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Abstract Myocarditis is a significant public health concern because of its potential to cause heart failure and sudden death. The standard invasive diagnostic method, endomyocardial biopsy, is typically reserved for cases with severe complications, limiting its widespread use. Conversely, non‐invasive cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging presents a promising alternative for detecting and monitoring myocarditis, because of its high signal contrast that reveals myocardial involvement. To assist medical professionals via artificial intelligence, the authors introduce generative adversarial networks ‐ multi discriminator (GAN‐MD), a deep learning model that uses binary classification to diagnose myocarditis from CMR images. Their approach employs a series of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that extract and combine feature vectors for accurate diagnosis. The authors suggest a novel technique for improving the classification precision of CNNs. Using generative adversarial networks (GANs) to create synthetic images for data augmentation, the authors address challenges such as mode collapse and unstable training. Incorporating a reconstruction loss into the GAN loss function requires the generator to produce images reflecting the discriminator features, thus enhancing the generated images' quality to more accurately replicate authentic data patterns. Moreover, combining this loss function with other regularisation methods, such as gradient penalty, has proven to further improve the performance of diverse GAN models. A significant challenge in myocarditis diagnosis is the imbalance of classification, where one class dominates over the other. To mitigate this, the authors introduce a focal loss‐based training method that effectively trains the model on the minority class samples. The GAN‐MD approach, evaluated on the Z‐Alizadeh Sani myocarditis dataset, achieves superior results (F‐measure 86.2%; geometric mean 91.0%) compared with other deep learning models and traditional machine learning methods.

In recent years, color Local Binary Pattern (LBP) based descriptors have garnered substantial attention in computer vision and image analysis. This study presents a comprehensive review of color LBP-based descriptors developed over the past decade, focusing on their performance in image retrieval tasks. The research compares these descriptors based on mean Average Precision (mAP) scores, the dimensionality of their feature vectors, feature extraction time, and retrieval time. From this analysis, the top five descriptors are carefully selected and evaluated across multiple datasets Wang, Corel-5k, and Corel-10K. Among these, Weighted Color Radial Mean Completed Local Binary Pattern (WCRMLBP) emerges as the top-performing descriptor, demonstrating the effectiveness of feature weighting in enhancing color LBP-based descriptor performance. This research emphasizes the progress made in color LBP-based descriptors and their significance in contemporary image analysis and proposes the possibility of additional enhancements through improved feature weighting techniques. It contributes to the continual evolution of image processing and computer vision, particularly in deep learning methods.

Online social networks, especially Twitter (X), have become focal points for illicit activities, providing unique criminal investigation opportunities. This paper introduces an innovative methodology that uses social media sentiment analysis to predict criminal activities. One major challenge in sentiment analysis is the uneven distribution of sentiment classes, where traditional models often fail to accurately classify instances of the minority class due to the overwhelming presence of majority class data. To tackle this issue, we propose a model that combines a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm with a scope loss function. The RL approach uses a reward mechanism that assigns a more significant value to correctly predicting minority class instances over majority class ones. The scope loss function ensures an optimal balance between utilizing known data and exploring new data, thus maintaining a delicate equilibrium between accuracy and generalizability. Our model employs a series of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to extract significant features from textual content, which are then utilized for sentiment classification. We also incorporate an advanced artificial bee colony (ABC) optimization technique to refine the model's hyperparameters. The effectiveness of our approach was empirically tested using two distinct datasets: one consisting of crime incident reports from the Chicago Police Department covering the period from September 2019 to July 2024 and another comprising tweets containing crime-related terms related to Chicago. The predictive capabilities of our proposed model were benchmarked against existing models, demonstrating superior performance with accuracies of 96.411% and 94.088%, respectively. This breakthrough highlights the potential of integrating sentiment analysis with reinforcement learning to significantly enhance the predictive accuracy of crime-related activities in online social networks, offering valuable insights for law enforcement and criminal investigation applications.

Nurses are essential in managing the healthcare of older adults, particularly those over 65, who often face multiple chronic conditions. This group requires comprehensive physical, mental, and functional care. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have significantly improved nursing capabilities by enabling real-time health monitoring, thus bolstering the early detection and prevention of severe health issues. Despite these advancements, the current systematic literature predominantly focuses on machine learning (ML) applications for a limited set of chronic diseases, often overlooking the extensive capabilities of deep learning (DL) technologies. Additionally, these reviews cover a narrow spectrum of studies, potentially needing broader insights and developments in the field. To address these shortcomings, our study conducts a systematic literature review of ML and DL applications in geriatric care for chronic disease management. We meticulously analyzed peer-reviewed articles published from 2014 to 2024, concentrating on AI technologies in elderly care. This review included 76 selected articles from leading publishers such as Elsevier, Springer, IEEE, MDPI, Wiley, Taylor & Francis, Nature, Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, and arXiv, which we categorized into three main groups: Neurological disorders (27 articles), Mental Health disorders (22 articles), and Physical/physiological disorders (27 articles). Our findings reveal that Random Forest, logistic regression, and convolutional neural network (CNN) are the most frequently used AI techniques, typically evaluated by accuracy metrics and the area under the curve (AUC). The findings indicate that although AI applications in geriatric care are promising, they require significant enhancements in technology and methodology to improve accuracy and reliability. Future research should focus on developing advanced AI tools, integrating cutting-edge deep learning models and comprehensive datasets to refine diagnostics and treatment protocols for chronic diseases in the elderly, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.

Budget allocation across multiple advertising channels involves periodically dividing a fixed total budget among various channels. Yet, the challenge of making sequential decisions to optimize long-term benefits rather than short-term gains is often overlooked. Additionally, more apparent connections must be made between actions taken on one advertising channel and the outcomes on others. Furthermore, budget limitations narrow down the range of potential optimal strategies that can be pursued. In response to these challenges, this study unveils a pioneering multi-channel advertising budget allocation approach that leverages a reinforcement learning (RL) Q-learning framework enriched with an advanced Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm to refine the Q-learning methodology. The RL element makes informed sequential decisions, adeptly adjusting strategies to favor long-term rewards by assimilating environmental feedback. Complementing this, the enhanced DE algorithm introduces an inventive clustering-based mutation technique, exploiting key groupings within the DE population to generate novel and practical solutions. The model is further bolstered by a discretization tactic aimed at simplifying the model by streamlining costs. The proposed methodology is rigorously validated using two extensive datasets: the Chinese Internet Company Advertising Dataset (CICAD) and CRITEO-UPLIFT v2, employing metrics like Area Under the Cost Curve (AUCC) and Expected Outcome Metric (EOM) as measures of performance. The empirical results affirm the superiority of the model, showcasing its exceptional performance with significant scores (AUCC =0.750 and EOM =0.736 for CICAD; AUCC =0.813 and EOM =0.829 for CRITEO-UPLIFT v2), thereby illustrating the model’s proficiency in navigating the multifaceted challenges associated with multi-channel budget allocation and establishing a new benchmark in the field.

