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Background: Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening disease with diverse clinical presentations, making diagnosis challenging and requiring a range of complementary tests. The level of suspicion, based on clinical judgment, guides decisions regarding the initiation of empirical treatment and the selection of appropriate diagnostic tools. This study aimed to develop and validate the EndoPredict-Dx score for early prediction of infective endocarditis diagnosis. Methods: Patients admitted to a specialized cardiovascular hospital emergency department with suspected infective endocarditis between January 2011 and January 2020 were included. The primary outcome was left-sided infective endocarditis according to the Duke criteria. Logistic regression was used to derive the scoring system, with internal validation performed through bootstrapping. Candidate variables were obtained from the admission medical history, physical examination, and laboratory parameters. Results: Of the 805 individuals with suspected infective endocarditis (median age 56 years (40–73); 58.6% men), 530 confirmed the diagnosis based on the Duke criteria. The EndoPredict-Dx assigned points for male sex, previous endocarditis, petechiae, heart murmur, suspected embolism, symptoms lasting 14 or more days at the time of admission, hemoglobin level ≤ 12 g/dL, leukocyte level ≥ 10 × 109/L, C-reactive protein level ≥ 20 mg/L, and urine red blood cells ≥ 20,000 cells/mL. Patients were divided into three risk groups. The AUROC was 0.78 (95% CI 0.75–0.81) for the derivation cohort and 0.77 for the internal validation. Conclusions: The EndoPredict-Dx score accurately predicted the likelihood of infective endocarditis using clinical and laboratory data collected at admission.

Introduction and objectives: Aortic valve replacement surgery (SAVR) remains a recommended indication, though its pre-surgical stratification is an ongoing challenge. Despite the widespread use of scores like the STS and EuroSCORE II, they have a number of limitations, while often neglecting structural parameters like left ventricular hypertrophy or left atrium volume. This study aimed to evaluate whether a new adaptation of the Généreux classification in the preoperative risk stratification of severe aortic stenosis (AS) is associated with the primary outcome, and to compare it with the original classification versus the traditional scores in short- and long-term follow-up. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center study involving patients with confirmed severe AS who underwent SAVR. The new stratification categorized patients into three stages. Cox regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with mortality, with survival analysis performed using Kaplan–Meier curves. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 508 patients were included. Stage 3 patients had a lower median age (67 years). The median EuroSCORE II and STS scores were 2.75 and 2.62%, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). Over a median follow-up of 81 months, 56 deaths occurred (11%). Kaplan–Meier curve analysis revealed significant differences in all-cause mortality among the three groups (HR 4.073, log-rank p ≤ 0.001). Multivariable analysis identified the three preoperative stages (HR 3.22, [95% CI 1.44–7.20], p = 0.004) and mean transaortic gradient (HR 0.96, [95% CI 0.92–0.99], p = 0.021) as independent variables of mortality. The original Généreux scale AUC was higher (AUC: 0.760, 95% CI: 0.692–0.829) compared to the modified Généreux scale (AUC: 0.758, 95% CI: 0.687–0.829). However, no statistical differences were found between the different scales. Conclusions: Preoperative three-stage classification and low transaortic gradient are factors associated with increased all-cause mortality in patients undergoing SAVR. The proposed staging system performed better in the mortality analysis than EuroSCORE II and STS and was similar to the original classification.

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) often complicates mitral stenosis (MS). The prognostic impact of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in MS patients remains unclear. Previous study has demonstrated the prognostic impact of right atrial pressure (RAP) in patients with primary PH. We aim to determine the prognostic impact of PVR and RAP in patients with rheumatic MS undergoing percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV). Methods: A total of 58 patients with symptomatic severe rheumatic MS who underwent PMBV between 2016 and 2020 were included. Patients were divided into two groups: PVR ≤ 2WU (N = 26) and PVR > 2WU (N = 32). The composite endpoint included death, reintervention or persistent NYHA functional class III-IV during follow-up. Results: The median age was 50 (42–60) years, with 82.8% being female. Median pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was 42 (35–50.5) mmHg. Patients with PVR ≤ 2WU had lower PASP on both echocardiogram and catheterization. The PMBV success rate was 75.9%. Multivariate analysis, adjusted for PVR, showed RAP as the only independent predictor of the composite endpoint (HR:1.507, 95% CI:1.015–2.237, p = 0.042). The optimal RAP cutoff was 9.5 mmHg (HR:3.481, 95% CI:1.041–11.641; p = 0.043). Conclusions: RAP was an independent predictor of adverse outcomes in patients with rheumatic MS undergoing PMBV, while PVR did not show prognostic significance. These findings suggest that the prognostic value of PVR may be lower than expected.

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-pro BNP) are cardiac biomarkers that are released in response to increased ventricular and atrial wall stress. Aortic stenosis (AS) leads to hemodynamic changes and left ventricular hypertrophy and may be associated with natriuretic peptide levels. Several studies have shown that increased natriuretic peptide levels are correlated with AS severity and can predict the need for intervention. It can be useful in risk stratification, monitoring follow-up, and predicting cardiovascular outcomes of patients with severe AS. This paper aims to summarize the evidence of the role of BNP and NT-pro BNP in AS, before and after intervention.

IntroductionClassical low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis (LFLG-AS) is an advanced stage of aortic stenosis, which has a poor prognosis with medical treatment and a high operative mortality after surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). There is currently a paucity of information regarding the current prognosis of classical LFLG-AS patients undergoing SAVR and the lack of a reliable risk assessment tool for this particular subset of AS patients. The present study aims to assess mortality predictors in a population of classical LFLG-AS patients undergoing SAVR.MethodsThis is a prospective study including 41 consecutive classical LFLG-AS patients (aortic valve area ≤1.0 cm2, mean transaortic gradient 25 mmHg). All-cause, intraprocedural, 30-day, and 1-year mortality rates were evaluated.ResultsAll of the patients had degenerative aortic stenosis, with a median age of 66 (60–73) years; most of the patients were men (83%). The median EuroSCORE II was 2.19% (1.5%–4.78%), and the median STS was 2.19% (1.6%–3.99%). On DSE, 73.2% had flow reserve (FR), i.e., an increase in stroke volume ≥20% during DSE, with no significant differences between groups. On CMR, late gadolinium enhancement mass was lower in the group with mean transaortic gradient >25 mmHg [2.0 (0.0–8.9) g vs. 8.5 (2.3–15.0) g; p = 0.034), and myocardium extracellular volume (ECV) and indexed ECV were similar between groups. The 30-day and 1-year mortality rates were 14.6% and 43.8%, respectively. The median follow-up was 4.1 (0.3–5.1) years. By multivariate analysis adjusted for FR, only the mean transaortic gradient was an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio: 0.923, 95% confidence interval: 0.864–0.986, p = 0.019). A mean transaortic gradient ≤25 mmHg was associated with higher all-cause mortality rates (log-rank p = 0.038), while there was no difference in mortality regarding FR status (log-rank p = 0.114).ConclusionsIn patients with classical LFLG-AS undergoing SAVR, the mean transaortic gradient was the only independent mortality predictor in patients with LFLG-AS, especially if ≤25 mmHg. The absence of left ventricular FR had no prognostic impact on long-term outcomes.

Rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are still highly prevalent, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. RHD is a neglected and underdiagnosed disease for which no specific laboratory diagnostic test is completely reliable. This is a retrospective observational study, which included 118 patients with RHD who underwent cardiac surgery from 1985 to 2018. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the clinical, epidemiological, echocardiographic and pathological characteristics in two cohorts of RHD patients: one cohort with Aschoff bodies present in their pathological results and the other without such histopathological characteristics. No conventional clinical and laboratory tests for RHD myocarditis were able to identify active carditis during the preoperative phase of valve repair or replacement. Patients who had Aschoff bodies in their pathological results were younger (median age of 13 years (11–24 years) vs. 27 years (17–37 years), p = 0.001) and had higher rate of late mortality (22.9% vs. 5.4%, p = 0.043). In conclusion, the presence of Aschoff bodies in pathological findings may predict increased long-term mortality, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive pathology analysis for suspected myocarditis during heart surgery.

Resumo Fundamentos A síndrome de Heyde é a associação de estenose aórtica importante com episódio de sangramento gastrointestinal por lesões angiodisplásicas. Pouco é conhecido sobre os fatores associados a novos sangramentos e desfechos em longo prazo. Além disso, a maioria dos dados é restrita a relatos de casos e pequenas séries. Objetivo Avaliar o perfil clínico, laboratorial e ecocardiográfico de pacientes com síndrome de Heyde submetidos a intervenção valvar ou tratamento medicamentoso. Métodos Coorte prospectiva de 24 pacientes consecutivos entre 2005 e 2018. Foram avaliados dados clínicos, laboratoriais, ecocardiográficos e relacionados à intervenção valvar e a desfechos após o diagnóstico. Valor de p

Abstract Background Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae) infections, usually related to upper airways involvement, could be highly invasive. Especially in developing countries, non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains are now emerging as cause of invasive disease like endocarditis. The present case stands out for reinforcing the high virulence of this pathogen, demonstrated by the multiple systemic embolism and severe valve deterioration. It also emphasizes the importance of a coordinated interdisciplinary work to address all these challenges related to infectious endocarditis. Case presentation A 21-year-old male cocaine drug abuser presented to the emergency department with a 1-week history of fever, asthenia and dyspnea. His physical examination revealed a mitral systolic murmur, signs of acute arterial occlusion of the left lower limb, severe arterial hypotension and acute respiratory failure, with need of vasoactive drugs, orotracheal intubation/mechanical ventilation, empiric antimicrobial therapy and emergent endovascular treatment. The clinical suspicion of acute infective endocarditis was confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography, demonstrating a large vegetation on the mitral valve associated with severe valvular regurgitation. Abdominal ultrasound was normal with no hepatic, renal, or spleen abscess. Serial blood cultures and thrombus culture, obtained in the vascular procedure, identified non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae, with antibiotic therapy adjustment to monotherapy with ampicillin. Since the patient had a severe septic shock with sustained fever, despite antimicrobial therapy, urgent cardiac surgical intervention was planned. Anatomical findings were compatible with an aggressive endocarditis, requiring mitral valve replacement for a biological prosthesis. During the postoperative period, despite an initial clinical recovery and successfully weaning from mechanical ventilation, the patient presented with a recrudescent daily fever. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed a hypoattenuating and extensive splenic lesion suggestive of abscess. After sonographically guided bridging percutaneous catheter drainage, surgical splenectomy was performed. Despite left limb revascularization, a forefoot amputation was required due to gangrene. The patient had a good clinical recovery, fulfilling 4-weeks of antimicrobial treatment. Conclusion Despite the effectiveness of toxoid-based vaccines, recent global outbreaks of invasive C. diphtheriae infectious related to non-toxigenic strains have been described. These infectious could be highly invasive as demonstrated in this case. Interdisciplinary work with an institutional “endocarditis team” is essential to achieve favorable clinical outcomes in such defiant scenarios.

Resumo Fundamento A válvula aórtica bicúspide (VAB) atinge de 0,5 a 2% da população e está associada a alterações valvares e de aorta. Há carência de estudos sobre o perfil desses pacientes na população brasileira. Objetivo Descrever o perfil de pacientes com VAB submetidos à cirurgia valvar e/ou de aorta em um centro cardiológico terciário, assim como os desfechos relacionados à intervenção. Métodos Coorte retrospectiva incluindo 195 pacientes (idade média 54±14 anos, 73,8% do sexo masculino) com diagnóstico de VAB submetidos à abordagem cirúrgica (valvar e/ou de aorta) no período de 2014 a 2019. Foram avaliados dados clínicos, ecocardiográficos e tomográficos, além das características da intervenção e eventos em 30 dias. O valor de p

Background: Bioprosthetic heart valve has limited durability and lower long-term performance especially in rheumatic heart disease (RHD) patients that are often subject to multiple redo operations. Minimally invasive procedures, such as transcatheter valve-in-valve (ViV) implantation, may offer an attractive alternative, although data is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes in rheumatic vs. non-rheumatic patients undergoing ViV procedures for severe bioprosthetic valve dysfunction.Methods: Single center, prospective study, including consecutive patients undergoing transcatheter ViV implantation in aortic, mitral and tricuspid position, from May 2015 to September 2020. RHD was defined according to clinical history, previous echocardiographic and surgical findings.Results: Among 106 patients included, 69 had rheumatic etiology and 37 were non-rheumatic. Rheumatic patients had higher incidence of female sex (73.9 vs. 43.2%, respectively; p = 0.004), atrial fibrillation (82.6 vs. 45.9%, respectively; p < 0.001), and 2 or more prior surgeries (68.1 vs. 32.4%, respectively; p = 0.001). Although, device success was similar between groups (75.4 vs. 89.2% in rheumatic vs. non-rheumatic, respectively; p = 0.148), there was a trend toward higher 30-day mortality rates in the rheumatic patients (21.7 vs. 5.4%, respectively; p = 0.057). Still, at median follow-up of 20.7 [5.1–30.4] months, cumulative mortality was similar between both groups (p = 0.779).Conclusion: Transcatheter ViV implantation is an acceptable alternative to redo operations in the treatment of patients with RHD and severe bioprosthetic valve dysfunction. Despite similar device success rates, rheumatic patients present higher 30-day mortality rates with good mid-term clinical outcomes. Future studies with a larger number of patients and follow-up are still warranted, to firmly conclude on the role transcatheter ViV procedures in the RHD population.

