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Introduction: In this study, we reviewuated and compared three routine methods for the measurement of urinary protein concentrations with a view to find a suitable method to prevent, diagnose and monitor renal disease under circumstances with limited resources. Materials and Methods: Two modifications of the Trichoroacetic acid (TCA) turbidimetric method read at 405 and 620 nm and the sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) turbidimetric method were considered. The reviewuated was carried out using a variety of control materials, calibrators and patients urine samples. Results: The result indicated that the TCA method read at 405nm is appropriate for the measurement of protein in the range of 25-700 mg/L and the TCA "620nm method" is appropriate for the measurement of protein concentration in the range of 100-1000 mg/L. Of the two methods, the TCA at 405 nm was minimally influenced by the type of calibrator. The SSA method showed unacceptable performance in the measurement of protein, specially at lower concentration, in addition the results showed a large variation depending on the type of calibration. Conclusion: For screening of high-risk populations e.g. diabetics and early diagnosis of microproteinuria the recommended method is the TCA at 405 nm calibrated with a serum-based mixed Albumin/Globulin standard. For routine testing the TCA method at 620 is suggested regardless of type of calibration, although the limitations at lower concentrations should be remembered.

Recent shifts in the spectrum of weeds documented throughout the globe in various agroecosystems were purportedly associated with climate change. Consequently, it called for a more thorough investigation of weed vulnerabilities and management in the changing climate scenarios. In the present investigation, we compile geographic occurrence data of an agricultural weed Asphodelus tenuifolius Cavan. using ecospat R package and BIOMOD ensemble forecasting to analyze the existing distribution and anticipate its possible distribution in the future under future climate change scenarios. Nine different algorithms were used and implemented in biomod2 package for modelling the current potential habitat distribution of the selected species across the study region and climatic data was downloaded from WorldClim database. Ensemble modeling showed high habitat suitability of the majority of central, northern, and western Indian regions under current climatic conditions. In addition, by gaining suitable habitats in the future the target species will undergo significant increase in range change. The potential range of habitat suitability for A. tenuifolius is likely to increase from 138.73% to 190.29% in terms of Committee Averaging and 721.42%–1508% in terms of Weighted Mean under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). This ensemble modelling technique will help us to locate the places where its potential range could expand while simultaneously analysing the spatial distributions of field weeds, which may be important for the creation of cutting-edge weed control methods.

Background: Medical image segmentation is more complicated and demanding than ordinary image segmentation due to the density of medical pictures. A brain tumour is the most common cause of high mortality. Objectives: Extraction of tumorous cells is particularly difficult due to the differences between tumorous and non-tumorous cells. In ordinary convolutional neural networks, local background information is restricted. As a result, previous deep learning algorithms in medical imaging have struggled to detect anomalies in diverse cells. Methods: As a solution to this challenge, a deep convolutional generative adversarial network for tumour segmentation from brain Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) images is proposed. A generator and a discriminator are the two networks that make up the proposed model. This network focuses on tumour localisation, noise-related issues, and social class disparities. Results: Dice Score Coefficient (DSC), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Structural Index Similarity (SSIM) are all generally 0.894, 62.084 dB, and 0.88912, respectively. The model’s accuracy has improved to 97 percent, and its loss has reduced to 0.012. Conclusions: Experiments reveal that the proposed approach may successfully segment tumorous and benign tissues. As a result, a novel brain tumour segmentation approach has been created.

More than 99% radiolabelling of benzyl penicillin with 99mTc was achieved using SnCl2.2H2O as reducing agent. The optimised conditions for the radiolabelling of 99mTc- benzyl penicillin were 200 μg ligand (benzyl penicillin), 25 μg stannous chloride as a reducing agent, pH 6, room temperature and 10 min incubation time. The radiochemical purity, stability and charge on 99mTc labelled benzyl penicillin were determined by paper chromatography, ITLC, HPLC and electrophoresis techniques, respectively. Biodistribution and scintigraphy studies of 99mTc-benzyl penicillin were performed in normal mice and rabbit, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

