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Air pollution, particularly SO2 emission, has become a global problem, seriously threatening the sustainable development and health of mankind. Based on the panel data of 248 prefecture-level cities in China during 2003–2018, this study used the Propensity Score Matching-Difference in Difference (PSM-DID) method within the counterfactual framework to evaluate the treatment effect of the policy made by the National Resource-Based Economic Transformation Comprehensive Supporting Reform Pilot Zone (CRZ) on sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. The results show the following. (1) The benchmark regression results demonstrate that the CRZ policy has significantly decreased per capita SO2 emissions (PCSO2) and SO2 emissions per unit of GDP (PGSO2) in the pilot zone, and the placebo test indicates that the evaluation of the policy effect is robust. (2) The dynamic effect test indicates that there is a lag in the effect of the CRZ policy on reducing SO2 emissions. The policy effect of the CRZ policy on PCSO2 and PGSO2 was not obvious in the first stage (2011–2015), the CRZ policy significantly reduced the PCSO2 and PGSO2 in the second stage of policy implementation (2016 and beyond), and the reduction effect of CRZ policy on SO2 emissions is increasing over time. (3) The mechanism analysis shows that optimizing industrial structure, increasing human capital, strengthening technological innovation, and expanding opening to the outside world are the main ways for the CRZ policy to reduce SO2 emissions. The study will help promote SO2 emissions reduction in Shanxi Province, providing a reference for the transformation and development of other resource-based cities in China and the world and contributing to accelerating the achievement of regional emission reduction targets and sustainable development.

In 2014, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Collaborative Development Strategy (hereinafter the Jing-Jin-Ji Strategy) was formally proposed as a major national strategy, providing an unprecedented opportunity for the overall development of Hebei. This article evaluates the treatment effects of the Jing-Jin-Ji Strategy on Hebei’s economy and environment. Employing a panel data program evaluation method developed by Hsiao et al. (2012), we construct hypothetical counterfactuals for the GDP growth rate, the percentage of tertiary industry in GDP, and the geographic mean PM2.5 concentrations for Hebei in the absence of the Jing-Jin-Ji Strategy using the outcomes of selected untreated provinces. The results show that the Jing-Jin-Ji Strategy increased the percentage of tertiary industry in GDP by an average of 2.53 percentage points per year between 2014 and 2018 and decreased the geographic mean PM2.5 concentrations by an average of 11.1 percentage points per year between 2014 and 2017. However, it does not appear to have had significant effects on Hebei’s GDP growth rate. The leave-one-out method demonstrates the robustness of the above results. This article suggests that Hebei should speed up its economic growth and bridge the gap with Beijing and Tianjin while ensuring the quality of its economic development and a sound ecological environment.

Based on panel data on 248 prefecture-level cities in China from 2003 to 2018, this study first estimates the treatment effect of the Shanxi Comprehensive Reform Area policy on PM 2.5 concentrations using a PSM-DID method. The empirical results show that, on average, the Shanxi Comprehensive Reform Area policy significantly increased the PM 2.5 concentrations of prefecture-level cities in Shanxi Province by 0.211% annually, and the place-based placebo test shows that the treatment effect obtained above is robust. Second, the dynamic effects show a continuous decrease in incremental effects during 2011–2018, gradually decreasing from a significant positive increment during 2011–2015 to a zero or even a negative increment during 2016–2018, indicating that the Shanxi Comprehensive Reform Area policy gradually increased in environmental friendliness. Third, the influencing mechanisms show that the Shanxi Comprehensive Reform Area policy influenced PM 2.5 concentrations by increasing the intensity of resource exploitation and decreasing the intensity of environmental regulations, but the capacity of scientific and technological innovations had no mediating effect on the relationship between the policy and PM 2.5 concentrations. Therefore, the government should further reduce the intensity of resource exploitation, strengthen the intensity of environmental regulations, and promote environmentally focused scientific and technological innovations to reduce PM 2.5 concentrations in Shanxi Province.

People are becoming more and more humanized in the process of understanding the law. According to the right to discipline, the law has its own core setting factors, while some limits can't reach people's desire. Therefore, the legal and illegal mode of transcending rights is very important. In order to analyze the legal form of modern rights, in this paper, the cognitive learning and memory process of human brain were simulated through the artificial neural network and the understanding of human brain structure, and the role of law, discipline and governance was reflected. In the study, the structure and algorithm of the model neural network were optimized, the memory forgetting curve mechanism that can simulate the human brain was introduced, and thus the network recognition rate was improved. And in the algorithm, the calculation of matching degree was avoided, and the computational complexity was reduced to the sample. Then the sample was compared with the SOM, ART1, and PNN algorithms. The experimental simulation results show that the recognition speed of this sample is 1.9 times faster than that of ART1, 58 times than that of SOM, and 1.5 times than that of the PNN network.