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains to be a very important health issue worldwide, mainly in underdeveloped countries. It continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout developing countries. RHD is a delayed non-suppurative immunologically mediated inflammatory response to the throat infection caused by a hemolytic streptococcus from the A group (Streptococcus pyogenes). RHD keeps position 1 as the most common cardiovascular disease in young people aged

Background: Heart failure occurs in ~10% of patients with acute rheumatic fever (RF), and several studies have shown that cardiac decompensation in RF results primarily from valvular disease and is not due to primary myocarditis. However, the literature on this topic is scarce, and a recent case series has shown that recurrent RF can cause ventricular dysfunction even in the absence of valvular heart disease.Methods: The present study evaluated the clinical, laboratory and imaging characteristics of 25 consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of myocarditis confirmed by 18F-FDG PET/CT or gallium-67 cardiac scintigraphy and RF reactivation according to the revised Jones Criteria. Patients underwent three sequential echocardiograms at (1) baseline, (2) during myocarditis and (3) post corticosteroid treatment. Patients were divided according to the presence (Group 1) or absence (Group 2) of reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) during myocarditis episodes.Results: The median age was 42 (17–51) years, 64% of patients were older than 40 years, and 64% were women. Between Group 1 (n = 16) and in Group 2 (n = 9), there were no demographic, echocardiographic or laboratory differences except for NYHA III/IV heart failure (Group 1: 100.0% vs. Group 2: 50.0%; p = 0.012) and LVEF (30 [25–37] vs. 56 [49–62]%, respectively; p < 0.001), as expected. Group 1 patients showed a significant reduction in LVEF during carditis with further improvement after treatment. There was no correlation between LVEF and valvular dysfunction during myocarditis. Among all patients, 19 (76%) underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT, with a positive scan in 68.4%, and 21 (84%) underwent gallium-67 cardiac scintigraphy, with positive uptake in 95.2%, there was no difference between these groups.Conclusion: Myocarditis due to rheumatic fever reactivation can cause left ventricular dysfunction despite valvular disease, and it is reversible after corticosteroid treatment.

Streptococcus pyogenes infections continue to be a worldwide public health problem, causing various diseases in humans, with rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease being the most harmful manifestations. Impetigo and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis are also important sequelae of skin infections. We have developed a candidate vaccine epitope (StreptInCor) that presents promising results in diverse animal models. To assess whether the StreptInCor alum-adsorbed vaccine could induce undesirable effects, a certified independent company conducted a repeated intramuscular dose toxicity evaluation in Wistar rats, a choice model for toxicity studies. We did not observe significant alterations in clinical, hematological, biochemical, anatomical, or histopathological parameters due to vaccine administration, even when the animals received the highest dose. In conclusion, repeated intramuscular doses did not show signs of macroscopic or other significant changes in the clinical or histopathological parameters, indicating that StreptInCor can be considered a safe candidate vaccine.

Objective: To compare the clinical and epidemiological features, treatments, and outcomes of patients with isolated right-sided and left-sided fungal endocarditis and to determine the risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients with Candida sp endocarditis. Methods: A retrospective review of all consecutive cases of fungal endocarditis from five hospitals was performed. Clinical features were compared between patients with isolated right-sided and left-sided endocarditis. In the subgroup of fungal endocarditis due to Candida species, binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine variables related to in-hospital mortality. Results: Seventy-eight patients with fungal endocarditis were studied. Their median age was 50 years; 55% were male and 19 patients (24%) had isolated right-sided endocarditis. Overall, cardiac surgery was performed in 46 patients (59%), and in-hospital mortality was 54%. Compared to patients with left-side fungal endocarditis, patients with isolated right-sided endocarditis had lower mortality (32% vs. 61%; p = 0.025) and were less often submitted to cardiac surgery (37% vs. 66%; p = 0.024). The most frequent etiology was Candida spp (85%). In this subgroup, acute heart failure (odds ratio 5.0; p = 0.027) and exclusive medical treatment (odds ratio 11.1; p = 0.004) were independent predictors of in-hospital death, whereas isolated right-sided endocarditis was related to a lower risk of mortality (odds ratio 0.13; p = 0.023). Conclusions: Patients with isolated right-sided fungal endocarditis have particular clinical and epidemiological features. They were submitted to cardiac surgery less often and had better survival than patients with left-sided fungal endocarditis. Isolated right-sided endocarditis was also a marker of a less harmful illness in the subgroup of Candida sp endocarditis. Keywords: Endocarditis, Fungi, Candida

Objective: To determine the annual incidence of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) and to evaluate its current classification based on the epidemiological distribution of agents identified and their sensitivity profiles. Methods: Consecutive cases of PVE occurring within the first year of valve surgery during the period 1997–2014 were included in this prospective cohort study. Incidence, demographic, clinical, microbiological, and in-hospital mortality data of these PVE patients were recorded. Results: One hundred and seventy-two cases of PVE were included, and the global annual incidence of PVE was 1.7%. Most PVE cases occurred within 120 days after surgery (76.7%). After this period, there was a reduction in resistant microorganisms (64.4% vs. 32.3%, respectively; p = 0.007) and an increase in the incidence of Streptococcus spp (1.9% vs. 23.5%; p = 0.007). A literature review revealed 646 cases of PVE with an identified etiology, of which 264 (41%) were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci and 43 (7%) by Streptococcus spp. This is in agreement with the current study findings. Conclusions: Most PVE cases occurred within 120 days after valve surgery, and the same etiological agents were identified in this period. The current cut-off level of 365 days for the classification of early-onset PVE should be revisited.

Background: The hemodynamic effects of noninvasive ventilation with positive pressure in patients with pulmonary hypertension without left ventricular dysfunction are not clearly established. Objectives: Analyze the impact of increasing airway pressure with continuous positive airway pressure on hemodynamic parameters and, in particular, on cardiac output in patients with variable degrees of pulmonary hypertension. Methods: The study included 38 patients with pulmonary hypertension caused by mitral stenosis without left ventricular dysfunction or other significant valvulopathy. The hemodynamic state of these patients was analyzed in three conditions: baseline, after continuous positive pressure of 7 cmH2O and, finally, after pressure of 14 cmH2O. Results: The population was composed of predominantly young and female individuals with significant elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure (mean systolic pressure of 57 mmHg). Of all variables analyzed, only the right atrial pressure changed across the analyzed moments (from the baseline condition to the pressure of 14 cmH2O there was a change from 8 ± 4 mmHg to 11 ± 3 mmHg, respectively, p = 0.031). Even though there was no variation in mean cardiac output, increased values in pulmonary artery pressure were associated with increased cardiac output. There was no harmful effect or other clinical instability associated with use application of airway pressure. Conclusion: In patients with venocapillary pulmonary hypertension without left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac output response was directly associated with the degree of pulmonary hypertension. The application of noninvasive ventilation did not cause complications directly related to the ventilation systems.

FUNDAMENTO: A função diastólica em portadores de estenose aórtica (EAO) é pouco estudada. Não é possível estabelecer uma possível correlação entre biomarcadores e disfunção diastólica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a função diastólica em portadores de EAO submetidos à troca valvar através de ecocardiografia transtorácica e correlacionar com valores de NT-proBNP. MÉTODOS: Estudamos 31 pacientes com EAO (11 homens), com idade entre 21 e 81 anos (média de 61±15 anos), submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico de EAO. Foi realizada dosagem sérica de NT-proBNP e o resultado, comparado com variáveis ecocardiográficas obtidas pelo Doppler pulsado em fluxo mitral, Doppler pulsado em veias pulmonares e Doppler tecidual, tanto no pré quanto no pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Observou-se melhora na Fração de Ejeção (FE) de AE e Tempo de Relaxamento Isovolumétrico (TRIV), além de redução nos seguintes parâmetros: a) Relação da velocidade diastólica precoce mitral (onda E) com a velocidade do anel mitral (onda E´) (E/E'), b) Volume sistólico de átrio esquerdo (AE), c) Volume sistólico de AE indexado, d) Diâmetro diastólico de ventrículo esquerdo (DDVE), e) Diâmetro sistólico de VE (DSVE), f) Volume diastólico final (VDF), g) Massa indexada de VE e h) Relação Volume/Massa de ventrículo esquerdo (VE). Os valores do NT-proBNP correlacionaram-se de modo positivo com os diversos graus de disfunção diastólica, tanto no pré como no pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: 1) A cirurgia de troca valvar para correção de EAO resultou em melhora significativa da função diastólica ventricular. 2) Os valores de NT-proBNP correlacionaram-se positivamente com as variáveis ecocardiográficas que determinam disfunção diastólica, sendo o NT-proBNP um bom marcador para caracterizar essa disfunção em portadores de EAO.