fac(S)-[Rh(aet)3] (aet = 2-aminoethanethiolate) is N3S3 metalloligand which can coordinate to transition metal ions to form S-bridge polynuclear complexes. The reaction was carried out between 99mTcO4Na and fac(S)-[Rh(aet)3] in the presence of SnCl2·2H2O. A complex analogous to [Re{Rh(aet3)}2]3+ is formed.6 A simple method for radiolabeling of fac(S)-[Rh(aet)3] with 99mTc has been developed and radiolabeling efficiency was higher than 99%. Effect of SnCl2·2H2O concentration, electrophoresis, HPLC, UV-Visible absorption spectra and biodistribution studies in rats were performed. Higher uptake by kidneys showed rapid distributions of the labeled fac(S)-[Rh(aet)3]. Liver uptake was significant, stomach, lungs and intestine uptake was high at 4 hours post injection time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kanamycin is an antibiotic used for treatment of infections when penicillin or other less toxic drugs cannot be used. Kanamycin was labeled with technetium-99m pertechnetate using SnCl2 . 2H2O as reducing agent. The labeling efficiency depends on the ligand/reductant ratio, pH, and volume of reaction mixture. Radiochemical purity and stability of 99mTc-Kanamycin was determined by thin layer chromatography. Biodistribution studies of 99mTc-Kanamycin were performed in rats and rabbits. A significantly higher accumulation of 99mTc-Kanamycin was seen at sites of S. aureusinfected animals (rat/rabbit). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundHeart failure places a significant burden on patients and health systems in high-income countries. However, information about its burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is scant. We thus set out to review both published and unpublished information on the presentation, causes, management, and outcomes of heart failure in LMICs.Methods and findingsMedline, Embase, Global Health Database, and World Health Organization regional databases were searched for studies from LMICs published between 1 January 1995 and 30 March 2014. Additional unpublished data were requested from investigators and international heart failure experts. We identified 42 studies that provided relevant information on acute hospital care (25 LMICs; 232,550 patients) and 11 studies on the management of chronic heart failure in primary care or outpatient settings (14 LMICs; 5,358 patients). The mean age of patients studied ranged from 42 y in Cameroon and Ghana to 75 y in Argentina, and mean age in studies largely correlated with the human development index of the country in which they were conducted (r = 0.71, pConclusionsThe presentation, underlying causes, management, and outcomes of heart failure vary substantially across LMICs. On average, the use of evidence-based medications tends to be suboptimal. Better strategies for heart failure surveillance and management in LMICs are needed. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.

