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Lymph nodes (LNs) occupy a critical position in initiating and augmenting immune responses, both spatially and functionally. In cancer immunotherapy, tumor-specific vaccines are blooming as a powerful tool to suppress the growth of existing tumors, as well as provide preventative efficacy against tumorigenesis. Delivering these vaccines more efficiently to LNs, where antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells abundantly reside, is under extensive exploration. Formulating vaccines into nanomedicines, optimizing their physiochemical properties, and surface modification to specifically bind molecules expressed on LNs or APCs, are common routes and have brought encouraging outcomes. Alternatively, porous scaffolds can be engineered to attract APCs and provide an environment for them to mature, proliferate and migrate to LNs. A relatively new research direction is inducing the formation of LN-like organoids, which have shown positive relevance to tumor prognosis. Cutting-edge advances in these directions and discussions from a future perspective are given here, from which the up-to-date pattern of cancer vaccination will be drawn to hopefully provide basic guidance to future studies.

Persistent infection and prolonged shedding of human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) in children have been reported, and the role of HBoV1 as a sole causative pathogen in acute respiratory infection (ARI) is yet to be established. While the reported prevalence of HBoV infection varies due to different detection methods and sampling criteria, determining the viral and bacterial etiology of HBoV infection using multiplex real-time PCR is yet to be reported. Herein, we aimed to further explore the pathogenicity of HBoV in patients with ARI by screening the viral and bacterial infections in children with ARI in Qingdao and comparing the epidemiological, clinical characteristics, and etiological results. Human bocavirus was identified in 28.1% of the samples, and further sequencing analysis of the detected HBoV confirmed 96.4% as HBoV1. The rate of HBoV as a single viral infection was 75%, and the rate of coinfection with bacteria was 66.1%, suggesting the need for continued monitoring of HBoV in children with ARIs. Clinical characterization suggested that HBoV infection may affect the function of organs, such as the liver, kidney, and heart, and the blood acid–base balance. Additionally, it is essential to promote awareness about the importance of disinfection and sterilization of the hospital environment and standardizing operations. The interactions between HBoV and other pathogens remain to be investigated in further detail in the future.