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Little is known about chemical and ecological recovery following red mud leachate pollution in fresh waters. This deficiency is confounded by a lack of knowledge on the chemical composition of red mud leachate and the changes in composition that occur as a result of interactions with sediments and freshwater organisms during transport through aquatic ecosystems. We used over 30 years of data from a shallow lake (Kinghorn Loch, Fife, Scotland) with a well-documented history of several decades of red mud leachate pollution to characterise the chemical loads (during a pollution period from 1981 to 1983), resultant impacts on surface water chemistry (comparison between 1983 and 2009), and recovery trajectories following leachate diversion (1983–2010) of constituents that pose a risk to the environment. Between 1981 and 1983, the input of leachate resulted in loads of total aluminium (Al), total arsenic (As), total vanadium (V), and phosphate (PO4-P) to the lake of 107, 2.3, 3.3, and 2.3 g m−2 (lake surface area) yr−1, respectively. During the same period, the lake acted as a sink of Al, As, V, and PO4-P, retaining 63.6, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.6 g m−2 yr−1, respectively. We used generalised additive modelling to assess the response trajectories and recovery end points of these constituents. Our results demonstrate the complexity of sediment–pollutant interactions during pollutant transport through the aquatic environment and provide insight into likely recovery trajectories in other aquatic ecosystems following red mud contamination. The PO4-P, total As, and total V surface water concentration recovery times, defined statistically as the point on the time series beyond which no further significant decrease in concentrations was observed, ranged from 18 to 26 years. Total Al concentrations continued to decrease significantly following the end of the monitoring period in 2010. In Kinghorn Loch, the legacy of red mud pollution continues to represent an environmental risk, demonstrating the importance of long-term monitoring and management strategies following similar pollution events.

Although a general association between the role of international assignees and knowledge transfer has been noted in the international human resource literature, very little is known on how subsidiary knowledge flow strategies influence the purpose of expatriate assignments. Building specifically on Gupta and Govindarajan’s typology of subsidiary knowledge flow strategies and Hocking’s expatriate assignment purpose, we examine the link between subsidiary knowledge flow and the purpose of expatriate assignments using a mixed method approach. Combining survey data and qualitative interviews from 156 subsidiaries in the service and manufacturing sector in Malaysia and Singapore, we find that subsidiaries with divergent strategic roles have different knowledge flow strategies, thus leading to different purposes of expatriate assignments.

Vanadium (V) is a contaminant which has been long confined to the annals of regulatory history. This follows the reduction of its historical primary source (fossil fuel emissions) since the 1970s (e.g., by 80% in the UK). However, V is quickly becoming an important strategic resource which promises its return to environmental prominence because of changing industrial practices and emerging waste streams. We discuss below (i) what makes V a re-emerging environmental and human health hazard of global interest, (ii) the knowledge gaps that currently restrict prediction of environmental effect and mitigation, and (iii) opportunities for the community to address these gaps toward reducing the risk of an impending environmental hazard.

The Nuclear Science and Engineering Research Center (NSERC), a Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) office located at the United States Military Academy (USMA), sponsors and manages cadet and faculty research in support of DTRA objectives. The NSERC has created an experimental pyroelectric crystal accelerator program to enhance undergraduate education at USMA in the Department of Physics and Nuclear Engineering. This program provides cadets with hands‐on experience in designing their own experiments using an inexpensive tabletop accelerator. This device uses pyroelectric crystals to ionize and accelerate gas ions to energies of ∼100 keV. Within the next year, cadets and faculty at USMA will use this device to create neutrons through the deuterium‐deuterium (D‐D) fusion process, effectively creating a compact, portable neutron generator. The double crystal pyroelectric accelerator will also be used by students to investigate neutron, x‐ray, and ion spectroscopy.

The Nuclear Science and Engineering Research Center (NSERC), a Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) office located at the United States Military Academy (USMA), sponsors and manages cadet and faculty research in support of DTRA objectives. Cadets in the Department of Physics and Nuclear Engineering at USMA are using pyroelectric crystals to ionize and accelerate residual gas trapped inside a vacuum system. A system using two lithium tantalate crystals with associated diagnostics was designed and is now operational. X‐ray energies of approximately 150 keV have been achieved. Future work will focus on developing a portable neutron generator using the D‐D nuclear fusion process.

