the feedstock 1:20, lasting 60 minutes at an extraction temperature of 40 °C. The extraction of extracts from in vitro cultures will allow preserving the population of plants growing in natural conditions.