Abstract: Daunorubicin is a chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the anthracycline family used for the treatment of many type of cancers when doxorubicin or other less effective drugs cannot be used. The aim of the present study was labeling of Daunorubicin with 99mTc, quality control, characterization, and biodistribution of radiolabeled Daunorubicin. Labeling efficiency was determined by ascending paper chromatography. All the experiments were performed at room temperature (25°C±2°C). More than 96% labeling efficiency with 99mTc was achieved at pH 5–6, 2–4μg stannous chloride and 300μg of ligand in few minutes. The characterization of the compound was performed by using HPLC, electrophoresis and shake flask assay. Electrophoresis indicates that Tc-99m-Daunorubicin is neutral, HPLC confirms the single specie of the labeled compound, while shake flask assay confirms high lipophilicity. The biodistribution studies of 99mTc-Daunorubicin were performed in rats. Significantly higher accumulation of 99mTc-Daunorubicin was seen in brain of normal rats. Scintigraphy was also indicating higher accumulation of 99mTc-Daunorubicin in brain of normal rabbits. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histological, MRI and clinical results of a randomized controlled trial involving articular cartilage regeneration. 50 patients with International Cartilage Repair Society grade III and IV cartilage lesions of the knee were enrolled based upon MRI findings. Both intervention and control treatments include full-thickness cartilage lesions with arthroscopic subchondral drilling and five intra-articular postoperative injections of hyaluronic acid (HA) begun one week postoperatively and continued at weekly intervals, with the intervention group having the addition of postoperative stimulation with human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, harvest of autologous peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) via apheresis, then PBSC in combination HA injections. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively at serial visits. Second-look arthroscopy was performed at 18 months with acquisition of 2 mm full-thickness biopsy from 16 patients per group. Biopsies were graded utilizing the International Cartilage Research Society Visual Assessment Scale II (ICRSII). MRI obtained at 18 months graded with a morphologic scoring system. IKDC scores for the 50 patients at the 18-month time point shows no statistical difference (p = 0.71), whereas, ICRS II and MRI scores are statistically significant with the p-values of 0.020 and 0.0036 respectively. One patient in the control group developed a deep vein thrombosis; no other adverse event was reported. Results suggested regeneration of cartilage closer to hyaline cartilage with the intervention method and illustrate a significant improvement in the treatment of cartilage lesions within the setting of a level-I study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is no consensus on the best bariatric surgery type for patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥50 kg/m 2 . This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare outcomes of duodenal switch (DS) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in terms of weight loss, resolution of obesity-related comorbidities, and complications among patients with a BMI ≥50 kg/m 2 . A systematic search was conducted across databases including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science to include studies that compared outcomes of DS and RYGB in patients with BMI ≥50 kg/m 2 . A meta-analysis was carried out, alongside subgroup analyses based on the type of study and duration of follow-up. Twelve articles were included in this study (2678 patients, follow-up: 1-15 years). Patients with DS had 7.31 kg/m 2 higher BMI loss (95% CI: 5.59-9.03, P < .001) and 9.9% more total weight loss (95% CI: 4.47-15.28%, P < .001) compared with RYGB. The rate of complications, reoperation, mortality, and remission of comorbidities including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea was not significantly different between DS and RYGB. Rate of malnutrition was 8.3% in the DS group compared with 1.2% in RYGB (OR: 5.53, 95% CI: 1.35-22.44, P = .02). In addition, 5.4% DS patients needed revisional surgery for malnutrition versus none in RYGB (OR: 6.1, 95% CI: 1.03-36.33, P = .05), and 24.6% of DS patients developed gallbladder disease needed cholecystectomy versus 4.5% after RYGB (OR: 6.36, 95% CI: 1.70-23.82, P = .01). DS leads to significantly higher BMI and total weight loss in patients with BMI ≥50 kg/m 2 but may be associated with a higher rate of major malnutrition and needed revisional surgery. These should be considered in surgical planning., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS) not only leads to a durable weight loss but also lowers mortality, and reduces cardiovascular risks., Objectives: The current study aims to investigate the association of bariatric metabolic surgery (BMS) with admissions for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), including ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), as well as, coronary revascularization procedures, including percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), and thrombolysis., Setting: The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database., Methods: The NIS data from 2016 to 2020 were analyzed. A propensity score matching in a 1:1 ratio was performed to match patients with history of MBS with non-MBS group., Results: Two hundred thirty-three thousand seven hundred twenty-nine patients from the non-MBS group were matched with 233,729 patients with history of MBS. The MBS group had about 52% reduced odds of admission for AMI compared to the non-MBS group (adjusted odd ratio: .477, 95% confidence interval: .454-.502, P value <.001). In addition, the odds of STEMI and NSEMI were significantly lower in the MBS group in comparison to the non-MBS group. Also, the MBS group had significantly lower odds of CABG, PCI, and thrombolysis compared to the non-MBS group. In addition, in patients with AMI, MBS was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (adjusted odd ratio: .627, 95% confidence interval: .469-.839, P value = .004), length of hospital stays, and total charges., Conclusions: History of MBS is significantly associated with reduced risk of admission for AMI including STEMI and NSTEMI, as well as the, need for coronary revascularization such as PCI and CABG., (Copyright © 2024 American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: On 20 September 2022, the Ugandan Ministry of Health declared an outbreak of Ebola disease caused by Sudan ebolavirus., Methods: From 6 October 2022 to 10 January 2023, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) staff conducted public health assessments at five US ports of entry for travellers identified as having been in Uganda in the past 21 days. CDC also recommended that state, local and territorial health departments ('health departments') conduct post-arrival monitoring of these travellers. CDC provided traveller contact information, daily to 58 health departments, and collected health department data regarding monitoring outcomes., Results: Among 11 583 travellers screened, 132 (1%) required additional assessment due to potential exposures or symptoms of concern. Fifty-three (91%) health departments reported receiving traveller data from CDC for 10 114 (87%) travellers, of whom 8499 (84%) were contacted for monitoring, 1547 (15%) could not be contacted and 68 (1%) had no reported outcomes. No travellers with high-risk exposures or Ebola disease were identified., Conclusion: Entry risk assessment and post-arrival monitoring of travellers are resource-intensive activities that had low demonstrated yield during this and previous outbreaks. The efficiency of future responses could be improved by incorporating an assessment of risk of importation of disease, accounting for individual travellers' potential for exposure, and expanded use of methods that reduce burden to federal agencies, health departments, and travellers., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of International Society of Travel Medicine 2024.)