When hypotheses concerning the evolution of animal genitalia are classified by their assumptions and arranged historically, key differences between the entomological and mammalogical approaches become clear. The former tradition emphasizes mechanism and the latter emphasizes species isolation. Consequently, studies of this subject often address different aspects of the question while using similar terminology, specifically, the term ‘lock-and-hey'. Because genital variation represents a significant portion of animal diversity, it merits the attention and clarity of investigation given to other anatomical features. However, attempts to achieve the necessary level of clarity have been largely unsuccessful. This article promotes common terms for improved communication between researchers.

A compliance model is developed and tested using a survey of corporate officials and the regulatory arena of equal employment opportunity. Findings support the economic model of compliance in its conclusion that probability of detection and probable level of sanctions influence compliance decisions. Results also indicate that adjustments to the model that account for bounded rationality are valid. The key outcome, however, is that although all types of investigations play some role in enhancing compliance, those that stress sanctions and thus severity rather than certainty of detection may have the greatest positive influence on compliance. Enforcement programs attempting to operate simply as investigators of small-scale complaints will have less success than those with different types of investigations or a balanced type of single investigation. The results also suggest a more complex cognitive process on the part of regulated individuals than initially theorized.

Pressure limitations often prohibit engineers from placing frac-pack sand-control treatments where they are needed the most because of the collapse ratings of the bottomhole assembly equipment. Often, these pressure limitations lead to early abandonment of the well, or they create problems later in the life of the well, because they do not allow for effective sand-control, which inevitably will have a negative impact on well economics. A new method, dynamic pMAX, used to determine the amount of pressure exerted on the bottomhole tools during the sand-control treatment, enables frac-pack treatments that the industry once would have considered impossible to achieve.

The authors outline the development and scope of the National EEOC ADA Research Project which resulted from a cooperative agreement between the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and Virginia Commonwealth University. Research questions, the EEOC database, extraction of study data, limitations of the data, the organization of research teams, and the contents of this special issue of WORK are described.

The effect of photoperiod on wing area of a mosquito in the species complex Anopheles quadrimaculatus was tested on adults reared from a field sample. Short-photoperiod [8:16 (L:D)] individuals of each sex had greater wing areas than did their long-photoperiod [16:8 (L:D)] siblings of the same wing length or body weight. The greater wing areas of short-photoperiod mosquitoes, given any wing length, established that short-photoperiod individuals had broader wings. The greater wing areas of short-photoperiod mosquitoes, given any body weight, established that short-photoperiod individuals had a greater wing area per unit body weight.

Chondroma of the trachea is an extremely rare neoplasm. A patient is described who required surgical treatment for this abnormality on three separate occasions over a nineteen-year period. The last two instances represent either local recurrence or new primary growths. The most recent presentation was that of a very large mediastinal mass causing tracheal compression, dysphagia, and superior vena caval obstruction. The clinical and pathological features of chondromas of the tracheobronchial tree are discussed. Because of its recognized potential for local recurrence, a localized chondroma of the trachea is best managed by tracheal resection.

Summary Sepsis in thoracoplasty is a serious hazard and may prevent the completion of the operation. The fundamental factor in its elimination is the meticulous application of general surgical principles. The resistance of the body to infection is built up before operation. A prolonged skin preparation is performed. The operation itself is performed completely under a “no-touch” technique. The application of these principles has lowered the rate of sepsis to below 1 per cent. My thanks are due to Dr. Peter Edwards, Medical Superintendent of the Cheshire Joint Sanatorium, and to Dr. J. Dobson, Medical Superintendent of Wrightington Hospital (Lancashire County Council), for permission to publish these results. I am grateful also to Miss Jean Keay, Dietitian at the Clatterbridge (County) General Hospital, Bebington, Cheshire, for preparing the high protein diet for these patients.

Summary Shock produced during thoracoplasty is most severe in procedures involving the posterior ends of the first, second, and third ribs and the transverse processes. The type of shock is unusual, very rapid in onset, and due to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Infiltration with novocain of the inferior cervical ganglion and of the upper dorsal sympathetic chain prevents the onset of shock. Further work is proceeding.