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To study the effect and mechanism of Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigen (SEA) on protecting against type 1 diabetes, 4-week-old female BALB/c and NOD mice were divided randomly into four groups: BALB/c control, BALB/c treated with SEA, NOD control, and NOD treated with SEA. Treated mice were injected intraperitoneally with 50 μg of SEA twice a week for 6 weeks, and control mice received the same volume of phosphate-buffered saline. Blood glucose in all mice was determined weekly from 8 weeks of age. Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentages of regulatory T cells of splenocytes in each group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect the levels of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-5 in splenic cell culture supernatants. Compared with those of the NOD group, the blood glucose level and percentage incidence of diabetes in NOD mice treated with SEA decreased significantly. This indicated that SEA treatment prevented spontaneous type 1 diabetes. After SEA administration, the frequency of splenic regulatory T cells increased significantly, and the secretion of IL-4 and IL-5 by splenic cells increased. These results demonstrated that SEA can prevent type 1 diabetes by enhancing regulatory T cells and the T helper 2 cell immune response in NOD mice.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a prevalent inflammation-related disease characterized by insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels. The high incidence rate of T2D in Western societies may be due to environmental conditions, including reduced worm exposure. In human and animal models, some helminths, such as Schistosoma, Nippostrongylus, Strongyloides, and Heligmosomoides, and their products reportedly ameliorate or prevent T2D progression. T2D induces adaptive immune pathways involved in the inhibition of type 1 immune responses, promotion of type 2 immune responses, and expansion of regulatory T cells and innate immune cells, such as macrophages, eosinophils, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Among immune cells expanded in T2DM, type 2 immune cells and macrophages are the most important and may have synergistic effects. The stimulation of host immunity by helminth infections also promotes interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of intestinal helminths' protective effects against T2D.

We investigated the effect of Schistosoma japonicum adenylate kinase 1 (Sjak1) on the growth and development of schistosomula. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that Sjak1 mRNA was expressed in 3-, 10-, 14-, 18-, and 21-day-old schistosomula, and its levels increased gradually with the development of S. japonicum. Using immunohistochemical techniques, ak1 protein was found to be mainly distributed in the tegument and some parenchymal tissues of the schistosomula. Double-stranded RNA-mediated knockdowns of ak1 decreased ak1 mRNA transcripts by more than 90%, and western blot results showed that expression of ak1 protein was decreased by 66%. Scanning electron microscopy following the RNA-mediated ak1 knockdown showed that the sensory papillae did not develop. Transmission electron microscopy showed a lower mean thickness of the tegument in the Sjak1 interference group than in the negative control group. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling suggested higher apoptosis in the interference group than the negative control group. These results showed that ak1 may be involved in the growth and development of S. japonicum schistosomula and especially in the development of the integument. Consequently, ak1 may be a potential target in developing prevention methods for schistosomiasis in the future.

This study aimed to explore the effect and mechanism underlying the role of the Schistosoma japonicum antigen of fatty acid-binding protein (SjFABP) on the growth of the schistosomula. SjFABP levels were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of samples of mice infected with S. japonicum; SjFABP was expressed and its levels gradually increased during all stages of S. japonicum schistosomula, including on 3, 10, 14, and 21 days of the growth process. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that SjFABP was distributed in the parenchyma, especially in the digestive tract of the S. japonicum schistosomula. RNA interference resulted in more than 60% knockdown of SjFABP leading to a reduction in length, volume, width, and area of the schistosomula as compared to control samples, as determined by light microscopy. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling detection further suggested that SjFABP knockdown resulted in increased apoptosis of schistosomes. Taken together, these results suggest that SjFABP may be related to the growth and survival of S. japonicum schistosomula, thereby representing a potential target for the treatment of schistosomiasis.