Autoimmune inflammatory reactions leading to rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) result from untreated Streptococcus pyogenes throat infections in individuals who exhibit genetic susceptibility. Immune effector mechanisms have been described that lead to heart tissue damage culminating in mitral and aortic valve dysfunctions. In myxomatous valve degeneration (MXD), the mitral valve is also damaged due to non-inflammatory mechanisms. Both diseases are characterized by structural valve disarray and a previous proteomic analysis of them has disclosed a distinct profile of matrix/structural proteins differentially expressed. Given their relevance in organizing valve tissue, we quantitatively evaluated the expression of vimentin, collagen VI, lumican, and vitronectin as well as performed immunohistochemical analysis of their distribution in valve tissue lesions of patients in both diseases. We identified abundant expression of two isoforms of vimentin (45 kDa, 42 kDa) with reduced expression of the full-size protein (54 kDa) in RHD valves. We also found increased vitronectin expression, reduced collagen VI expression and similar lumican expression between RHD and MXD valves. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated disrupted patterns of these proteins in myxomatous degeneration valves and disorganized distribution in rheumatic heart disease valves that correlated with clinical manifestations such as valve regurgitation or stenosis. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed a diverse pattern of distribution of collagen VI and lumican into RHD and MXD valves. Altogether, these results demonstrated distinct patterns of altered valve expression and tissue distribution/organization of structural/matrix proteins that play important pathophysiological roles in both valve diseases.

FUNDAMENTO: Penicilina G benzatina a cada 3 semanas é o protocolo padrão para a profilaxia secundária para febre reumática recorrente. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da penicilina G benzatina em Streptococcus sanguinis e Streptococcus oralis em pacientes com doença valvular cardíaca, devido à febre reumática com recebimento de profilaxia secundária. MÉTODOS: Estreptococos orais foram avaliados antes (momento basal) e após 7 dias (7º dia) iniciando-se com penicilina G benzatina em 100 pacientes que receberam profilaxia secundária da febre reumática. Amostras de saliva foram avaliadas para verificar a contagem de colônias e presença de S. sanguinis e S. oralis. Amostras de saliva estimulada pela mastigação foram serialmente diluídas e semeadas em placas sobre agar-sangue de ovelhas seletivo e não seletivo a 5% contendo penicilina G. A identificação da espécie foi realizada com testes bioquímicos convencionais. Concentrações inibitórias mínimas foram determinadas com o Etest. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas da presença de S. sanguinis comparando-se o momento basal e o 7º dia (p = 0,62). No entanto, o número existente de culturas positivas de S. oralis no 7º dia após a Penicilina G benzatina apresentou um aumento significativo em relação ao valor basal (p = 0,04). Não houve diferença estatística existente entre o momento basal e o 7º dia sobre o número de S. sanguinis ou S. oralis UFC/mL e concentrações inibitórias medianas. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo mostrou que a Penicilina G benzatina a cada 3 semanas não alterou a colonização por S. sanguinis, mas aumentou a colonização de S. oralis no 7º dia de administração. Portanto, a susceptibilidade do Streptococcus sanguinis e Streptococcus oralis à penicilina G não foi modificada durante a rotina de profilaxia secundária da febre reumática utilizando a penicilina G. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

FUNDAMENTO: A fibrilação atrial (FA) associada à doença valvar mitral reumatismal (DVMR) aumenta a incidência de tromboembolismo (TE), sendo a Varfarina a medicação padrão, apesar das dificuldades na adesão e no controle terapêutico. OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficácia da Aspirina contra a Varfarina na prevenção do TE em pacientes com FA e DVMR. MÉTODOS: Acompanhamos 229 pacientes (pts), portadores de FA e DVMR, em estudo prospectivo e randomizado. 110 pts receberam Aspirina 200 mg/dia, compondo o Grupo A (GA), e 119, a Varfarina, em doses ajustáveis individualmente, compondo o Grupo V (GV). RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 15 eventos embólicos no GA e 24 no GV (p = 0,187), dos quais 21 com o INR menor que 2,0. Assim, excluindo os pacientes com INR inadequado, houve maior número de eventos embólicos no GA (15 vs 3) (p < 0,0061). Houve menor adesão ao tratamento no GV (p = 0,001). Não houve sangramentos maiores em ambos os grupos. Pequenos sangramentos foram mais frequentes no GV (p < 0,01). O nível sérico de colesterol e triglicérides aumentados constituiu fator de risco para maior número de eventos tromboembólicos na população estudada, não havendo diferença entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Na DVMR com FA há menos de um ano e sem embolia prévia, a Aspirina é uma opção pouco eficaz na prevenção do TE. Nos portadores de valvopatia mitral com menor risco (insuficiência mitral e prótese biológica mitral), sobretudo se houver contraindicação ou baixa aderência à Varfarina, a Aspirina pode ter algum benefício na prevenção do TE.FUNDAMENTO: La fibrilación atrial (FA) asociada a la enfermedad valvar mitral reumática (DVMR) aumenta la incidencia de tromboembolismo (TE), siendo la Varfarina la medicación estándar, a pesar de las dificultades en la adhesión y en el control terapéutico. OBJETIVO: Comparar la eficacia de la Aspirina contra la Varfarina en la prevención del TE en pacientes con FA y DVMR. Métodos: Controlamos 229 pacientes (pts), portadores de FA y DVMR, en estudio prospectivo y randomizado. 110 pts recibieron Aspirina 200 mg/día, componiendo el Grupo A (GA), y 119, la Varfarina, en dosis ajustables individualmente, componiendo el Grupo V (GV). RESULTADOS: Ocurrieron 15 eventos embólicos en el GA y 24 en el GV (p = 0,187), de los cuales 21 con el INR menor que 2,0. Así, excluyendo los pacientes con INR inadecuado, hubo mayor número de eventos embólicos en el GA (15 vs. 3) (p < 0,0061). Hubo menor adhesión al tratamiento en el GV (p = 0,001). No hubo sangrados mayores en ambos grupos. Pequeños sangrados fueron más frecuentes en el GV (p < 0,01). El nivel sérico de colesterol y triglicéridos aumentados constituyó factor de riesgo para mayor número de eventos tromboembólicos en la población estudiada, no habiendo diferencia entre los grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: En la DVMR con FA hace menos de un año y sin embolia previa, la Aspirina es una opción poco eficaz en la prevención del TE. En los portadores de valvopatía mitral con menor riesgo (insuficiencia mitral y prótesis biológica mitral), sobre todo se hubiese contraindicación o baja adherencia a la Varfarina, la Aspirina puede tener algún beneficio en la prevención del TE.BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) associated to rheumatic mitral valve disease (RMVD) increases the incidence of thromboembolism (TE), with warfarin being the standard therapy, in spite of difficulties in treatment adherence and therapeutic control. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of Aspirin vs Warfarin in TE prevention in patients with AF and RMVD. METHODS: A total of 229 patients (pts) with AF and RMVD were followed in a prospective and randomized study. The first group consisted of 110 pts receiving Aspirin - 200 mg/day (Group Aspirin - GA) and the second group consisted of 119 pts receiving Warfarin at individually-adjusted doses (Group Warfarin - GW). RESULTS: There were 15 embolic events in GA and 24 in GW (p = 0.187), of which 21 presented INR < 2.0. Thus, after excluding patients with inadequate INR, there was a higher number of embolic events in GA than in GW (15 vs 3) (p < 0.0061). The GW showed lower treatment adherence (p = 0.001). Neither group presented episodes of major bleeding. Small bleeding episodes were more frequent in the GW (p < 0.01). Increased serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides constituted a risk factor for a higher number of thromboembolic events in the studied population, with no difference between the groups. CONCLUSION: In patients presenting RMVD with AF for less than a year and no previous embolism, Aspirin is little effective in preventing TE. Patients with lower-risk mitral valvulopathy (mitral regurgitation and mitral biological prosthesis), especially in cases presenting contraindication to or low adherence to Warfarin, Aspirin use can present some benefit in TE prevention.