In an era dominated by digital communication, the vast amounts of data generated from social media and financial markets present unique opportunities and challenges for forecasting stock market prices. This paper proposes an innovative approach that harnesses the power of social media sentiment analysis combined with stock market data to predict stock prices, directly addressing the critical challenges in this domain. A major challenge in sentiment analysis is the uneven distribution of data across different sentiment categories. Traditional models struggle to accurately identify fewer common sentiments (minority class) due to the overwhelming presence of more common sentiments (majority class). To tackle this, we introduce the Off-policy Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm, specifically designed to handle class imbalance by adjusting the reward mechanism in the training phase, thus favoring the correct classification of minority class instances. Another challenge is effectively integrating the temporal dynamics of stock prices with sentiment analysis results. Our solution is implementing a Transductive Long Short-Term Memory (TLSTM) model that incorporates sentiment analysis findings with historical stock data. This model excels at recognizing temporal patterns and gives precedence to data points that are temporally closer to the prediction point, enhancing the prediction accuracy. Ablation studies confirm the effectiveness of the Off-policy PPO and TLSTM components on the overall model performance. The proposed approach advances the field of financial analytics by providing a more nuanced understanding of market dynamics but also offers actionable insights for investors and policymakers seeking to navigate the complexities of the stock market with greater precision and confidence.

Researchers are turning to nanofluids in PV/T hybrid systems for enhanced efficiency due to nanoparticle dispersion, improving thermal and optical properties over conventional fluids. Three different concentrations of formulated soybean oil based MXene nanofluids are considered 0.025, 0.075 and 0.125 wt.%. Maximum specific heat capacity nanofluids ( $c_{pNF}$ ) augmentation is 24.49% at 0.125 wt.% loading of Ti3C2 in the base oil. The calculation of the $c_{pNF}$ based on the temperature and nanoflakes concentration is very expensive and time-consuming as it should be calculated via the practical test investigation. This study employs a long short-term memory (LSTM) as an efficient machine learning method to extract the surrogate model for calculating the $c_{pNF}$ based on the temperature and nanoflakes concentration. In addition, a couple of other machines learning methods, including support vector regression (SVR), group method of data handling (GMDH), and multi-layer perceptron (MLP), are developed to prove the higher efficiency of the recently proposed LSTM model in the calculation of the $c_{pNF}$ . In addition, the Bayesian optimization technique is employed to calculate the optimal hyperparameters of the developed SVR, GMDH, MLP and LSTM to reach the highest efficiency of the system in predicting the $c_{pNF}$ based on temperature and nanoflakes concentration. Notably, 95% of the recorded data via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used for training machine learning techniques. In comparison, 5% is used for testing and validation purposes of the developed algorithm. The newly proposed optimized SVR, GMDH, MLP, and LSTM are modelled in MATLAB software. The results show that the newly proposed optimized LSTM model can reduce the mean square error in calculating the $c_{pNF}$ by 99%, 99% and 91% compared with SVM, GMDH and MLP, respectively. The proposed methodology can be used to calculate other thermophysical properties of nanofluids.

The field of drug discovery has experienced a remarkable transformation with the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies. However, as these AI and ML models are becoming more complex, there is a growing need for transparency and interpretability of the models. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a novel approach that addresses this issue and provides a more interpretable understanding of the predictions made by machine learning models. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the application of XAI techniques to drug discovery. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in XAI for drug discovery, including various XAI methods, their application in drug discovery, and the challenges and limitations of XAI techniques in drug discovery. The article also covers the application of XAI in drug discovery, including target identification, compound design, and toxicity prediction. Furthermore, the article suggests potential future research directions for the application of XAI in drug discovery. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of XAI in drug discovery and its potential to transform the field.

COVID-19 is most commonly diagnosed using a testing kit but chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scan images have a potential role in COVID-19 diagnosis. Currently, CT diagnosis systems based on Artificial intelligence (AI) models have been used in some countries. Previous research studies used complex neural networks, which led to difficulty in network training and high computation rates. Hence, in this study, we developed the 6-layer Deep Neural Network (DNN) model for COVID-19 diagnosis based on CT scan images. The proposed DNN model is generated to improve accurate diagnostics for classifying sick and healthy persons. Also, other classification models, such as decision trees, random forests and standard neural networks, have been investigated. One of the main contributions of this study is the use of the global feature extractor operator for feature extraction from the images. Furthermore, the 10-fold cross-validation technique is utilized for partitioning the data into training, testing and validation. During the DNN training, the model is generated without dropping out of neurons in the layers. The experimental results of the lightweight DNN model demonstrated that this model has the best accuracy of 96.71% compared to the previous classification models for COVID-19 diagnosis.

Abstract Background Equipment to assess muscle mass is not available in all health services. Yet we have limited understanding of whether applying the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria without an assessment of muscle mass affects the ability to predict adverse outcomes. This study used machine learning to determine which combinations of GLIM phenotypic and etiologic criteria are most important for the prediction of 30‐day mortality and unplanned admission using combinations including and excluding low muscle mass. Methods In a cohort of 2801 participants from two cancer malnutrition point prevalence studies, we applied the GLIM criteria with and without muscle mass. Phenotypic criteria were assessed using ≥5% unintentional weight loss, body mass index, subjective assessment of muscle stores from the PG‐SGA. Aetiologic criteria included self‐reported reduced food intake and inflammation (metastatic disease). Machine learning approaches were applied to predict 30‐day mortality and unplanned admission using models with and without muscle mass. Results Participants with missing data were excluded, leaving 2494 for analysis [49.6% male, mean (SD) age: 62.3 (14.2) years]. Malnutrition prevalence was 19.5% and 17.5% when muscle mass was included and excluded, respectively. However, 48 (10%) of malnourished participants were missed if muscle mass was excluded. For the nine GLIM combinations that excluded low muscle mass the most important combinations to predict mortality were (1) weight loss and inflammation and (2) weight loss and reduced food intake. Machine learning metrics were similar in models excluding or including muscle mass to predict mortality (average accuracy: 84% vs. 88%; average sensitivity: 41% vs. 38%; average specificity: 85% vs. 89%). Weight loss and reduced food intake was the most important combination to predict unplanned hospital admission. Machine learning metrics were almost identical in models excluding or including muscle mass to predict unplanned hospital admission, with small differences observed only if reported to one decimal place (average accuracy: 77% vs. 77%; average sensitivity: 29% vs. 29%; average specificity: 84% vs. 84%). Conclusions Our results indicate predictive ability is maintained, although the ability to identify all malnourished patients is compromised, when muscle mass is excluded from the GLIM diagnosis. This has important implications for assessment in health services where equipment to assess muscle mass is not available. Our findings support the robustness of the GLIM approach and an ability to apply some flexibility in excluding certain phenotypic or aetiologic components if necessary, although some cases will be missed.