Schistosomiasis is one of the most devastating parasitic diseases, making it imperative to develop efficient vaccines to control the causative flatworms called schistosomes. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the Th1 immune response have been implicated in the effectiveness of vaccines to control schistosomiasis, but the mechanisms underlying their effects are unclear. In this study, we evaluated the role of Tregs on the efficacy of the 14 kDa FABP (fatty acid-binding protein) vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum. BALB/c female mice were randomly divided into five groups: an uninfected group, infected control group, anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (anti-CD25 mAb) group, FABP group, and combined anti-CD25 mAb and FABP group. Compared with FABP alone, a combined treatment with FABP and anti-CD25 mAb increased the rate of S. japonicum inhibition in mice from 30.3 to 56.08% and decreased the number of eggs per gram of liver. Compared with that of the infected control group, the percentage of Tregs in the spleen decreased significantly after single or combined treatment with FABP and anti-CD25 mAb, while it increased gradually in the anti-CD25 mAb group. Further, the secretion of Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ, and IL-2 increased in splenocytes in the anti-CD25 mAb group. Our results indicate that anti-CD25 mAb partially blocks Tregs and concomitantly enhances the Th1 type immune response, thereby enhancing the protective effect of the FABP vaccine.

In western societies, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is related to the hygiene hypothesis, which implies that reduced exposure to infectious factors results in a loss of the immune stimulation necessary to form the immune system during development. In fact, it has been reported that parasites, such as Schistosoma, can improve or prevent the development of T2D, which may be related to the activity of immune cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs). Hence, Schistosoma, Tregs, and T2D share a close relationship. Schistosoma infection and the molecules released can lead to an increase in Tregs, which play an important role in the suppression of T2D. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of Tregs in the response to Schistosoma infection and the protective mechanism of Schistosoma-related molecular products against T2D.

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by persistently elevated glucose levels. There is no effective treatment strategy for this condition, and it poses a massive economic burden globally. Schistosoma soluble egg antigen (SEA)-induced immunomodulatory mechanisms have been reported in the treatment of autoimmune disease. This study aimed to determine the ability of Schistosoma japonicum SEA to protect against type 2 diabetes in Lepr db/db mice and understand the associated mechanisms. The mice were divided into four groups: C57BL/6 (the normal group), SEA (C57BL/6 mice treated with SEA), Lepr db/db , and SEA and Lepr db/db co-treatment groups. The mice in the SEA and co-treatment groups were injected with 50 μg of SEA (twice a week for 6 weeks), and the same volume of PBS was used as control. Blood glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels were measured in all mice, which were sacrificed 6 weeks after the last SEA administration. Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentages of regulatory T cells in splenocytes. ELISA was used to detect the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 in cell culture supernatants. Compared with the mice in the Lepr db/db group, the mice in the SEA + Lepr db/db group exhibited significantly reduced insulin resistance, as evidenced by the enhancement of wound healing. The frequency of spleen regulatory T cells increased significantly after SEA administration; meanwhile, the secretion of IL-4 and IL-5 in spleen cells was elevated. These results indicate that SEA can reduce insulin resistance and provide new targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The potential mechanisms might be associated with increases in regulatory T cells and Th2 cytokines in Lepr db/db mice, which warrants further investigation.

Schistosomiasis is a devastating disease caused by Schistosoma infection. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has emerged as a candidate vaccine component against Schistosoma japonicum, but only confers partial protection. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) regulates T cell activation and shows negative effects on vaccine-induced immune protection; however, its potential influence on the protective effects of a GAPDH vaccine against S. japonicum and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we established a mouse model of S. japonicum infection, and the mice were randomly divided into uninfected, infected control, anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody (anti-CTLA-4 mAb), GAPDH, and GAPDH combined with anti-CTLA-4 mAb groups to compare the protective effects against infection and the consequent tissue damage. The worm reduction rate in the GAPDH-treated infected mice was 26.58%, which increased to 54.61% when combined with anti-CTLA-4 mAb. The frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was significantly higher in the anti-CTLA-4 mAb group and was lower in the GAPDH group. However, both anti-CTLA-4 mAb and GAPDH elevated the levels of the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 in the spleens of infected mice, and their combination further enhanced cytokine production. The diameter of egg granuloma in the anti-CTLA-4 mAb group and combined treatment group increased significantly compared to that of the other groups. These results suggest that anti-CTLA-4 mAb can be used as an adjuvant to enhance the immune protection of the GAPDH vaccine via inducing the Th1 immune response, although this comes at the cost of enhanced body injury.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which cells of the immune system destroy pancreatic β cells, which secrete insulin. The high prevalence of T1D in developed societies may be explained by environmental changes, including lower exposure to helminths. Indeed, infection by helminths such as Schistosoma, Filaria, and Heligmosomoides polygyrus and their by-products has been reported to ameliorate or prevent the development of T1D in human and animal models. Helminths can trigger distinct immune regulatory pathways, often involving adaptive immune cells that include T helper 2 (Th2) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) and innate immune cells that include dendritic cells, macrophages, and invariant natural killer T cells, which may act synergistically to induce Tregs in a Toll-like receptor-dependent manner. Cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β also play an important role in protection from T1D. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the effects and mechanisms underlying protection against T1D by helminths.