A dissecção de aorta pode ocorrer tardiamente após cirurgia de troca de valva aórtica e raramente no primeiro mês pós-operatório. A dissecção de artéria coronariana é rara e normalmente ocorre depois de angiografia coronariana. Relata-se um caso raro de dissecção de artéria coronária, seguido de infarto do miocárdio, no pós-operatório imediato de troca de valva aórtica com correção e evolução bem-sucedidas.La disección de aorta puede ocurrir tardíamente tras cirugía de reemplazo de válvula aórtica y raramente en el primer mes postoperatorio. La disección de arteria coronaria es rara y normalmente ocurre después de angiografía coronaria. Se relata un caso raro de disección de arteria coronaria, seguido de infarto de miocardio, en el postoperatorio inmediato de reemplazo de válvula aórtica con corrección y evolución exitosas.Late aortic dissection can occur after aortic valve replacement surgery, but rarely in the first postoperative month. Coronary artery dissection is rare and usually occurs after coronary angiography. We report a rare case of coronary artery dissection followed by myocardial infarction in the immediate postoperative period of a successful aortic valve replacement with a good postoperative evolution.

FUNDAMENTO: O refluxo de prótese valvar é uma possível complicação da cirurgia de troca valvar. Embora raro, suas consequências podem ser graves. Há poucos estudos que correlacionam o grau do refluxo de prótese valvar com os eventos clínicos dos pacientes. OBJETIVO: Comparar a evolução pós-operatória de pacientes com refluxo de prótese valvar discreto/moderado (D/M) ou importante (Imp). MÉTODOS: Dentre 1.350 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia valvar entre 1999 e 2001, foram selecionados 185 pacientes com refluxo de prótese valvar. Desses pacientes, foram avaliados retrospectivamente dados clínicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiográficos de uma amostra de 58 pacientes (37 homens) com refluxo de prótese valvar no pré e/ou no pós-operatório de troca valvar com dados completos em prontuários, sendo 36 com refluxo D/M versus 22 com refluxo Imp. RESULTADOS: A incidência de reoperação foi de 11,1% no Grupo D/M versus 22,7% no Grupo Imp (odds ratio = 2,35 [IC95% 0,56-9,94]). Endocardite foi a causa de reoperação em 75% dos pacientes do Grupo D/M e em 60% do Grupo Imp. As biopróteses aórticas foram as mais acometidas por refluxo (55,8% no Grupo D/M e 57,7% no Grupo Imp). Evoluíram sem refluxo de prótese valvar no segundo pós-operatório 40% dos pacientes com refluxo prévio D/M versus 21,4% dos pacientes com refluxo de prótese valvar Imp. Não houve diferenças significantes nas variáveis laboratoriais. CONCLUSÕES: (1) Os portadores de refluxo importante têm maior probabilidade de reoperação. (2) Endocardite foi a causa mais frequente de reoperação para qualquer grau de refluxo. (3) O refluxo de prótese valvar importante é de mais difícil resolução completa após tratamento cirúrgico.FUNDAMENTO: El reflujo de prótesis valvular es una posible complicación de la cirugía de reemplazo valvular. Aunque raras, sus consecuencias pueden resultar severas. Hay pocos estudios que correlacionan el grado del reflujo de prótesis valvular con los eventos clínicos de los pacientes. OBJETIVO: Comparar la evolución postoperatoria de pacientes con reflujo de prótesis valvular leve/moderado (L/M) o severo (S). MÉTODOS: Teniendo en cuenta a los 1.350 pacientes sometidos a la cirugía valvular entre el 1999 y el 2001, se seleccionaron a 185 pacientes con reflujo de prótesis valvular. De ellos, se evaluaron retrospectivamente datos clínicos, laboratoriales y ecocardiográficos de una muestra de 58 pacientes (37 varones) con reflujo de prótesis valvular en el pre y/o en el postoperatorio de reemplazo valvular con datos completos en prontuarios, con 36 presentado reflujo L/M versus 22 con reflujo S. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de reoperación fue del 11,1% en el Grupo L/M versus el 22,7% en el Grupo S (odds ratio = 2,35 [IC95% 0,56-9,94]). La Endocarditis fue la causa de reoperación en el 75% de los pacientes del Grupo L/M y en el 60% del Grupo S. Las bioprótesis aórticas fueron las más afectadas por reflujo (el 55,8% en el Grupo L/M y el 57,7% en el Grupo S). Evolucionaron sin reflujo de prótesis valvular en el segundo postoperatorio el 40% de los pacientes con reflujo previo L/M versus el 21,4% de los pacientes con reflujo de prótesis valvular S. No hubo diferencia significantes en las variables laboratoriales. CONCLUSIÓN: 1) Los portadores de reflujo severo tienen mayor probabilidad de reoperación. 2) Endocarditis fue la causa más frecuente de reoperación para cualquier grado de reflujo. 3) El reflujo de prótesis valvular severo es de más difícil resolución completa tras tratamiento quirúrgico.BACKGROUND: Prosthetic valve leak is a possible complication of surgical valve replacement. Although uncommon, its consequences may be serious. Few studies correlate the degree of prosthetic valve leak with clinical events. OBJECTIVE: To compare the postoperative outcome of patients with mild/moderate (Mi/Mo) or severe (Sev) prosthetic valve leak METHODS: A total of 185 patients with prosthetic valve leak were selected among 1350 patients undergoing heart valve surgery between 1999 and 2001. Of these, a sample of 58 patients (37 men) with prosthetic valve leak (36 with Mi/Mo versus 22 with Sev leak) in the pre and/or postoperative period of heart valve replacement had complete medical record data, so their clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic data could be retrospectively assessed. RESULTS: The incidence of reoperation was 11.1% in the Mi/Mo group, versus 22.7% in the Sev group (odds ratio = 2.35 [95% CI 0.56-9.94]). Endocarditis was the cause of reoperation in 75% of the patients of the Mi/Mo group and in 60% of the Sev group. Aortic bioprostheses were those most frequently related to leak (55.8% in the Mi/Mo group and 57.7% in the Sev group). Forty percent of the patients with previous Mi/Mo leak did not present prosthetic valve leak on postoperative day 2 versus 21.4% of the patients with Sev prosthetic valve leak. No significant differences were found regarding laboratory variables. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Patients with severe leak are more likely to undergo reoperation. (2) Endocarditis was the most frequent cause of reoperation for any leak degree. (3) Severe prosthetic valve leak is more difficult to fully resolve after surgical treatment.