Abstract We used machine learning methods to investigate if body composition indices predict hypertension. Data from a cohort study was used, and 4663 records were included (2156 were male, 1099 with hypertension, with the age range of 35–70 years old). Body composition analysis was done using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA); weight, basal metabolic rate, total and regional fat percentage (FATP), and total and regional fat-free mass (FFM) were measured. We used machine learning methods such as Support Vector Classifier, Decision Tree, Stochastic Gradient Descend Classifier, Logistic Regression, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbor, Multi-Layer Perceptron, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Histogram-based Gradient Boosting, Bagging, Extra Tree, Ada Boost, Voting, and Stacking to classify the investigated cases and find the most relevant features to hypertension. FATP, AFFM, BMR, FFM, TRFFM, AFATP, LFATP, and older age were the top features in hypertension prediction. Arm FFM, basal metabolic rate, total FFM, Trunk FFM, leg FFM, and male gender were inversely associated with hypertension, but total FATP, arm FATP, leg FATP, older age, trunk FATP, and female gender were directly associated with hypertension. AutoMLP, stacking and voting methods had the best performance for hypertension prediction achieving an accuracy rate of 90%, 84% and 83%, respectively. By using machine learning methods, we found that BIA-derived body composition indices predict hypertension with acceptable accuracy.

Abstract Predicting treatment outcomes in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients is challenging worldwide. The present study aimed to achieve the most accurate machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict the outcomes of TBI treatment by evaluating demographic features, laboratory data, imaging indices, and clinical features. We used data from 3347 patients admitted to a tertiary trauma centre in Iran from 2016 to 2021. After the exclusion of incomplete data, 1653 patients remained. We used ML algorithms such as random forest (RF) and decision tree (DT) with ten-fold cross-validation to develop the best prediction model. Our findings reveal that among different variables included in this study, the motor component of the Glasgow coma scale, the condition of pupils, and the condition of cisterns were the most reliable features for predicting in-hospital mortality, while the patients’ age takes the place of cisterns condition when considering the long-term survival of TBI patients. Also, we found that the RF algorithm is the best model to predict the short-term mortality of TBI patients. However, the generalized linear model (GLM) algorithm showed the best performance (with an accuracy rate of 82.03 ± 2.34) in predicting the long-term survival of patients. Our results showed that using appropriate markers and with further development, ML has the potential to predict TBI patients’ survival in the short- and long-term.

Abstract Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a prevalent disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Invasive coronary angiography is the reference standard for diagnosing CAD but is costly and associated with risks. Noninvasive imaging like cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) facilitates CAD assessment and can serve as a gatekeeper to downstream invasive testing. Machine learning methods are increasingly applied for automated interpretation of imaging and other clinical results for medical diagnosis. In this study, we proposed a novel CAD detection method based on CMR images by utilizing the feature extraction ability of deep neural networks and combining the features with the aid of a random forest for the very first time. It is necessary to convert image data to numeric features so that they can be used in the nodes of the decision trees. To this end, the predictions of multiple stand-alone convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were considered as input features for the decision trees. The capability of CNNs in representing image data renders our method a generic classification approach applicable to any image dataset. We named our method RF-CNN-F, which stands for Random Forest with CNN Features. We conducted experiments on a large CMR dataset that we have collected and made publicly accessible. Our method achieved excellent accuracy (99.18%) using Adam optimizer compared to a stand-alone CNN trained using fivefold cross validation (93.92%) tested on the same dataset.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most challenging diseases in middle-aged and older people, which causes high mortality. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is known as a common cardiovascular disease. A standard clinical tool for diagnosing CAD is angiography. The main challenges are dangerous side effects and high angiography costs. Today, the development of artificial intelligence-based methods is a valuable achievement for diagnosing disease. Hence, in this paper, artificial intelligence methods such as neural network (NN), deep neural network (DNN), and fuzzy C-means clustering combined with deep neural network (FCM-DNN) are developed for diagnosing CAD on a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) dataset. The original dataset is used in two different approaches. First, the labeled dataset is applied to the NN and DNN to create the NN and DNN models. Second, the labels are removed, and the unlabeled dataset is clustered via the FCM method, and then, the clustered dataset is fed to the DNN to create the FCM-DNN model. By utilizing the second clustering and modeling, the training process is improved, and consequently, the accuracy is increased. As a result, the proposed FCM-DNN model achieves the best performance with a 99.91% accuracy specifying 10 clusters, i.e., 5 clusters for healthy subjects and 5 clusters for sick subjects, through the 10-fold cross-validation technique compared to the NN and DNN models reaching the accuracies of 92.18% and 99.63%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted for CAD diagnosis on the CMRI dataset using artificial intelligence methods. The results confirm that the proposed FCM-DNN model can be helpful for scientific and research centers.

Abstract Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been widely applied for detecting COVID-19 in medical images. Existing studies mainly apply transfer learning and other data representation strategies to generate accurate point estimates. The generalization power of these networks is always questionable due to being developed using small datasets and failing to report their predictive confidence. Quantifying uncertainties associated with DNN predictions is a prerequisite for their trusted deployment in medical settings. Here we apply and evaluate three uncertainty quantification techniques for COVID-19 detection using chest X-Ray (CXR) images. The novel concept of uncertainty confusion matrix is proposed and new performance metrics for the objective evaluation of uncertainty estimates are introduced. Through comprehensive experiments, it is shown that networks pertained on CXR images outperform networks pretrained on natural image datasets such as ImageNet. Qualitatively and quantitatively evaluations also reveal that the predictive uncertainty estimates are statistically higher for erroneous predictions than correct predictions. Accordingly, uncertainty quantification methods are capable of flagging risky predictions with high uncertainty estimates. We also observe that ensemble methods more reliably capture uncertainties during the inference. DNN-based solutions for COVID-19 detection have been mainly proposed without any principled mechanism for risk mitigation. Previous studies have mainly focused on on generating single-valued predictions using pretrained DNNs. In this paper, we comprehensively apply and comparatively evaluate three uncertainty quantification techniques for COVID-19 detection using chest X-Ray images. The novel concept of uncertainty confusion matrix is proposed and new performance metrics for the objective evaluation of uncertainty estimates are introduced for the first time. Using these new uncertainty performance metrics, we quantitatively demonstrate when we could trust DNN predictions for COVID-19 detection from chest X-rays. It is important to note the proposed novel uncertainty evaluation metrics are generic and could be applied for evaluation of probabilistic forecasts in all classification problems.