The prevalence of T1D in developed societies is partly based on the hygiene hypothesis, that is, the loss of exposure to infectious agents accompanies the loss of immune stimuli shaping the immune system during development. Indeed, the components of parasites, such as Schistosoma, have been reported to ameliorate or prevent the development of T1D, which might be associated with immune cell activity especially that of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Schistosoma infection can lead to the expansion of Treg. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the involvement of Tregs in the response against Schistosoma infection and the mechanism of Schistosoma-associated host protection against T1D.

Illumination, for pedestrian detection at nighttime is weak, and detection is easily affected through variations in illumination. Thus, a bicharacteristic method of pedestrian detection at nighttime based on hierarchical tree cascade classification is presented according to “coarse-to-fine” principle. The proposed method consists of two stages of cascade classifiers. Coarse cascade classifiers are constructed in complete binary tree architecture. These classifiers use Haar-like features for the rapid identification of candidate pedestrian areas. By contrast, fine cascade classifiers have a parallel structure. Edgelet features are used for detection along three parts: the head-shoulder, trunk, and leg parts of candidate pedestrian areas. Bayesian decision-making is adopted to achieve pedestrian target detection and a comprehensive analysis of the detection results from these three parts. Experiments show that the proposed method has high accuracy, ideal real-time performance, and strong reliability...

To explore the mRNA expression of Aurora-A,B,C(AUR-A,B,C) in acute leukemia(AL) and their correlations with the clinical indications.The mRNA expression levels of AUR-A,B,C in 73 cases of newly diagnosed AL (untreated group), 20 cases of AL with remission (remission group) and 14 healthy volunteers as control (healthy group) were detected by QRT-PCR, and the difference of expression levels in difference groups, their correlations with clinical indicators and the correlation between the AUR-A,B,C mRNA expression levels themselves were analyzed.The mRNA expression levels of AUR-A,B,C in untreated group were all higher than those in healthy group and remission group(P0.01), but there was not significant difference between healthy group and remission group(P0.05); the mRNA expressions of AUR-A,B,C in acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL) group were all significantly higher than that in AML group(P0.01). The mRNA expression of AUR-A,B,C in high risk group was higher than that in low risk group(P0.05), but there was no difference in mRNA expression of AUR-A,B,C between high risk group and middle risk group as well as between middle risk group and low risk group(P0.05). The mRNA expression of AUR-A, B, C in CD34, CD71 and CD56 negative group was not statistically different from that in CD34,CD71 and CD56 positive group(P0.05). In 73 cases of newly diagnosed AL, the mRNA expression levels of AUR-A, B significantly were positively correlated with lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) level and risk stratification (r=0.279, P=0.017; r=0.314, P=0.007 and r=0.277, P=0.018; r=0.349, P=0.002), while the mRNA expression levels of AUR-A, B were not significantly correlated with age, WBC count, blast ratio in bone marrow at initial diagnosis and remission or no-remission after 1 cours of chemotherapy; the mRNA expression level of AUR-C was significantly positively correlated with WBC count (r=0.263, P=0.025), and LDH level (r=0.348, P=0.003) at initial diagnosis and risk stratificantion(r=0.376, P=0.001), and negatively correlated with age (r=-0.241, P=0.040), and was not significantly correlated with blast ratio in bone marrow at initial diagnosis and remission or noremission after 1 course of chemotherapy. There were significant positive correlations in the mRNA expression between AUR-A and B (r=0.444, P=0.000), AUR-B and C (r=0.763, P=0.000) as well as AUR-A and C (r=0.616, P=0.000).Aur-A, B, C mRNA were highly expressed in patients with newly diagnosed AL, moreover the mRNA expression levels of Aur-A,B,C were positively correlated with each other, the high expression of Aur-A, B, C are associated with leukemia types, risk stratification, WBC count and LDH level at initial diagnosis, so they all maybe used as the prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets.