Based on panel data on 248 prefecture-level cities in China from 2003 to 2018, this study first estimates the treatment effect of the Shanxi Comprehensive Reform Area policy on PM

At present, cardiovascular disease is regarded as one of the dangerous diseases that threaten human life. The morbidity and lethality caused by cardiovascular disease are constantly increasing every year. In this paper, we propose a two-stream style operation to handle the electrocardiogram (ECG) classification: one for time-domain features and another for frequency-domain features. For the time-domain features, convolutional neural networks (CNN) are constructed for feature learning and classification of ECG signals. For the frequency-domain features, support vector regression (SVR) machines are designed to perform the regression prediction on each signal. Finally, the D-S evidence theory is adopted to perform the decision fusion strategy on the time-domain and frequency-domain classification results. We confirm a recognition performance of 99.64% from the experiment result for the D-S evidence theory recognition system upon the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. The analysis of various methods of ECG classification shows that the model delivers superior performance promotion across all these scenarios.

An emission trading system (ETS) is a powerful emission reduction tool for achieving low-carbon economic development in the world. Focusing on the industrial subsectors, this paper comprehensively analyzes the environmental and economic effects of the pilot ETS in China from the perspectives of economic development, technological optimization, and innovation-driven development by using the propensity score matching&ndash, difference in differences (PSM-DID) model based on 2005&ndash, 2017 provincial panel data. This paper compensates for the limitations of existing studies on the effects of ETS on different subsectors, furthermore, the triple difference model (DDD) model is used to discuss the impacts of differences in environmental responsibility and economic potential among subsectors on policy effects. The empirical results show that: (1) The pilot ETS produces a 14.5% carbon reduction effect on the covered subsectors while reducing GDP by 4.8% without achieving a low-carbon economy. Thus, production decline is the main reason for carbon emission reductions. (2) Economic development factors have significant positive impacts on carbon emissions, while technological optimization and innovation-driven development are key factors for achieving reductions in carbon emissions. (3) The pilot ETS produces a 60.1% carbon emission inhibition effect and 23.2% GDP inhibition effect on the subsectors with greater environmental responsibility. Therefore, the Chinese government should fully simulate the impact of technological innovation and utilize resource endowment differences in the environmental and economic aspects of different sectors to achieve low-carbon economic development.

A carbon emission trading system (ETS) is an effective market mechanism for promoting the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and achieving sustainable development between the economy and the environment. To analyze the emissions reduction effect and economic effect of China&rsquo, s ETS and further discuss the mechanisms of economic development differences and industrial development differences on the final effect of the policy, this study adopts the propensity score matching-difference in differences method and triple difference method. The empirical results show the following: (1) The ETS can simultaneously achieve both the emissions reduction effect and economic effect when key control variables are included. (2) The population, carbon emissions intensity and per capita GDP have significant positive impacts on carbon emissions, the environmental pollution control intensity, research structure, and research intensity have negative impacts on carbon emissions, and the capita stock, employment, and energy consumption have significant positive economic effects. (3) The ETS has a stronger inhibitory effect on the provinces with higher levels of economic and service development compared to the provinces with lower levels of economic and service development. In contrast, the policy has a weaker inhibitory effect on provinces with higher levels of industrial and construction development compared with the lower level provinces.

Titanium carbide derived carbon (TiC-CDC) was prepared by the molten salt electrolytic method in molten salt NaCl–KCl at the potential of 1.3 V using TiC pellets as the anode. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectrum were used to characterize the composition, morphology and microstructure of TiC-CDC. The electrochemical performance of TiC-CDC for supercapacitor was investigated in 0.5 mol L−1 Na2SO4 by cycle voltammograms, ac impedance spectrum and galvanostatic charge/discharge. TiC-CDC showed excellent electrochemical and capacitive performances and maintained a capacity value of 126.1 F g−1 after 1000 cycles with a capacity retention rate of 97% at the current density of 3 A g−1. The current work demonstrated the feasibility of molten salt electrolytic method for preparation of TiC-CDC and provided a non-polluting and environmentally friendly strategy for high performance supercapacitor fabrication.

Cu and Ni films with thickness ranging from 10 to 200 nm were sputter deposited and their electrochemical impedance was investigated by impedance spectrum to develop the relationship between thickness of thin film electrodes and interface electrochemistry. Both charge transfer resistance and double layer capacitance of the film electrodes decreased with increase in thickness of the thin film electrodes. The current work provided further understanding on interface electrochemistry of thin film electrodes and served as guidance for the design of high performance miniature electrochemical devices.

Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are first-line therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and erectile dysfunction. As a continuing work to improve the terminal half-lives and oral bioavailabilities of our previously reported 4(3 H)-pyrimidones, a pharmacokinetics-driven optimization focusing on the terminal substituent is described. Two major congeneric series of 4(3 H)-pyrimidones, the aminosulfonylphenylpyrimidones and acylaminophenylpyrimidones, were designed, synthesized, and pharmacologically assessed in vitro and in vivo. Among them, compound 15 (TPN171) with subnanomolar potency for PDE5 and good selectivity over PDE6 was finally recognized as a potential drug candidate, and its pharmacokinetic profiles in rats and dogs are significantly improved compared to the starting compound (3). Moreover, TPN171 was proven to exert a longer lasting effect than sildenafil in animal models, providing a foundation for a once-daily oral administration for its clinical use. TPN171 is currently being investigated in a phase II clinical trial for the treatment of PAH.

In recent years, developing countries, especially resource-dependent regions, have been facing the paradox of ensuring both emissions reduction and economic development. Thus, there is a strong political desire to forecast carbon emissions reduction potential and the best way to achieve it. This study constructs a methodology to assess carbon reduction potential in a resource-dependent region. The Simulated Annealing Programming algorithm and the Genetic algorithm were introduced to create a prediction model and an optimized regional carbon intensity model, respectively. Shanxi Province in China, a typical resource-dependent area, is selected for the empirical study. Regional statistical data are collected from 1990 to 2015. The results show that the carbon intensity of Shanxi Province could drop 18.78% by 2020. This potential exceeds the 18% expectation of the Chinese Government in its ‘13th Five-Year Work Plan’ for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Moreover, the carbon intensity of the province could be further reduced by 0.97 t per 10,000 yuan GDP. The study suggests that the carbon emissions of a resource-dependent region can be reduced in the following ways; promoting economic restructuring, upgrading coal supply-side reform, perfecting the self-regulation of coal prices, accelerating the technical innovation of the coal industry, and establishing a flexible mechanism for reducing emissions.

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) is a prime drug target for treating the diseases associated with a lower level of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which is a specific substrate for PDE5 hydrolysis. Here we report a series of novel PDE5 inhibitors with the new scaffold of the monocyclic pyrimidin-4(3H)-one ring developed using the structure-based discovery strategy. In total, 37 derivatives of the pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activities to PDE5, resulting in 25 compounds with IC50 ranging from 1 to 100 nM and 11 compounds with IC50 ranging from 1 to 10 nM. Compound 5, 5,6-diethyl-2-[2-n-propoxy-5-(4-methyl-1-piperazinylsulfonyl)phenyl]pyrimid-4(3H)-one, the most potent compound, has an excellent IC50 (1.6 nM) in vitro and a good efficacy in a rat model of erection. It thus provides a potential candidate for the further development into a new drug targeting PDE5.

A new and improved synthetic route to N-(4-chloro-3-cyano-7-ethoxyquinolin-6-yl)acetamide (1) is described on a kilogram scale. The key step is the basic cyclization of o-[(2-cyanovinyl)amino]benzoate (14) in tBuONa/tBuOH system to give the 3-cyano-4-hydroxyquinoline (7). The final product 1 is obtained with 49% overall yield (seven steps) and 98.9% purity (HPLC), which makes it a cost-effective and commercially friendly process for scale-up operations.

A practical and enantioselective synthetic method for tapentadol has been described. Starting from inexpensive and readily available (E)-3-(3-(benzyloxy)phenyl)acrylic acid, tapentadol was prepared in seven steps (44% overall yield and 99.9% de) in more than 100 g batches, without any chromatographic purification. An Evans’ chiral auxiliary based conjugate addition and alkylation were used as the key steps.

To gain insight into increasingly intricate business, and deal with highly complex problem situations, an enterprise needs a more generic, standardized, pervasive and scalable infrastructure to fully leverage the information from different data sources, applications, and environments at both system level and content level. Based on a discussion of basic problem of EII (enterprise information integration), this paper reviews a state of the art of existing enterprise information integration solutions from content level integration and system level integration perspectives. We evaluate existing approaches to content level integration by comparing the method used to describe and explain the data, and the topology structure of the data connected. We evaluate existing approaches to system level integration by in-depth discussion how the systems are coupled. Based on the results of our analysis we summarize the state-of-the-art in enterprise information integration and give the tendencies of further research.