Myocarditis is the form of an inflammation of the middle layer of the heart wall which is caused by a viral infection and can affect the heart muscle and its electrical system. It has remained one of the most challenging diagnoses in cardiology. Myocardial is the prime cause of unexpected death in approximately 20% of adults less than 40 years of age. Cardiac MRI (CMR) has been considered a noninvasive and golden standard diagnostic tool for suspected myocarditis and plays an indispensable role in diagnosing various cardiac diseases. However, the performance of CMR depends heavily on the clinical presentation and features such as chest pain, arrhythmia, and heart failure. Besides, other imaging factors like artifacts, technical errors, pulse sequence, acquisition parameters, contrast agent dose, and more importantly qualitatively visual interpretation can affect the result of the diagnosis. This paper introduces a new deep learning-based model called Convolutional Neural Network-Clustering (CNN-KCL) to diagnose Myocarditis. In this study, we used 47 subjects with a total number of 98,898 images to diagnose myocarditis disease. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an accuracy of 97.41% based on 10 fold-cross validation technique with 4 clusters for diagnosis of Myocarditis. To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first to use deep learning algorithms for the diagnosis of myocarditis.

BackgroundWomen continue to have worse Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) outcomes than men. The causes of this discrepancy have yet to be fully elucidated. The main objective of this study is to detect gender discrepancies in the diagnosis and treatment of CAD.MethodsWe used data analytics to risk stratify ~32,000 patients with CAD of the total 960,129 patients treated at the UCSF Medical Center over an 8 year period. We implemented a multidimensional data analytics framework to trace patients from admission through treatment to create a path of events. Events are any medications or noninvasive and invasive procedures. The time between events for a similar set of paths was calculated. Then, the average waiting time for each step of the treatment was calculated. Finally, we applied statistical analysis to determine differences in time between diagnosis and treatment steps for men and women.ResultsThere is a significant time difference from the first time of admission to diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization between genders (p-value = 0.000119), while the time difference from diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization to CABG is not statistically significant.ConclusionWomen had a significantly longer interval between their first physician encounter indicative of CAD and their first diagnostic cardiac catheterization compared to men. Avoiding this delay in diagnosis may provide more timely treatment and a better outcome for patients at risk. Finally, we conclude by discussing the impact of the study on improving patient care with early detection and managing individual patients at risk of rapid progression of CAD.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a brain condition characterized by diverse signs and symptoms that appear in early childhood. ASD is also associated with communication deficits and repetitive behavior in affected individuals. Various ASD detection methods have been developed, including neuroimaging modalities and psychological tests. Among these methods, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging modalities are of paramount importance to physicians. Clinicians rely on MRI modalities to diagnose ASD accurately. The MRI modalities are non-invasive methods that include functional (fMRI) and structural (sMRI) neuroimaging methods. However, diagnosing ASD with fMRI and sMRI for specialists is often laborious and time-consuming; therefore, several computer-aided design systems (CADS) based on artificial intelligence (AI) have been developed to assist specialist physicians. Conventional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are the most popular schemes of AI used for diagnosing ASD. This study aims to review the automated detection of ASD using AI. We review several CADS that have been developed using ML techniques for the automated diagnosis of ASD using MRI modalities. There has been very limited work on the use of DL techniques to develop automated diagnostic models for ASD. A summary of the studies developed using DL is provided in the Supplementary Appendix. Then, the challenges encountered during the automated diagnosis of ASD using MRI and AI techniques are described in detail. Additionally, a graphical comparison of studies using ML and DL to diagnose ASD automatically is discussed. We suggest future approaches to detecting ASDs using AI techniques and MRI neuroimaging.

A control method for the robust synchronization of a class of chaotic systems with unknown time delay, unknown uncertainty, and unknown disturbance is presented. The robust controller was designed using a nonlinear fractional order PID sliding surface. The Lyapunov method was used to determine the update laws, prove the stability of the proposed mechanism, and guarantee the convergence of the synchronization errors to zero. The simulation was performed using MATLAB software to evaluate the performance of the proposed mechanism, and the results showed that it was efficient. Finally, the proposed method was combined with a secure communication application to encrypt images, and the results obtained were favorable regarding the standard criteria of correlation, NPCR, PSNR, and information entropy.

CMRI is the exclusive imaging technique capable of identifying myocardial edema, endomyocardial fibrosis, pericarditis accompanied by pericardial effusions, and apical thrombi within either the left or right ventricle. In this work, we examine the research literature on the use of CMRI in the diagnosis of chest discomfort, employing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate its effectiveness. The research outlines the disorders of the chest and the machine learning approaches for detecting them. In conclusion, the study ends with an examination of a fundamental illustration of CMRI analysis. To find a comprehensive review, the Scopus scientific resource is analyzed. The issue, based on the findings, is to distinguish ischemia from non-ischemic cardiac causes of chest pain in individuals presenting with sudden chest pain or discomfort upon arrival at the emergency department (ED). Due to the failure of conventional methods in accurately diagnosing acute cardiac ischemia, individuals are still being inappropriately discharged from the ED, resulting in a heightened death rate.

Abstract COVID-19 has caused many deaths worldwide. The automation of the diagnosis of this virus is highly desired. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown outstanding classification performance on image datasets. To date, it appears that COVID computer-aided diagnosis systems based on CNNs and clinical information have not yet been analysed or explored. We propose a novel method, named the CNN-AE, to predict the survival chance of COVID-19 patients using a CNN trained with clinical information. Notably, the required resources to prepare CT images are expensive and limited compared to those required to collect clinical data, such as blood pressure, liver disease, etc. We evaluated our method using a publicly available clinical dataset that we collected. The dataset properties were carefully analysed to extract important features and compute the correlations of features. A data augmentation procedure based on autoencoders (AEs) was proposed to balance the dataset. The experimental results revealed that the average accuracy of the CNN-AE (96.05%) was higher than that of the CNN (92.49%). To demonstrate the generality of our augmentation method, we trained some existing mortality risk prediction methods on our dataset (with and without data augmentation) and compared their performances. We also evaluated our method using another dataset for further generality verification. To show that clinical data can be used for COVID-19 survival chance prediction, the CNN-AE was compared with multiple pre-trained deep models that were tuned based on CT images.