Background: The most frequently occurring painful and dose-limiting side effect of radiation therapy (RT) to the head and neck region is oral mucositis (OM). Several studies demonstrated that glutamine may reduce the severity and the duration of OM significantly during RT and chemo-radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC)., Materials and Methods: Between January 2021 and August 2022, a prospective single institutional case-control study compared the efficacy and safety of oral glutamine on radiation-induced mucositis in patients with HNC. Of 60 biopsy-proven patients with HNC, 30 patients in the study arm received oral glutamine suspension (10 g in 500 mL of water) orally once daily, 2 hours before RT, receiving definitive or adjuvant RT and chemo-radiotherapy, while as 30 patients in the control arm received placebo with the same dose and schedule (n = 30 in the study arm and n = 30 in the control arm)., Results and Analysis: A total of 27 (90%) in the glutamine arm and 28 (93.33%) patients in the control arm developed mucositis. Grade 3 mucositis (13.33%) and Grade 4 mucositis (6.66%), respectively, were significantly less ( P = .040 and P = .004) in the glutamine arm. The mean duration of grade 3 and grade 4 mucositis was significantly less in the glutamine arm (8.94 days in the study arm vs. 14.54 in the control arm; P = .0001). The mean time of onset of OM was significantly delayed in the glutamine arm in comparison to the control arm with P < .001., Conclusion: Glutamine delays the onset of OM and decreases the severity of OM in patients of HNC receiving RT with or without chemotherapy., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics.)

This systematic review of 10 studies aimed to investigate the mid- and long-term results of duodeno-ileostomy with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S) according to the PRISMA guideline. Related articles, which reported outcomes of laparoscopic SADI-S with follow-up ≥ 3 years, were selected and analyzed. The percentage of excess weight loss (EWL) was 70.9-88.7%, and 80.4% at 6, and 10 years, respectively. The more common late complications were malabsorption (6.3%) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (3.6%). The remission rates of hypertension, diabetes, GERD, obstructive sleep apnea, and dyslipidemia were 62.9%, 81.3%, 53.2%, 60.9%, and 69.7%, respectively. In conclusion, SADI-S is a safe and effective surgical technique with durable weight loss and a high rate of comorbidity resolution in mid and long term., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: To detect the presence of fimH and iss type 1, 2 and 3 genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolates recovered from patients coming to the out patient department (OPD) of our hospital., Methods: E. coli isolates recovered from patients who had symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI) were processed for the presence of fimH and iss genes. DNA was extracted using an in house method after which conventional PCR using forward and reverse primers targeting the four genes was carried out. The amplified products were electrophoresed and visualized in a gel documentation imager. Relevant demographic details of the patients were recorded on a pre-designed pro-forma and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was done by disc diffusion method., Results: fimH was present in 87.5% of UPEC isolates whereas iss type 1 was seen in 7.3%, type 2 in 4.2% and iss type 3 in 71.9% isolates. Age of the patients ranged from 3 months to 82 ​yrs (mean 43.5 SD ​± ​18.20). UTI was more common in females (60.2%) as compared to males patients (39.8%). Dysuria (66.7%) was the most common symptom in the studied subjects and diabetes mellitus (42.6%) the most common co-morbidity. A total of 56.5% patients gave a history of prior antibiotic intake. The UPEC isolates were resistant to most of the antibiotics tested. However all the isolates were sensitive to polymyxin B and colistin. Fosfomycin resistance was seen in 9.5% of the UPEC isolates harbouring fimH gene., Conclusion: This is the first study that highlights the presence of iss type 3 gene in UPEC isolates along with the fimH and iss type 1 and 2 genes. The results of this study can serve as a stepping stone for future in depth research into the significance of the iss genes in causing UTI., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Indian Association of Medical Microbiologists. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Obesity is considered one of the independent risk factors for atherosclerosis and is strongly correlated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Previous studies showed carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and nitrite-mediated dilatation (NMD) are reliable non-invasive markers of arterial damage and dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bariatric surgery on CIMT, FMD, and NMD markers in patients with obesity. A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases until May 2022. All the English-published studies on the effect of bariatric surgery on CIMT, FMD, and NMD were included. A quantitative meta-analysis was performed, as well as subgroup analyses for the type of procedure and duration of follow-up. Meta-analysis of 41 studies with 1639 patients showed CIMT was significantly reduced by .11 mm after bariatric surgery (95% CI, -.14 to -.08; P < .001; mean follow-up = 10.8 mo). The pooled analysis of 23 studies with 1106 patients showed an increase of FMD by 4.57% after bariatric surgery (95% CI, 2.69-6.44; P < .001; mean follow-up = 11.5 mo). The results of a pooled analysis of 12 studies with 346 patients showed a significant increase of NMD by 2.46% after bariatric surgery (95% CI, .99-3.94; P < .001; mean follow-up = 11.4 mo). The random effect meta-regression demonstrated that baseline CIMT and FMD significantly affect the changes in CIMT and FMD. This meta-analysis showed bariatric surgery can improve CIMT, FMD, and NMD markers in patients with obesity. These improvements show the known effect of metabolic surgery in decreasing cardiovascular risk., (Copyright © 2023 American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. All rights reserved.)

