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This paper uses spatial econometric and the threshold effect models to study the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China’s energy conservation and emissions reduction. We use provincial...

Objective Carotid plaque echogenicity is associated with the risk of cardiovascular events. Gray-scale median (GSM) of the ultrasound image of carotid plaques has been widely used as an objective method for evaluation of plaque echogenicity in patients with atherosclerosis. We proposed a computer-aided method to evaluate plaque echogenicity and compared its efficiency with GSM. Methods One hundred and twenty-five carotid plaques (43 echo-rich, 35 intermediate, 47 echolucent) were collected from 72 patients in this study. The cumulative probability distribution curves were obtained based on statistics of the pixels in the gray-level images of plaques. The area under the cumulative probability distribution curve (AUCPDC) was calculated as its integral value to evaluate plaque echogenicity. Results The classification accuracy for three types of plaques is 78.4% (kappa value, κ = 0.673), when the AUCPDC is used for classifier training, whereas GSM is 64.8% (κ = 0.460). The receiver operating characteristic curves were produced to test the effectiveness of AUCPDC and GSM for the identification of echolucent plaques. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.817 when AUCPDC was used for training the classifier, which is higher than that achieved using GSM (AUC = 0.746). Compared with GSM, the AUCPDC showed a borderline association with coronary heart disease (Spearman r = 0.234, p = 0.050). Conclusions Our experimental results suggest that AUCPDC analysis is a promising method for evaluation of plaque echogenicity and predicting cardiovascular events in patients with plaques.

A polymeric nanocapsule encapsulated with 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane was developed, in which 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butyl groups were introduced to the polymer terminal for high loading of liquid fluorocarbon. In vitro experiments demonstrate that its liquid/gas-phase transition can be triggered by mild heating. This nanocapsule can be harnessed as a contrast agent for tumor imaging under diagnostic ultrasound.