Fontan operation is a reliable palliative surgery for patients with single ventricle physiology. Still, the development of complication is common; one of these complications that need to interventional approach is veno-venous collaterals between systemic and pulmonary veins. A 16-yearoldgirl with a history of modified Fontan operation at 9 years ago was referred with progressive cyanosis and dyspnea on exertion. In contrast trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE), no fenestration was seen in Fontan circulation. Cardiac magnetic resonance revealed partial anomalous pulmonary vein connection (PAPVC) from left upper pulmonary vein to vertical vein and then into the in nominate vein and SVC with the reverse flow from superior vena cava (SVC) to left upper pulmonary vein(LUPV). This anomalous vein became severe engorged and tortuous. Possibly, LUPV and the verticalvein was dilated gradually as a result of increased pressure in the Fontan circuit. Finally, she underwent successful coil embolization in the midpart of the vertical vein. The oxygen saturation increased from80% to 93%.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing a disease called COVID-19, is a class of acute respiratory syndrome that has considerably affected the global economy and healthcare system. This virus is diagnosed using a traditional technique known as the Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test. However, RT-PCR customarily outputs a lot of false-negative and incorrect results. Current works indicate that COVID-19 can also be diagnosed using imaging resolutions, including CT scans, X-rays, and blood tests. Nevertheless, X-rays and CT scans cannot always be used for patient screening because of high costs, radiation doses, and an insufficient number of devices. Therefore, there is a requirement for a less expensive and faster diagnostic model to recognize the positive and negative cases of COVID-19. Blood tests are easily performed and cost less than RT-PCR and imaging tests. Since biochemical parameters in routine blood tests vary during the COVID-19 infection, they may supply physicians with exact information about the diagnosis of COVID-19. This study reviewed some newly emerging artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods to diagnose COVID-19 using routine blood tests. We gathered information about research resources and inspected 92 articles that were carefully chosen from a variety of publishers, such as IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, and MDPI. Then, these 92 studies are classified into two tables which contain articles that use machine Learning and deep Learning models to diagnose COVID-19 while using routine blood test datasets. In these studies, for diagnosing COVID-19, Random Forest and logistic regression are the most widely used machine learning methods and the most widely used performance metrics are accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC. Finally, we conclude by discussing and analyzing these studies which use machine learning and deep learning models and routine blood test datasets for COVID-19 detection. This survey can be the starting point for a novice-/beginner-level researcher to perform on COVID-19 classification.

Abstract Introduction To reduce mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 and cardiovascular disease (CVD), it is necessary to understand the relationship between patient's symptoms, risk factors, and comorbidities with their mortality rate. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first which take into account the determinants like risk factors, symptoms, and comorbidities leading to mortality in CVD patients who are hospitalized with COVID‐19. Methods This study was conducted on 660 hospitalized patients with CVD and COVID‐19 recruited between January 2020 and January 2021 in Iran. All patients were diagnosed with the previous history of CVD like angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, abnormal heart rhythms, and congenital heart disease before they were hospitalized for COVID‐19. We collected data on patient's signs and symptoms, clinical and paraclinical examinations, and any underlying comorbidities. t test was used to determine the significant difference between the two deceased and alive groups. In addition, the relation between pairs of symptoms and pairs of comorbidities has been determined via correlation computation. Results Our findings suggest that signs and symptoms such as fever, cough, myalgia, chest pain, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia had no impact on patients' mortality. There was a significant correlation between COVID‐19 cardiovascular patients' mortality rate and symptoms such as headache, loss of consciousness (LOC), oxygen saturation less than 93%, and need for mechanical ventilation. Conclusions Our results might help physicians identify early symptoms, comorbidities, and risk factors related to mortality in CVD patients hospitalized for COVID‐19.

BackgroundHypertension is the most common modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in South Asia. Machine learning (ML) models have been shown to outperform clinical risk predictions compared to statistical methods, but studies using ML to predict hypertension at the population level are lacking. This study used ML approaches in a dataset of three South Asian countries to predict hypertension and its associated factors and compared the model's performances.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study using ML analyses to detect hypertension using population-based surveys. We created a single dataset by harmonizing individual-level data from the most recent nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India. The variables included blood pressure (BP), sociodemographic and economic factors, height, weight, hemoglobin, and random blood glucose. Hypertension was defined based on JNC-7 criteria. We applied six common ML-based classifiers: decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), gradient boosting machine (GBM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), logistic regression (LR), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to predict hypertension and its risk factors.ResultsOf the 8,18,603 participants, 82,748 (10.11%) had hypertension. ML models showed that significant factors for hypertension were age and BMI. Ever measured BP, education, taking medicine to lower BP, and doctor's perception of high BP was also significant but comparatively lower than age and BMI. XGBoost, GBM, LR, and LDA showed the highest accuracy score of 90%, RF and DT achieved 89 and 83%, respectively, to predict hypertension. DT achieved the precision value of 91%, and the rest performed with 90%. XGBoost, GBM, LR, and LDA achieved a recall value of 100%, RF scored 99%, and DT scored 90%. In F1-score, XGBoost, GBM, LR, and LDA scored 95%, while RF scored 94%, and DT scored 90%. All the algorithms performed with good and small log loss values

BackgroundCoronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the crucial reasons for cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged people worldwide. The most typical tool is angiography for diagnosing CAD. The challenges of CAD diagnosis using angiography are costly and have side effects. One of the alternative solutions is the use of machine learning-based patterns for CAD diagnosis.MethodsHence, this paper provides a new hybrid machine learning model called genetic support vector machine and analysis of variance (GSVMA). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is known as the kernel function for the SVM algorithm. The proposed model is performed based on the Z-Alizadeh Sani dataset so that a genetic optimization algorithm is used to select crucial features. In addition, SVM with ANOVA, linear SVM (LSVM), and library for support vector machine (LIBSVM) with radial basis function (RBF) methods were applied to classify the dataset.ResultsAs a result, the GSVMA hybrid method performs better than other methods. This proposed method has the highest accuracy of 89.45% through a 10-fold crossvalidation technique with 31 selected features on the Z-Alizadeh Sani dataset.ConclusionWe demonstrated that SVM combined with genetic optimization algorithm could be lead to more accuracy. Therefore, our study confirms that the GSVMA method outperforms other methods so that it can facilitate CAD diagnosis.