Osteoarthritis (OA) contributes to significant medical and socioeconomic burden in many populations. Its prevalence is expected to rise continuously owing to the combined effects of aging and increase in risk factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, and joint injuries. Pain is a hallmark presentation of OA. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are recommended by many international guidelines as an early treatment option of the management of osteoarthritic pain. However, the use of topical NSAIDs remains low in Malaysia and appears not to be a preferred agent in managing OA pain by prescribers. There is also limited guidance from local medical bodies on the use of topical NSAIDs to manage OA pain. This consensus recommendation is intended to serve as a practical guide for healthcare practitioners on the use of topical NSAIDs in the management of OA pain. Eight statements and recommendations were finalized covering the areas of OA burden, topical NSAIDs formulations, safety and efficacy of topical NSAIDs, and patient education. Robust evidence is available to support the efficacy and safety of topical NSAIDs, with its benefits further strengthened by ease of use and access. Taking these into consideration, we recommend that healthcare practitioners advocate for the early use of topical NSAIDs over oral NSAIDs for mild-to-moderate OA pain, while engaging in a shared decision-making process with patients for optimal clinical outcomes., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society.)

Introduction: Bone indexes including trabecular bone score (TBS) and bone mineral density (BMD) have been shown to be associated with wide spectrum of variables including physical activity, vitamin D, liver enzymes, biochemical measurements, mental and sleep disorders, and quality of life. Here we aimed to determine the most important factors related to TBS and BMD in SUVINA dataset., Methods: Data were extracted from the Survey of Ultraviolet Intake by Nutritional Approach (SUVINA study) including all 306 subjects entered this survey. All the available parameters in the SUVINA database were included the analysis. XGBoost modeler software was used to define the most important features associated with bone indexes including TBS and BMD in various sites., Results: Applying XGBoost modeling for 4 bone indexes indicated that this algorithm could identify the most important variables in relation to bone indexes with an accuracy of 92%, 93%, 90% and 90% respectively for TBS T-score, lumbar Z-score, neck of femur Z-score and Radius Z-score. Serum vitamin D, pro-oxidant-oxidant balance (PAB) and physical activity level (PAL) were the most important factors related to bone indices in different sites of the body., Conclusions: Our findings indicated that XGBoost could identify the most important variables with an accuracy of &gt;90% for TBS and BMD. The most important features associated with bone indexes were serum vitamin D, PAB and PAL., (Copyright © 2022 The International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Deep-learning-based brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reconstruction methods have the potential to accelerate the MRI acquisition process. Nevertheless, the scientific community lacks appropriate benchmarks to assess the MRI reconstruction quality of high-resolution brain images, and evaluate how these proposed algorithms will behave in the presence of small, but expected data distribution shifts. The multi-coil MRI (MC-MRI) reconstruction challenge provides a benchmark that aims at addressing these issues, using a large dataset of high-resolution, three-dimensional, T1-weighted MRI scans. The challenge has two primary goals: (1) to compare different MRI reconstruction models on this dataset and (2) to assess the generalizability of these models to data acquired with a different number of receiver coils. In this paper, we describe the challenge experimental design and summarize the results of a set of baseline and state-of-the-art brain MRI reconstruction models. We provide relevant comparative information on the current MRI reconstruction state-of-the-art and highlight the challenges of obtaining generalizable models that are required prior to broader clinical adoption. The MC-MRI benchmark data, evaluation code, and current challenge leaderboard are publicly available. They provide an objective performance assessment for future developments in the field of brain MRI reconstruction., Competing Interests: MC is a shareholder of Nico.lab International Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Beauferris, Teuwen, Karkalousos, Moriakov, Caan, Yiasemis, Rodrigues, Lopes, Pedrini, Rittner, Dannecker, Studenyak, Gröger, Vyas, Faghih-Roohi, Kumar Jethi, Chandra Raju, Sivaprakasam, Lasby, Nogovitsyn, Loos, Frayne and Souza.)