FUNDAMENTO: Sangramento é uma das grandes preocupações em pacientes sob anticoagulação oral. OBJETIVO: Investigar causas determinantes do sangramento em usuários de anticoagulante oral. MÉTODOS: Foram acompanhados prospectivamente, por 48 ± 7,2 meses, 360 pacientes com fibrilação atrial (FA), todos em uso de anticoagulante oral (ACo) com INR-alvo de 2,0-3,5, avaliados em média a cada 30 dias. Os pacientes foram investigados quanto à presença de patologia associada que levasse a sangramento. RESULTADOS: Participaram deste estudo 338 pacientes. Desses, 210 (62,13%) eram do sexo feminino. A estenose mitral estava presente em 218 pacientes (64,4%), a prótese biológica mitral em 64 (18,9%) e a insuficiência da valva mitral em 56 (16,5%). O sangramento ocorreu em 65 pacientes (19,2%) e de forma grave em 7 (10%). Em 38/65 pacientes (58,5%), identificou-se nova doença associada, facilitadora do sangramento. Em 100% dos pacientes com sangramento na faixa terapêutica, foi encontrada doença associada, contra 49,05% de diagnóstico de doenças associadas naqueles com INR > 3,5 (p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O diagnóstico de doença local associada ao sangramento foi frequente entre os medicados com anticoagulante oral (58,5%). Houve associação entre sangramento com INR na faixa terapêutica (INR 2,0-3,5) e diagnóstico de patologia predisponente a sangramento (p < 0,001). Em pacientes em uso de anticoagulante oral que apresentam sangramento, é mandatória a investigação da causa, sobretudo se a INR estiver na faixa terapêutica.FUNDAMENTO: El sangrado es una de las grandes preocupaciones en pacientes bajo anticoagulación oral. OBJETIVO: Investigar causas determinantes del sangrado en usuarios de anticoagulante oral. MÉTODOS: Se realizó el seguimiento, prospectivamente, por 48 ± 7,2 meses, de 360 pacientes con fibrilación atrial (FA), todos en uso de anticoagulante oral (ACo) con INR-objetivo de 2,0-3,5, evaluados en promedio cada 30 días. Los pacientes se investigaron sobre la presencia de patología asociada que llevara al sangrado. RESULTADOS: Participaron en este estudio 338 pacientes. De ellos, 210 (62,13%) eran del sexo femenino. La estenosis mitral estaba presente en 218 pacientes (64,4%), la prótesis biológica mitral en 64 (18,9%) y la insuficiencia de la válvula mitral en 56 (16,5%). El sangrado ocurrió en 65 pacientes (19,2%) y de forma grave en 7 (10%). En 38/65 pacientes (58,5%), se identificó nueva enfermedad asociada, facilitadora del sangrado. En el 100% de los pacientes con sangrado en el intervalo terapéutico, se encontró enfermedad asociada, contra el 49,05% de diagnóstico de enfermedades asociadas en aquellos con INR > 3,5 (p = 0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: El diagnóstico de enfermedad local asociada al sangrado fue frecuente entre los medicados con anticoagulante oral (58,5%). Hubo asociación entre sangrado con INR en el intervalo terapéutico (INR 2,0-3,5) y diagnóstico de patología predisponente a sangrado (p < 0,001). En pacientes en uso de anticoagulante oral que presentan sangrado, es indispensable la investigación de la causa, sobre todo si la INR está en el intervalo terapéutico.BACKGROUND: Bleeding is one of the main concerns in patients undergoing oral anticoagulation therapy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the determinant causes of bleeding in patients undergoing oral anticoagulant therapy. METHODS: A total of 360 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing oral anticoagulant (ACo) therapy, with a target INR of 2.0-3.5, were followed prospectively for a period of 48 ± 7.2 months. The patients were evaluated on average every 30 days and were investigated regarding the presence of associated pathology that could lead to bleeding. RESULTS: A total of 338 patients participated in the present study. Of these, 210 (62.13%) were females. Mitral stenosis was present in 218 patients (64.4%), a mitral biological prosthesis in 64 (18.9%) and mitral valve failure in 56 (16.5%) patients. Bleeding occurred in 65 patients (19.2%), being severe in 7 (10%) patients. In 38/65 patients, a new associated disease was identified, which facilitated bleeding. An associated disease was identified in 100% of the patients with bleeding within the therapeutic range, against 49.05% of associated disease diagnosis in those with an INR > 3.5 (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of a local disease associated to the bleeding was frequent among those patients undergoing oral anticoagulant therapy (58.5%). There was an association between bleeding with an INR within the therapeutic range (INR=2.0-3.5) and the diagnosis of a pathology predisposing to bleeding (p