This paper proposes a novel approach for analyzing the stability of polynomial fractional-order systems using the frequency-distributed fractional integrator model. There are two types of frequency and temporal stabilization methods for fractional-order systems that global and semi-global stability conditions attain using the sum-of-squares (SOS) method. Substantiation conditions of global and asymptotical stability are complicated for fractional polynomial systems. According to recent studies on nonlinear fractional-order systems, this paper concentrates on polynomial fractional-order systems with any degree of nonlinearity. Global stability conditions are obtained for polynomial fractional-order systems (PFD) via the sum-of-squares approach and the frequency technique employed. This method can be effective in nonlinear systems where the linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach is incapable of response. This paper proposes to solve non-convex SOS-designed equations and design framework key ideas to avoid conservative problems. A Lyapunov polynomial function is determined to address the problem of PFD stabilization conditions and stability established using sufficiently expressed conditions. The main goal of this article is to present an analytical method based on the optimization method for fractional order models in the form of frequency response. This method can convert it into an optimization problem, and by changing the solution of the optimization problem, the stability of the fractional-order system can be improved.

Continuous advancements of technologies such as machine-to-machine interactions and big data analysis have led to the internet of things (IoT) making information sharing and smart decision-making possible using everyday devices. On the other hand, swarm intelligence (SI) algorithms seek to establish constructive interaction among agents regardless of their intelligence level. In SI algorithms, multiple individuals run simultaneously and possibly in a cooperative manner to address complex nonlinear problems. In this paper, the application of SI algorithms in IoT is investigated with a special focus on the internet of medical things (IoMT). The role of wearable devices in IoMT is briefly reviewed. Existing works on applications of SI in addressing IoMT problems are discussed. Possible problems include disease prediction, data encryption, missing values prediction, resource allocation, network routing, and hardware failure management. Finally, research perspectives and future trends are outlined.

A novel approach for the synchronization of a class of chaotic systems with uncertainty, unknown time delays, and external disturbances is presented. The control method given here is expressed by combining sliding mode control approaches with adaptive rules. A sliding surface of fractional order has been developed to construct the control strategy of the abovementioned sliding mode by employing the structure of nonlinear fractional PID (NLPID) controllers. The suggested control mechanism using Lyapunov’s theorem developed robust adaptive rules in such a way that the estimation error of the system’s unknown parameters and time delays tends to be zero. Furthermore, the proposed robust control approach’s stability has been demonstrated using Lyapunov stability criteria and Lipschitz conditions. Then, in order to assess the performance of the proposed mechanism, the presented control approach was used to simulate the synchronization of two chaotic jerk systems with uncertainty, unknown time delays, and external distortion. The results of the simulation confirm the robust and desirable synchronization performance. Finally, a secure communications mechanism based on the proposed technique is shown as a practical implementation of the introduced control strategy, in which the message signal is disguised in the transmitter with high security and well recovered in the receiver with high quality, according to the mean squared error (MES) criteria.

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a mental disorder whereby due to the secretion of specific chemicals in the brain, the function of some brain regions is out of balance, leading to the lack of coordination between thoughts, actions, and emotions. This study provides various intelligent deep learning (DL)-based methods for automated SZ diagnosis via electroencephalography (EEG) signals. The obtained results are compared with those of conventional intelligent methods. To implement the proposed methods, the dataset of the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, Poland, has been used. First, EEG signals were divided into 25 s time frames and then were normalized by z-score or norm L2. In the classification step, two different approaches were considered for SZ diagnosis via EEG signals. In this step, the classification of EEG signals was first carried out by conventional machine learning methods, e.g., support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, decision tree, naïve Bayes, random forest, extremely randomized trees, and bagging. Various proposed DL models, namely, long short-term memories (LSTMs), one-dimensional convolutional networks (1D-CNNs), and 1D-CNN-LSTMs, were used in the following. In this step, the DL models were implemented and compared with different activation functions. Among the proposed DL models, the CNN-LSTM architecture has had the best performance. In this architecture, the ReLU activation function with the z-score and L2-combined normalization was used. The proposed CNN-LSTM model has achieved an accuracy percentage of 99.25%, better than the results of most former studies in this field. It is worth mentioning that to perform all simulations, the k-fold cross-validation method with k = 5 has been used.

A 65-year-old male was introduced with a history of percutaneous coronary intervention 2 years ago who received Aspirin and Plavix. He was referred for coronary angiography after receiving thrombolytic therapy for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in precordial leads. On admission, he had dyspnea with low oxygen saturation, leukocytosis, lymphopenia, elevated C-reactive protein, and cardiac troponin levels. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 25% and pulmonary artery pressure of 45 mmHg. A small thrombus at the site of the previously deployed stent was noticeable at coronary angiography. The chest computed tomography depicted significant involvement of the lungs manifested by peripheral ground-glass opacifications. A positive polymerase chain reaction confirmed coronavirus infection. He was oxygen dependent for 1 week. Gradually, his respiratory distress improved and his LVEF reached to 30% after discharge.

This paper discusses the robust stability and stabilization of polynomial fractional differential (PFD) systems with a Caputo derivative using the sum of squares. In addition, it presents a novel method of stability and stabilization for PFD systems. It demonstrates the feasibility of designing problems that cannot be represented in LMIs (linear matrix inequalities). First, sufficient conditions of stability are expressed for the PFD equation system. Based on the results, the fractional differential system is Mittag–Leffler stable when there is a polynomial function to satisfy the inequality conditions. These functions are obtained from the sum of the square (SOS) approach. The result presents a valuable method to select the Lyapunov function for the stability of PFD systems. Then, robust Mittag–Leffler stability conditions were able to demonstrate better convergence performance compared to asymptotic stabilization and a robust controller design for a PFD equation system with unknown system parameters, and design performance based on a polynomial state feedback controller for PFD-controlled systems. Finally, simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed theorems.

The first known case of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was identified in December 2019. It has spread worldwide, leading to an ongoing pandemic, imposed restrictions and costs to many countries. Predicting the number of new cases and deaths during this period can be a useful step in predicting the costs and facilities required in the future. The purpose of this study is to predict new cases and deaths rate one, three and seven-day ahead during the next 100 days. The motivation for predicting every n days (instead of just every day) is the investigation of the possibility of computational cost reduction and still achieving reasonable performance. Such a scenario may be encountered in real-time forecasting of time series. Six different deep learning methods are examined on the data adopted from the WHO website. Three methods are LSTM, Convolutional LSTM, and GRU. The bidirectional extension is then considered for each method to forecast the rate of new cases and new deaths in Australia and Iran countries.This study is novel as it carries out a comprehensive evaluation of the aforementioned three deep learning methods and their bidirectional extensions to perform prediction on COVID-19 new cases and new death rate time series. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that Bi-GRU and Bi-Conv-LSTM models are used for prediction on COVID-19 new cases and new deaths time series. The evaluation of the methods is presented in the form of graphs and Friedman statistical test. The results show that the bidirectional models have lower errors than other models. A several error evaluation metrics are presented to compare all models, and finally, the superiority of bidirectional methods is determined. This research could be useful for organisations working against COVID-19 and determining their long-term plans.