In view of the development of wireless sensor system data transmission model in mine mechanical, we construct a ground reflection model of double path combined with the actual background demand based on the analysis of the wireless network routing protocol. Firstly, we put forward the selection strategy on wireless communication transmission power of multiple information sensor nodes. To build a data communication mode, we proposed the selection and evaluation method of network parameters based on graph theory. In consideration of the wireless channel model, combined with the initial random layout problem of network node, we explore whether to be neighbors between any two nodes arranged at random and the constraint relationship of wireless communication distance between nodes. Finally, we make up a dynamic routing selection algorithm with a view to dynamic nodes, and conduct the simulation analysis and experiment design. The research results show that with the increase of the random movement speed about network nodes, the process of depleting the energy of the nodes in the wireless sensor network speeds up, which explain the protocol given in the paper requires more energy to cope with the problem that the network topology changes frequently because of the random motion of nodes in network. The research results provide a reference to the wireless network node research and design in the electromechanical integration design.

With the Computer Integrated Manufacturing System and Information Technology rapid development, rapid retrieval multilingual becomes one of the hot spots in Machine Translation. The cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) provides a convenient way, enabling users to use their own familiar language to submit queries to retrieve documents in another language. Basic query expansion is one of the effective methods to improve recall of information retrieval. There are many researchers have proposed many extension methods, but most methods are simply added to the query expansion terms. If we do not distinguish the original query words and extended words, expanded query may deviate from the original semantics. So, it is very inconvenience for mechanical engineer and programmer. Based on Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence, we proposed a query expansion computing model, which considered as the main evidence of the original query terms, while the extensions as a secondary evidence of the original query terms. Which method to use semantic dictionary Han and Uygur-Chinese bilingual dictionary of synonyms forest and How to get the query word synonyms, near-synonyms and hypernym. Latent Semantic Analysis is used to obtain semantic relationships query words related words the using potentially large-scale text. The combination of these two types of evidence is in order to put forward a weighted combination of the Dempster-Shafer rule. Experimental results show that this method can effectively improve retrieval efficiency in Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology. The research results can be provided a reference for CIMS multilingual quick retrieval.

Lunar rover is a special kind of wheeled mobile robot for deep space exploration mission. On the moon, the soft weathered layers, as well as different sizes of rocks and craters, are distributed disorderly and unsystematically. Facing such kinds of complex environments and terrains, the mobility and terrain trafficability performance of the lunar rover will be threatened to a certain extent. The SpaceDyn toolbox is adopted to build the six-wheeled lunar rover kinematics relation and to calculate the kinetic parameters. Then the lunar rover dynamics model can be achieved. The wheel-soil interaction model on soft terrain is established based on terramechanics theory. Finally, the coordinated driving controller for the six-wheeled lunar rover on complex soft terrain is designed according to the above model. Numerical calculation and computer simulations are performed to verify the performance of the designed controller on soft terrain. Results indicate that the lunar rover has a better coordination driving control ability when using the designed controller, which may provide a reference for motion control of other kinds of wheeled mobile robot.

Use polyurethane rubber composite modified asphalt.Through the Marshall test and rutting test, test of polyurethane rubber asphalt mixture high temperature stability, low temperature crack resistance and water damage resistance, verify the composite modification advantages.

With the rapid development of construction, the amount of sand used in construction is increasing, and the river sand resources is difficult to meet the growing demand for river sand. With the awareness of ecological protection in recent years, the country have gradually taken measures to limit the over-exploitation of the river sand. Using sea sand to produce building materials is a general trend, such as sea sand concrete. In this paper, using sea sand and river sand to make concrete, and comparing the performance of them. Studies have shown that, compared with the ordinary concrete, the strength of the sea sand concrete modified by colloidal crystal has improved significantly.