An improved, cost-effective, and convenient process, using cinnamoyl as hydroxyl protective group and tosyl as the leaving group for gemcitabine (1) is described. The overall yield obtained from this newly developed process is around 10%, including two stereospecific crystallizations, and the quality of the product complies with the requirements of USP30.

The practice teaching of law is a concept which is corresponding to the teaching of legal theory, and it is a kind of teaching method which aims at cultivating students' practical ability. Based on the professional characteristics of the legal profession, it is necessary to pay attention to the practical teaching link in the distance education of the legal profession. But in fact, there are many problems in the practice teaching in the distance education of the legal profession in our country. For example, the curriculum design of the practical teaching in the distance education is a mere formality, which is not consistent with the characteristics of the distance education, Legal practice teaching evaluation system is unreasonable, and so on. Therefore, we should explore the practical teaching mode of law major for the characteristics of distance education aim at these problems.

The teaching model of distance education is the product of advanced science and technology and the idea of teaching in modern society. However, the distance education teaching mode can not be fully applicable to the law professional teaching due to the characteristics of practicality of teaching in law major. Therefore, we need to explore suitable teaching model in distance education of law major.

Distance education for judicial examination training is different from face-to-face teaching. The difference is mainly reflected in the authority and the pertinence of the teaching content. In addition, distance education can save the cost of hiring well-known experts as it in the field of face to face. However the actual effect of distance teaching method has achieved in the judicial examination training is poor. The main reason lies in the lack of teaching process among many reasons. Some measures must be taken to improve the teaching effect of distance judicial examination training: firstly we must solve the problem of short-term behavior of educational institutions, also should we strengthen the communication and interaction between teachers and students in the teaching process.

Law education is a type of vocational education, so practice teaching link must be adopted correctly. In recent years, practice teaching of law in our institutions of higher learning has been paid more attention and some good achievements have been obtained, but there are still so many problems. To bring practice teaching into full play in law education, teaching concept must be changed on the basis of present condition of law education: a reasonable curriculum system for practice teaching must be set up, practice teaching mode of law applicable to Chinese actual conditions must be created and quantification index in the light of each practice teaching link must be concretely worked out. By using information technology, management system for practice teaching of law shall be perfected and scientific assessment evaluation system shall be formulated; practical ability of teachers from institutions of higher learning shall be enhanced to provide practice teaching with qualified teaching faculty.

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important parameter on the crop yield estimation and pests and diseases identification. LAI is a good indicator for crop growth and energy exchange information. At present, there are many ways to measure the crop LAI, but there are quite few studies or testing to compare the applicability among the different methods on the LAI inversion. In this study, some common methods, like hyper-spectral inversion model, digital image method had been adopted for wheat LAI measurement. According to the analysis of the data which had been collected from the different growth periods of wheat, this paper had compared the accuracy and concluded the applicability of the different LAI measurement methods. This article aims to provide some guidance on the method selection for leaf area index estimation of wheat.

Based on investigating challenges of product knowledge sharing in distributed environment, a context-sensitive product knowledge sharing architecture is proposed. Through a discussion of fundamental model for elucidating and characterizing context in knowledge sharing, and the mechanism of knowledge utilizing, annotating and clustering based on this knowledge context model, we present a context-sensitive query mechanism to spread query over the whole knowledge sharing network by establishing query graph and implementing context-sensitive routing. A prototype system is implemented to prove technical feasibility of the proposed approach.

Recent advances in grid, semantic web, P2P and web services have revolutionized the way we communicate and collaborate. Undertaking the intersection fulfillment of these technologies on enterprise desktop computers enables new integrative and collaborative use of not only organizational data but also distributed, autonomous personal data on the web by fully leveraging potentially useful information sources on many desktops. In this context, we introduce SDDG, a pip-semantic-grid enabled information sharing infrastructure for entire enterprise information, which wraps both organizational and personal information sources as semantic grid services and creates a semantic information interoperability environment following a p2p data coordination way. Through a discussion of fundamental scientific positions in general and approaches to information integration research in particular, we depict the basic integration principles from both P2P and semantic grid perspectives. The key contributions of this paper are a P2P semantic grid service oriented framework for SDDG, which is an extension of our previous work [1] [2] by reflecting principles of P2P data integration in semantic grid.

Based on a discussion of data understanding hierarchy, this paper reviews a state of the art of existing enterprise information integration solutions from semantic perspective. We divide existing approaches into three categories: programming semantic-based integration, syntax schema-based integration, and declarative semantic-based Integration, and evaluate the approaches in each category by comparing the method used to describe and explain the data, and the topology structure of the data connected. Based on the results of our analysis we summarize the state-of-the-art in semantic enterprise information integration and give the tendencies of further research.