Motion sickness is a common perturbation experienced by humans in response to motion stimuli. The motion can happen in either real or virtual environments perceived by the vestibular system and visual illusion. The extensive varieties of research studies have been conducted in order to determine and evaluate aspects of motion sickness and its symptoms. To provide insights upon physiological changes in regards to motion sickness, researchers have used subjects from different ages, gender in addition to electrode positions and environmental conditions. The main purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive review and comparison of the existing research studies regarding aspects of interference of the existence and augmentation of motion sickness. In this paper, we discuss the appearance of symptoms after motion sickness and summarize the physiological behaviors and emotions via a range of scenarios. In addition, the existing methods for measuring motion sickness levels are compared and discussed in detail. This study considers a number of important factors such as age, gender, health condition, participants (non/fatigue or non/drowsiness), road conditions, and different experimental set-ups impacting the results of motion sickness. Finally, this paper presents a range of practical methods to minimize and prevent the unpleasant side effects of motion sickness. This includes air ventilation, homogenized road/virtual environment features, and providing comfortable set-up and pre-movement before visual acceleration. A deeper understanding of changes in physiological signals during vection helps us to confirm the traditional subjective report and also improves our knowledge in the concept the vection.

This study investigates multiple synchronizations of distributed fractional-order chaotic systems. These systems consider unknown parameters, disturbance, and time delays. A robust adaptive control method is designed for multistage distributed fractional-order chaotic systems. In this paper, system parameters are changed step by step. Using Lyapunov’s function, while the synchronization error convergence to zero is guaranteed, adaptive rules are designed to estimate the parameters. Then, a secure communication scheme is proposed using the new chaotic masking method. Finally, the simulations are performed on a chaotic system of distributed Duffing fractional order. The results show the high efficiency of the proposed synchronization scheme using robust adaptive control, despite the parametric uncertainties, external disturbance, and variable and unknown time delays. Then, the simulations were performed on the sinusoidal signals of the message in the application of secure communications. The results showed the success of the proposed masking scheme with synchronization in coding and decoding information.

Nowadays, a variety of cancers have become common among humans which unfortunately are the cause of death for many of these people. Early detection and diagnosis of cancers can have a significant impact on the survival of patients and treatment cost reduction. Colon cancer is the third and the second main cause of women's and men's death worldwide among cancers. Hence, many researchers have been trying to provide new methods for early diagnosis of colon cancer. In this study, we apply statistical hypothesis tests such as t-test and Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon and machine learning methods such as Neural Network, KNN and Decision Tree to detect the most effective genes in the vital status of colon cancer patients. We normalize the dataset using a new two-step method. In the first step, the genes within each sample (patient) are normalized to have zero mean and unit variance. In the second step, normalization is done for each gene across the whole dataset. Analyzing the results shows that this normalization method is more efficient than the others and improves the overall performance of the research. Afterwards, we apply unsupervised learning methods to find the meaningful structures in colon cancer gene expressions. In this regard, the dimensionality of the dataset is reduced by employing Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Next, we cluster the patients according to the PCA extracted features. We then check the labeling results of unsupervised learning methods using different supervised learning algorithms. Finally, we determine genes which have major impact on colon cancer mortality rate in each cluster. Our conducted study is the first which suggests that the colon cancer patients can be categorized into two clusters. In each cluster, 20 effective genes were extracted which can be important for early diagnosis of colon cancer. Many of these genes have been identified for the first time.

This paper investigates the robust adaptive synchronization of multi-mode fractional-order chaotic systems (MMFOCS). To that end, synchronization was performed with unknown parameters, unknown time delays, the presence of disturbance, and uncertainty with the unknown boundary. The convergence of the synchronization error to zero was guaranteed using the Lyapunov function. Additionally, the control rules were extracted as explicit continuous functions. An image encryption approach was proposed based on maps with time-dependent coding for secure communication. The simulations indicated the effectiveness of the proposed design regarding the suitability of the parameters, the convergence of errors, and robustness. Subsequently, the presented method was applied to fractional-order Chen systems and was encrypted using the chaotic masking of different benchmark images. The results indicated the desirable performance of the proposed method in encrypting the benchmark images.

Chronic tinnitus is a debilitating condition which affects 10-20% of adults and can severely impact their quality of life. Currently there is no objective measure of tinnitus that can be used clinically. Clinical assessment of the condition uses subjective feedback from individuals which is not always reliable. We investigated the sensitivity of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to differentiate individuals with and without tinnitus and to identify fNIRS features associated with subjective ratings of tinnitus severity. We recorded fNIRS signals in the resting state and in response to auditory or visual stimuli from 25 individuals with chronic tinnitus and 21 controls matched for age and hearing loss. Severity of tinnitus was rated using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and subjective ratings of tinnitus loudness and annoyance were measured on a visual analogue scale. Following statistical group comparisons, machine learning methods including feature extraction and classification were applied to the fNIRS features to classify patients with tinnitus and controls and differentiate tinnitus at different severity levels. Resting state measures of connectivity between temporal regions and frontal and occipital regions were significantly higher in patients with tinnitus compared to controls. In the tinnitus group, temporal-occipital connectivity showed a significant increase with subject ratings of loudness. Also in this group, both visual and auditory evoked responses were significantly reduced in the visual and auditory regions of interest respectively. Naïve Bayes classifiers were able to classify patients with tinnitus from controls with an accuracy of 78.3%. An accuracy of 87.32% was achieved using Neural Networks to differentiate patients with slight/ mild versus moderate/ severe tinnitus. Our findings show the feasibility of using fNIRS and machine learning to develop an objective measure of tinnitus. Such a measure would greatly benefit clinicians and patients by providing a tool to objectively assess new treatments and patients' treatment progress.

This paper proposes a new method for epileptic seizure detection in electroencephalography (EEG) signals using nonlinear features based on fractal dimension (FD) and a deep learning (DL) model. Firstly, Bonn and Freiburg datasets were used to perform experiments. The Bonn dataset consists of binary and multi-class classification problems, and the Freiburg dataset consists of two-class EEG classification problems. In the preprocessing step, all datasets were prepossessed using a Butterworth band pass filter with 0.5–60 Hz cut-off frequency. Then, the EEG signals of the datasets were segmented into different time windows. In this section, dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT) was used to decompose the EEG signals into the different sub-bands. In the following section, in order to feature extraction, various FD techniques were used, including Higuchi (HFD), Katz (KFD), Petrosian (PFD), Hurst exponent (HE), detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), Sevcik, box counting (BC), multiresolution box-counting (MBC), Margaos-Sun (MSFD), multifractal DFA (MF-DFA), and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA). In the next step, the minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) technique was used for feature selection. Finally, the k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and convolutional autoencoder (CNN-AE) were used for the classification step. In the classification step, the K-fold cross-validation with k = 10 was employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the classifier methods. The experiment results show that the proposed CNN-AE method achieved an accuracy of 99.736% and 99.176% for the Bonn and Freiburg datasets, respectively.