To the old cement concrete pavement which lost the overall loading capacity and large areas are damaged, by using rubblization technology to shocks, crushing and compaction it, pouring the warm-mix asphalt sealing, formed less than 60mm size of flexible base of gravel and paved with warm-mix asphalt pavement on this base. This article is about analysis of interlinear stresses of pavement structure and production cost analysis of mixture on this combination structure. Proved that the structure could in-place recycling, solving the environmental issues of dropped cement pieces garbage. Mix in mixture, spreading process of reducing harmful gas emissions, can save more than 30% of construction costs.

In this study, the effect of micro-expansion high strength grouting material (EGM) and Modified polypropylene coarse fiber (M-PP fiber) on the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete are investigated. The influence of EGM and M-PP fiber on compressive strength , flexural strength and drying shrinkage of concrete are researched, and flexural fracture toughness are calculated. Test results show that the effect of EGM and M-PP fiber volume fraction (Vf) on flexural strength and fracture toughness is extremely prominent, compressive strength is only slightly enhanced, and the rate of shrinkage is obviously decreased. It is observed that the shape of the descending branch of load-deflection and the ascending branch of shrinkage-age tends towards gently with the increase of Vf. And M-PP fiber reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete is more economical.

To solve the high-temperature rutting problem of asphalt pavement, the old rubber of the tire rubber and plastic of general polyethylene waste composite modified asphalt mixture is proposed. The plastic and rubber compound particle was made by the rubber through efficient desulfurization additives, pre-swelling, twin-screw extrusion equipment. The particles mixed with the asphalt mixtures specimen preparation and the dynamic stability experiments, composite beam fatigue experiments, flexural tensile strength and modulus experiments and anti-reflective pavement cracks and other mechanical experiments are performed. The comparative data obtained by the rubber and plastic composited modified asphalt mixtures and SBS asphalt mixtures prove that the rubber and plastic composited modified asphalt mixtures have excellent rutting resistance and fatigue resistance.

The disease causes by the application of cement-stabilized macadam in our country first-class highway mainly performance as serious shrinkage fracture and other destructions like decreased capacity etc.This mainly related to test, design and other methods of the cement stabilized macadam. In the cement stabilization granular base construction,according to the standard job practice, uses the inorganic binding stable material compaction test to perform the standard compaction test. Doing compactness test at the scene, always present that the dry weight density is bigger than the maximum value result made by compaction test, result made by compactness test can more than 100%.The compaction principle of vibration compaction test is through pressure exciting force over the compacted materials,forced the downing of solid materials have a "resonance", In this state, the small particles aggregate can filling the gap between the large particles aggregate, to achieve the dense state. And during this process do not need too much water as lubricant. Therefore the vibration compaction test definite intensity result tallies with the scene reality. To imitation effects of roller compacted to improve the performance of cement stabilized gravel, the use of vibration method designed cement stabilized gravel is very necessary and timely.

An asphalt modified by epoxy resin and rubber has the following improved properties: the softening point is 70 , elastic recovery rate is 80%, and kinematic viscosity at 175 is 2879.1mm2 /s. In order to solve the early curing in the process of mixing, storage and transportation, methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride(MHHPA) was used as the curing agent. A reflective cracking caused by traffic load simulation test was established with the objective to compare the propagation speed of reflective crack of three different structure asphalt mixture samples. The results showed that the sample with epoxy resin and rubber used as stress-absorbing layer can obviously delay reflective cracking, improve the pavement performance and prolong the road life. Furthermore, the results of Marshall test, immersion Marshall test and Rutting test were consistent with the results of the reflective crack simulation test.

In the transportation monitor system, motive vehicle detection by adopting digital image is one of key technologies. To detect motive vehicle accurately, we establish an adaptive background updating model firstly. Noise is suppressed by using modality filter, and we obtain binary image by using maximum entropy to choose dynamic adaptive threshold. Based on positive information of shadow and aspect feature of motive vehicle, we adopt HSV colour space and double threshold to solve the problem of vehicle shadow. According to prediction result of Kalman filtering; we set up the area of interest (AOI) of the vehicle model and adjust the size of AOI dynamically in order to track vehicle accurately. The results of experiment show that, the arithmetic proposed in the paper can suppress shadow availably, detect motive vehicle accurately and satisfy real-time motive vehicle tracking.