Somatostatin receptors (SStR) based 177 Lu-DOTATATE therapy is known as one of the highly effective neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) treatment strategy. Development of DOTATATE freeze-dried kit for imaging and therapy of SStR positive NETs is a prime goal in neuroendocrine cancer research. The present work describes the development of 177 Lu-DOTATATE freeze dried cold kit for indigenous needs, through technology development fund (TDF) program offered by Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan. The parameters for freeze dried kit production was optimized and tested the stored lyophilized cold kits for different time intervals after labeling with 177 Lu radioisotope. The effect of ligand to radionuclide ratio, pH and reaction time at 90°C was recorded. Five times greater molar concentration of ligand, pH 5 and 30 min reaction time were the effective reaction conditions for maximum radiochemical yield. The radiolabeling yield at 1 day, 1-week and 4-week post storing period showed ∼100% radiochemical yield. The biodistribution study using rat model depicted the absence of non-targeted accumulation while glomerular filtration rate also explains the rapid renal washout. Cytotoxicity study showed quite favorable results for subjecting the radiopharmaceutical to clinical practice in Pakistan., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2021.)

In January 2020, with support from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), CDC instituted an enhanced entry risk assessment and management (screening) program for air passengers arriving from certain countries with widespread, sustained transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objectives of the screening program were to reduce the importation of COVID-19 cases into the United States and slow subsequent spread within states. Screening aimed to identify travelers with COVID-19-like illness or who had a known exposure to a person with COVID-19 and separate them from others. Screening also aimed to inform all screened travelers about self-monitoring and other recommendations to prevent disease spread and obtain their contact information to share with public health authorities in destination states. CDC delegated postarrival management of crew members to airline occupational health programs by issuing joint guidance with the Federal Aviation Administration.* During January 17-September 13, 2020, a total of 766,044 travelers were screened, 298 (0.04%) of whom met criteria for public health assessment; 35 (0.005%) were tested for SARS-CoV-2, and nine (0.001%) had a positive test result. CDC shared contact information with states for approximately 68% of screened travelers because of data collection challenges and some states' opting out of receiving data. The low case detection rate of this resource-intensive program highlighted the need for fundamental change in the U.S. border health strategy. Because SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission can occur in the absence of symptoms and because the symptoms of COVID-19 are nonspecific, symptom-based screening programs are ineffective for case detection. Since the screening program ended on September 14, 2020, efforts to reduce COVID-19 importation have focused on enhancing communications with travelers to promote recommended preventive measures, reinforcing mechanisms to refer overtly ill travelers to CDC, and enhancing public health response capacity at ports of entry. More efficient collection of contact information for international air passengers before arrival and real-time transfer of data to U.S. health departments would facilitate timely postarrival public health management, including contact tracing, when indicated. Incorporating health attestations, predeparture and postarrival testing, and a period of limited movement after higher-risk travel, might reduce risk for transmission during travel and translocation of SARS-CoV-2 between geographic areas and help guide more individualized postarrival recommendations., Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.