Epilepsy is a brain disorder disease that affects people’s quality of life. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals are used to diagnose epileptic seizures. This paper provides a computer-aided diagnosis system (CADS) for the automatic diagnosis of epileptic seizures in EEG signals. The proposed method consists of three steps, including preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. In order to perform the simulations, the Bonn and Freiburg datasets are used. Firstly, we used a band-pass filter with 0.5–40 Hz cut-off frequency for removal artifacts of the EEG datasets. Tunable-Q Wavelet Transform (TQWT) is used for EEG signal decomposition. In the second step, various linear and nonlinear features are extracted from TQWT sub-bands. In this step, various statistical, frequency, and nonlinear features are extracted from the sub-bands. The nonlinear features used are based on fractal dimensions (FDs) and entropy theories. In the classification step, different approaches based on conventional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are discussed. In this step, a CNN–RNN-based DL method with the number of layers proposed is applied. The extracted features have been fed to the input of the proposed CNN–RNN model, and satisfactory results have been reported. In the classification step, the K-fold cross-validation with k = 10 is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CNN–RNN classification procedure. The results revealed that the proposed CNN–RNN method for Bonn and Freiburg datasets achieved an accuracy of 99.71% and 99.13%, respectively.

In this paper, a novel medical image encryption method based on multi-mode synchronization of hyper-chaotic systems is presented. The synchronization of hyper-chaotic systems is of great significance in secure communication tasks such as encryption of images. Multi-mode synchronization is a novel and highly complex issue, especially if there is uncertainty and disturbance. In this work, an adaptive-robust controller is designed for multimode synchronized chaotic systems with variable and unknown parameters, despite the bounded disturbance and uncertainty with a known function in two modes. In the first case, it is a main system with some response systems, and in the second case, it is a circular synchronization. Using theorems it is proved that the two synchronization methods are equivalent. Our results show that, we are able to obtain the convergence of synchronization error and parameter estimation error to zero using Lyapunov’s method. The new laws to update time-varying parameters, estimating disturbance and uncertainty bounds are proposed such that stability of system is guaranteed. To assess the performance of the proposed synchronization method, various statistical analyzes were carried out on the encrypted medical images and standard benchmark images. The results show effective performance of the proposed synchronization technique in the medical images encryption for telemedicine application.

A 28-year-old male patient was referred to our imaging center with the differential diagnosis of a right ventricular (RV) apical mass. He was a known case of the ventricular septal defect (VSD) with a history of spontaneous closure at the age of 2 years. His chief complaint was chest pain and palpitation. He was referred with a transthoracic echocardiography report of RV apical hypertrophy with almost apical obliteration or RV apical mass. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated few intramyocardial crypts of basal anteroseptal left ventricular (LV) segment. There was no evidence of concomitant LV apical hypertrophy. Indeed, there was a small conical- and tunnel-shaped serpiginous apical-infundibular muscular VSD (3.6 mm RV side's diameter and 7.6 mm LV side's diameter) resulted in a localized and severely hypertrophied RV apical segment and no significant shunt (QP/QS: 1.16). There was no evidence of other cardiac mass.

In this paper, the multi-state synchronization of chaotic systems with non-identical, unknown, and time-varying delay in the presence of external perturbations and parametric uncertainties was studied. The presence of unknown delays, unknown bounds of disturbance and uncertainty, as well as changes in system parameters complicate the determination of control function and synchronization. During a synchronization scheme using a robust-adaptive control procedure with the help of the Lyapunov stability theorem, the errors converged to zero, and the updating rules were set to estimate the system parameters and delays. To investigate the performance of the proposed design, simulations have been carried out on two Chen hyper-chaotic systems as the slave and one Chua hyper-chaotic system as the master. Our results showed that the proposed controller outperformed the state-of-the-art techniques in terms of convergence speed of synchronization, parameter estimation, and delay estimation processes. The parameters and time delays were achieved with appropriate approximation. Finally, secure communication was realized with a chaotic masking method, and our results revealed the effectiveness of the proposed method in secure telecommunications.

In this paper, a robust adaptive control strategy is proposed to synchronize a class of uncertain chaotic systems with unknown time delays. Using Lyapunov theory and Lipschitz conditions in chaotic systems, the necessary adaptation rules for estimating uncertain parameters and unknown time delays are determined. Based on the proposed adaptation rules, an adaptive controller is recommended for the robust synchronization of the aforementioned uncertain systems that prove the robust stability of the proposed control mechanism utilizing the Lyapunov theorem. Finally, to evaluate the proposed robust and adaptive control mechanism, the synchronization of two Jerk chaotic systems with finite non-linear uncertainty and external disturbances as well as unknown fixed and variable time delays are simulated. The simulation results confirm the ability of the proposed control mechanism in robust synchronization of the uncertain chaotic systems as well as to estimate uncertain and unknown parameters.

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most common diseases that cause a large number of deaths each year. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the most common type of these diseases worldwide and is the main reason of heart attacks. Thus early diagnosis of CAD is very essential and is an important field of medical studies. Many methods are used to diagnose CAD so far. These methods reduce cost and deaths. But a few studies examined stenosis of each vessel separately. Determination of stenosed coronary artery when significant ECG abnormality exists is not a difficult task. Moreover, ECG abnormality is not common among CAD patients. The aim of this study is to find a way for specifying the lesioned vessel when there is not enough ECG changes and only based on risk factors, physical examination and Para clinic data. Therefore, a new data set was used which has no missing value and includes new and effective features like Function Class, Dyspnoea, Q Wave, ST Elevation, ST Depression and Tinversion. These data was collected from 303 random visitor of Tehran′s Shaheed Rajaei Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Centre, in 2011 fall and 2012 winter. They processed with C4.5, Naοve Bayes, and k-nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithms and their accuracy were measured by tenfold cross validation. In the best method the accuracy of diagnosis of stenosis of each vessel reached to 74.20 ± 5.51% for Left Anterior Descending (LAD), 63.76 ± 9.73% for Left Circumflex and 68.33 ± 6.90% for Right Coronary Artery. The effective features of stenosis of each vessel were found too.