FUNDAMENTO: Alguns estudos desenvolveram escores para avaliar o risco cirúrgico, particularmente o EuroSCORE que, entretanto, é complexo e trabalhoso. Sugerimos um escore novo e simples, mais adequado para a prática clínica e para a avaliação de risco cirúrgico em pacientes valvopatas. OBJETIVO: Este estudo foi realizado para criar e validar um escore simples e prático para predizer mortalidade e morbidade em cirurgia valvar. MÉTODOS: Coletamos dados hospitalares de 764 pacientes e realizamos a validação do escore, utilizando dois modelos estatísticos: óbito (= mortalidade) e tempo de internação hospitalar (TIH) > 10 dias (= morbidade). O escore foi composto de quatro índices (V [lesão valvar], M [função miocárdica], C [doença arterial coronariana] e P [pressão da artéria pulmonar]). Estabelecemos um valor de corte para o escore, e foram utilizadas análises uni e multivariada para confirmar se o escore seria capaz de predizer mortalidade e morbidade. Também estudamos se havia associação com outros fatores de risco. RESULTADOS: O escore foi validado, com boa consistência interna (0,65), e o melhor valor de corte para mortalidade e morbidade foi 8. O escore com valor > 8 pode predizer TIH > 10 dias (odds ratio (OR) = 1,7 p=0,006), e um maior risco de óbito ao menos na análise univariada (p=0,049). Entretanto, o risco de óbito não foi previsível na análise multivariada (p=0,258). CONCLUSÃO: O escore VMCP > 8 pode predizer TIH > 10 dias e pode ser usado como uma nova ferramenta para o seguimento de pacientes portadores de valvopatia submetidos a cirurgia.FUNDAMENTO: Algunos estudos desarrollaron scores para evaluar el riesgo quirúrgico, particularmente el EuroSCORE que, sin embargo, es complejo y de difícil aplicación. Sugerimos una puntuación nueva y sencilla, más adecuada para la práctica clínica y para la evaluación de riesgo quirúrgico en pacientes con valvulopatías. OBJETIVO: Se realizó este estudio con el objetivo de crear y validar un score sencillo y práctico para predecir mortalidad y morbilidad en cirugía valvular. MÉTODOS: Recoleccionamos datos hospitalarios de 764 pacientes y realizamos la validación del score, con la utilización de dos modelos estadísticos: óbito (= mortalidad) y tiempo de internación hospitalaria (TIH) > 10 días (= morbilidad). El score estaba conpuesto por cuatro índicadores (V [lesión valvular], M [función miocárdica], C [enfermedad arterial coronaria] y P [presión de la arteria pulmonar]). Establecemos un valor de corte para el score, y utilizamos el análisis uni y multivariado para confirmar si la puntuación sería capaz de predecir mortalidad y morbilidad. También investigamos si había asociación con otros factores de riesgo. RESULTADOS: Se validó el score, con satisfactoria consistencia interna (0,65). El mejor valor de corte para mortalidad y morbilidad fue 8. El score con valor > 8 es adecuado para predecir tanto el TIH > 10 días (odds ratio (OR) = 1,7 p=0,006), como un mayor riesgo de óbito, por lo menos en el análisis univariado (p=0,049). No obstante, el riesgo de óbito no se mostró previsible en el análisis multivariado (p=0,258). CONCLUSIÓN: El score VMCP > 8 es adecuado para predecir TIH > 10 días, y se puede utilizarlo como una nueva herramienta para el seguimiento de pacientes portadores de valvulopatía sometidos a cirugía.BACKGROUND: Some studies have developed scores for the assessment of surgical risk, particularly the EuroSCORE, which, however, is complex and difficult to apply. We suggest a new and simpler score, which is more appropriate for the clinical practice and for the assessment of surgical risk in patients with heart valve diseases. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to create and validate a simple and practical score to predict mortality and morbidity related to heart valve surgery. METHODS: Hospital data from 764 patients were collected, and the score was validated using two statistical models: death (= mortality) and length of hospital stay (LHS) > 10 days (= morbidity). The score was composed by four indexes (V [heart valve lesion], M [myocardial function], C [coronary artery disease], and P [pulmonary artery pressure]). A cut-off point was set for the score, and uni and multivariate analyses were performed to confirm whether the score would be able to predict mortality and morbidity. The existence of association with other risk factors was also studied. RESULTS: The score was validated with good internal consistency (0.65), and the best cut-off point for mortality and morbidity was 8. Scores > 8 can predict LHS > 10 days (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; p = 0.006) and a higher death risk, at least in the univariate analysis (p = 0.049). However, the death risk could not be predicted in the multivariate analysis (p=0.258). CONCLUSION: VMCP scores > 8 can predict LHS > 10 days and may be used as a new tool for the follow-up of patients with heart valve disease undergoing surgery.

FUNDAMENTO: Os neuro-hormônios estão envolvidos na fisiopatologia da insuficiência cardíaca, mas pouco se sabe sobre seu comportamento na insuficiência aórtica crônica importante (IAo). OBJETIVO: Analisar o comportamento desses mediadores na IAo. MÉTODOS: Analisamos 89 pacientes com IAo, com média etária de 33,6±11,5 anos, 84,6% do sexo masculino, 60% assintomáticos, todos de etiologia reumática. Após avaliação clínica e ecocardiográfica, realizaram-se dosagens plasmáticas de fator de necrose tumoral (TNF), seus antagonistas receptores solúveis tipos I e II (sTNFRI e sTNFRII), interleucina-6 (IL-6), seu receptor solúvel, endotelina-1 e peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP). Doze indivíduos saudáveis serviram como controle. RESULTADOS: O valor médio de diâmetro diastólico (DD) do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) foi de 71,9±8,3 mm, e o do diâmetro sistólico (DS) do VE, de 50,4±9,3 mm. Os níveis de neuro-hormônios estavam elevados nos pacientes com IAo: TNF 92,65±110,24 pg/ml vs. 1,67±1,21 pg/ml nos controles, pFUNDAMENTO: Las neurohormonas están involucradas en la fisiopatología de la insuficiencia cardiaca, pero poco se sabe sobre su comportamiento en la insuficiencia aórtica crónica severa (IAo severa). OBJETIVO: Analizar el comportamiento de estos mediadores en la IAo severa. MÉTODOS: Analizamos a 89 pacientes con IAo severa, con un promedio de edad de 33,6±11,5 años, el 84,6% del sexo masculino, el 60% asintomáticos, todos de etiología reumática. Después de una evaluación clínica y ecocardiográfica, se realizaron dosificaciones plasmáticas de factor de necrosis tumoral (TNF), sus antagonistas receptores solubles tipos I y II (sTNFRI y sTNFRII), interleucina-6 (IL-6), su receptor soluble, endotelina-1 y péptido natriurético tipo B (BNP). Un grupo de 12 individuos saludables sirvieron como control. RESULTADOS: El valor promedio de diámetro diastólico (DD) del ventrículo izquierdo (VI) fue de 71,9±8,3 mm, y el del diámetro sistólico (DS) del VI, de 50,4±9,3 mm. Los niveles de neurohormonas estaban elevados en los pacientes con IAo severa: TNF 92,65±110,24 pg/ml vs 1,67±1,21 pg/ml en los controles, pBACKGROUND: Neurohormones are involved in the physiopathology of heart failure, but little is known about its behavior in significant chronic aortic regurgitation (AR). We aimed at analyzing the behavior of these mediators in AF. OBJECTIVE: We aimed at analyzing the behavior of these mediators in AF. METHODS: We analyzed 89 patients with AF, whose mean age was 33.6±11.5 years and of whom 84.6% were males, 60% asymptomatic, all with rheumatic etiology. After the clinical and echocardiographic assessment, plasma measurements of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), soluble TNF receptor types I and II (sTNFRI e sTNFRII), interleukin-6 (IL-6), its soluble receptor (sIL6R), endothelin-1 and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) were carried out; 12 healthy individuals were used as controls. RESULTS: The mean values of the left ventricle diastolic diameter (LVDD) were 71.9±8.3mm, whereas the mean values of the LV systolic diameter (LVSD) were 50.4±9.3mm. The neurohormonal levels were elevated in patients with AF (TNF 92.65±110.24 pg/mL vs. 1.67±1.21 pg/ml in controls, p

FUNDAMENTO: A coronariografia tem sido indicada no pré-operatório para valvopatas >35 anos. Entretanto, a real prevalência de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva nessa população tem sido pouco estudada. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores de risco para DAC em candidatos para cirurgia valvar no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada angiocoronariografia em 3.736 pacientes candidatos a cirurgia valvar e avaliados prevalência e fatores de risco para DAC associada a valvopatia. RESULTADOS: A DAC esteve associada a valvopatia em 121 pacientes (prevalência 3,42%). Em 79 (68,1%), o diagnóstico de DAC foi feito apenas por coronariografia pré-operatória. Entre esses 79, 50 (63,3%) tinham valvopatia aórtica isolada ou valvopatia aórtica associada a mitral. Tabagismo foi visto em 54 pacientes (68,3%), hipertensão em quatro (43%), história familiar em 24 (30,3%), diabete melito em 15 (18,9%), e obesidade em oito (10,1%). Idade >50 anos foi observada em 95,7% dos 121 pacientes. Apenas cinco (4,3% dos pacientes com DAC) tinham idade 50 anos. A idade ideal para realização da coronariografia pré-operatória de rotina em portadores de valvopatia deveria ser reavaliada.BACKGROUND: Coronary angiography has been indicated in the preoperative phase for patients with valvopathy over 35 years of age. However, the actual prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in this population has been little studied. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of and the risk factors for CAD in candidates for valve surgery in Brazil. METHODS: Coronary angiography was performed in 3,736 patients who were candidates for valve surgery; prevalence of and risk factors for CAD associated with valvopathy were assessed. RESULTS: CAD was associated with valvopathy in 121 patients (prevalence of 3.42%). In 79 patients (68.1%), CAD was diagnosed by means of preoperative coronary angiography. Of these 79 patients, 50 (63.3%) had isolated aortic valvopathy or aortic valvopathy associated with mitral valvopathy. Smoking habit was observed in 54 patients (68.3%), hypertension in four (43%), family history in 24 (30.3%), diabetes mellitus in 15 (18.9%), and obesity in eight (10.1%). Of the 121 patients, 95.7% were over 50 years of age. Only five (4.3% of the patients with CAD) were below 50 years of age, and all of them had at least one risk factor for CAD. CONCLUSION: CAD prevalence was low in the patients studied. Aortic valvopathy was the most frequent valvopathy associated with CAD, and most patients were over 50 years of age. The ideal age for routine preoperative coronary angiography in patients with valvopathy should be reassessed.

A febre Q é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial causada por Coxiella burnetii, sendo raros os registros da doença no Brasil. Estudos soroepidemiológicos mostraram uma freqüência relativamente elevada de anticorpos contra Coxiella burnetii em populações com exposição ocupacional. Em humanos, pode se manifestar clinicamente como doença aguda ou crônica, sendo que a endocardite é a forma crônica mais freqüente da febre Q e de maior morbi-mortalidade. Relatamos um caso grave de endocardite por Coxiella burnetii adquirida no Brasil com desfecho fatal, apesar de antibioticoterapia adequada e tratamento cirúrgico valvar.Q fever is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution that is caused by Coxiella burnetii. However, reports of this disease in Brazil are rare. Seroepidemiological studies have shown relatively high frequencies of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in populations with occupational exposure. In humans, it can be manifested clinically as acute or chronic disease. Endocarditis is the most frequent chronic form of Q fever and the form with the greatest morbidity and mortality. We report a severe case of endocarditis due to Coxiella burnetii acquired in Brazil that had a fatal outcome, despite specific antibiotic therapy and valve surgery treatment.

OBJETIVO: Mostrar o real valor da ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) na avaliação dos portadores de valvopatia aórtica crônica sintomática. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 70 pacientes, 35 com estenose aórtica (EAo) e 35 com insuficiência aórtica (IAo), com indicação cirúrgica, que realizaram ecocardiograma (ECO) e RMC pré-operatórios para avaliação da função ventricular, volumes e índice de massa ventricular esquerda por meio da cinerressonância. RESULTADOS: Quando comparadas as variáveis do ECO e da RMC, nos grupos da EAo e da IAo não houve diferença estatística entre os dois métodos. Quando comparadas com o tipo de sintoma, as variáveis pelo ECO e pela RMC apresentam o mesmo comportamento. CONCLUSÃO: A RMC apresentou concordância com o ECO na avaliação do volume ventricular esquerdo e fração de ejeção e com a clínica dos pacientes com valvopatia aórtica crônica.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a efetividade do isolamento cirúrgico da parede posterior do átrio esquerdo envolvendo os óstios das veias pulmonares, no tratamento da fibrilação atrial de etiologia reumática. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo e randomizado envolvendo portadores de valvopatia mitral reumática, fibrilação atrial persistente com duração > a 6 meses, idade < a 60 anos e diâmetro atrial esquerdo < a 65 mm. Os pacientes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: tratamento cirúrgico valvar (grupo controle) e tratamento cirúrgico valvar associado ao isolamento da parede posterior do átrio esquerdo mediante técnica de "corte e sutura" (grupo tratado). RESULTADOS: Foram operados 29 indivíduos, sendo que 27 (13 do grupo controle e 14 do grupo tratado), foram acompanhados regularmente. Os pacientes dos dois grupos não diferiram em relação às suas características basais. O tempo de seguimento médio foi de 11,5 meses no grupo controle e de 10,3 meses no grupo tratado. As freqüências cumulativas de pacientes livres de fibrilação atrial foram significativamente maiores no grupo tratado tanto na fase peri-operatória (p= 0,0035) quanto na fase tardia (p= 0,0430). CONCLUSÃO: O isolamento cirúrgico da parede posterior do átrio esquerdo envolvendo os óstios das veias pulmonares é uma forma efetiva de tratamento da fibrilação atrial na valvopatia mitral reumática.OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of surgical isolation of the left atrial posterior wall encompassing the ostia of the pulmonary veins for the treatment of atrial fibrillation of rheumatic etiology. METHODS: Prospective and randomized study of patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease, persistent atrial fibrillation for 6 months or longer, age < 60 years, and left atrial diameter < 65 mm. The patients were randomly distributed into 2 groups as follows: surgical valvular treatment (control group) and surgical valvular treatment associated with isolation of the left atrial posterior wall according to the "cut-and-sew" technique (treated group). RESULTS: Twenty-nine individuals were operated upon, 27 of whom (13 in the control group and 14 in the treated group) were regularly followed up. The patients of both groups did not differ in regard to their basal characteristics. The mean follow-up time was 11.5 months in the control group and 10.3 months in the treated group. The cumulative frequencies of the patients without atrial fibrillation were significantly greater in the treated group both in the perioperative (P=0.0035) and late (P=0.0430) phases. CONCLUSION: Surgical isolation of the left atrial posterior wall encompassing the ostia of the pulmonary veins is an effective form of treating atrial fibrillation in rheumatic mitral valve disease.

OBJETIVO: Comparar, clinica e laboratorialmente, três grupos de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico da insuficiência mitral crônica isolada; um grupo submetido à plástica valvar e dois à troca da valva mitral com diferentes técnicas de preservação das cordas. MÉTODOS: Operados 28 pacientes com idade média de 54,1 anos, sem doença coronariana, multivalvar ou reoperações: 9 tiveram plástica valvar, 10 troca valvar mitral com preservação das cordas de ambas as cúspides, e 9 apenas da cúspide posterior. Avaliações clínicas, ecodopplercardiográfica e radioisotópica foram realizadas até o 6º mês de seguimento. RESULTADOS: Ao final, 88,8% encontravam-se em classe funcional I. Um faleceu por hemorragia intracraniana durante tratamento anticoagulante. Houve queda no diâmetro diastólico (p