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Las finanzas públicas de los gobiernos locales y, de manera específica el de las entidades federativas en México, dependen de los recursos económicos provenientes del gobierno federal (transferencias), por consiguiente, en los últimos 35 años los estados han adoptado una actitud conformista, no interesándoles la generación de ingresos propios, ni el modo de eficientar la asignación del gasto con recursos federales, así como la irresponsabilidad en la contratación de financiamiento o deuda pública. La desvinculación entre su capacidad fiscal y las necesidades de gasto han generado diversos problemas y efectos, entre ellos el desequilibrio fiscal vertical y horizontal. En este sentido es importante determinar la relación que existe entre el desequilibrio fiscal vertical, la dependencia de las transferencias (participa­ciones y aportaciones) federales y el financiamiento público del gobierno del Estado de Michoacán (1980-2015).

El presente estudio comprende una breve visión de la segunda vuelta electoral en México, aplicada por primera vez en el plano municipal en el estado de San Luis Potosí en el año 1997 y retirada ocho años después aludiendo a costos políticos y económicos. Por tanto, se observa que en poco más de veinte años de su aplicación, la reflexión gira en torno a la posibilidad de retomar su uso en tales elecciones, pero atendiendo a los nuevos tiempos, necesidades y posibles retos que exige hoy en día el sistema electoral nacional.

El presente trabajo tiene la finalidad de evaluar la productividad del conocimiento científico sobre el uso de plaguicidas en la producción de fresa y el riesgo que estos representan social y ambientalmente. Se revisaron artículos en Google Scholar y ScienceDirect de los últimos 11 años. Se analizaron indicadores bibliométricos como productividad por países, instituciones, autores y concurrencia de palabras clave, así como autores más relevantes en el tema. Para el análisis se utilizó el programa de Rstudio para crear los gráficos representados en las figuras y posteriormente describir las variables de acuerdo con lo obtenido en el programa. Los resultados indican que existe un paulatino crecimiento en el número de trabajos sobre el tema en las distintas áreas del conocimiento y su posible convergencia, resaltando las investigaciones que analizan el riesgo social. La mayor productividad fue en el año 2020. Los países con mayor actividad son China y Estados Unidos. Este análisis hace evidente la necesidad de mayores esfuerzos e incentivos para mostrar los riesgos que los plaguicidas usados en la fresa pueden causar en el ser humano y la biota. La investigación facilita el diseño de política pública orientada a disminuir los riesgos analizados en el medio rural.

PDF file - 86K, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ATP Quantification, and XF Bioenergetic Assay.

PDF file - 428K, Supplemental Figure 1. Administration of rIL-2 inhibits tumor growth in murine hepatic metastasis model in a dose dependent fashion. Supplemental Figure 2. HDIL-2 alone or combined with CQ significantly inhibits Panc02 tumor growth, prolonging survival time in a hepatic metastasis model. Supplemental Figure 3. HDIL-2 combined with CQ inhibits Renca tumor growth in an hepatic metastasis model. Supplemental Figure 4. CQ treatment results in mitochondrial morphologic changes in MC38 cells. Supplemental Figure 5. Murine tumor cells are dependent on glycolysis. Supplemental Figure 6. Ethyl pyruvate alters tumor cell metabolism. Supplemental Figure 7. Proposed mechanisms of autophagy inhibition during HDIL-2 immunotherapy promoting long term tumor regression.

PDF file - 56K, HDIL-2 administration does not result in liver and idney dysfunction in mice.

Las comunidades de Temacapulín, Acasico y Palmarejo, ubicadas en los Altos de Jalisco, han luchado durante más de quince años para superar la condición de subalternidad a la cual han sido constantemente sometidas, bajo la máxima de un discurso desarrollista y promotor del megaproyecto de la presa “El Zapotillo”. Las acciones desplegadas por los pobladores han sido de diversa naturaleza, sin embargo, en este artículo se analizan aquellas que hacen uso de herramientas propias de la institucionalidad para defender su territorio, sus recursos naturales y, en general, su patrimonio material e inmaterial. El análisis propuesto involucra una aproximación a la contranarrativa edificada por la resistencia histórica que han tenido estas comunidades, a partir de una caracterización del proceso de lucha y acción de los pobladores de cada uno de los pueblos en peligro de inundación. Finalmente, se explican los efectos e impactos de estas formas de resistencia sociojurídica, especialmente se logra identificar un grado importante de efectividad para detener el despojo y proteger el territorio de las comunidades. El análisis de la contranarrativa de las comunidades frente al desarrollismo ofrece un panorama de cuestiones socioculturales e identitarias frente al territorio que son usualmente inobservadas en el marco de los megaproyectos.

We describe a new eusphenodontian, Lanceirosphenodon ferigoloi gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Triassic (Norian) Riograndia Assemblage Zone (AZ) of the Candelaria Sequence (Santa Maria Supersequen...

Rhynchocephalians are a group of lizard-like diapsid reptiles that were very diverse during the Mesozoic but are now restricted to a single extant genus in New Zealand. Recent cladistic analyses have revealed two major clades, Eusphenodontia and the more crownward Neosphenodontia, but relationships of individual taxa have remained difficult to determine because of missing data and an unrevised data matrix. Here we drastically revise the established data matrix on rhynchocephalians by reassessing, evaluating, and adding new characters and operational taxonomic units, differing from any previous analyses in our goal to consider all known rhynchocephalians. In addition, we describe a new genus and species of an early eusphenodontian taxon from the Norian of southern Brazil, with a unique mosaic of plesiomorphic and apomorphic traits, and we re-examine the craniodental anatomy of the eusphenodontian Clevosaurus brasiliensis with mCT imaging, revealing a unique form of acrodonty amongst rhynchocephalians.

En años recientes, las humanidades y las ciencias sociales han experimentado un viraje afectivo (Massumi, 2002b), (Clough y Halley, 2007), (Gregg y Seigworth, 2010). Esta reorientación teórica privilegia a la experiencia y al encuentro como categorías desde las cuales pensar múltiples fenómenos. Este trabajo es una aproximación al cine desde las teorías del afecto; es un recorrido, a través de una multitud de voces, por algunos postulados del evento cinemático. Es también una investigación sobre el alcance de la imagen-afección deleuzeana y un acercamiento afectivo a la trilogía Reconstrucción (2003), Allegro (2005), Offscreen (2006) del director danés Christoffer Boe.

The early evolution of lepidosaurs is marked by an extremely scarce fossil record during the Triassic. Importantly, most Triassic lepidosaur specimens are represented by disarticulated individuals from high energy accretion deposits in Laurasia, thus greatly hampering our understanding of the initial stages of lepidosaur evolution. Here, we describe the fragmentary remains of an associated skull and mandible of Clevosaurus hadroprodon sp. nov., a new taxon of sphenodontian lepidosaur from the Late Triassic (Carnian; 237-228 Mya) of Brazil. Referral to Sphenodontia is supported by the combined presence of a marginal dentition ankylosed to the apex of the dentary, maxilla, and premaxilla; the presence of 'secondary bone' at the bases of the marginal dentition; and a ventrally directed mental process at the symphysis of the dentary. Our phylogenetic analyses recover Clevosaurus hadroprodon as a clevosaurid, either in a polytomy with the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic Clevosaurus and Brachyrhinodon (under Bayesian inference), or nested among different species of Clevosaurus (under maximum parsimony). Clevosaurus hadroprodon represents the oldest known sphenodontian from Gondwana, and its clevosaurid relationships indicates that these sphenodontians achieved a widespread biogeographic distribution much earlier than previously thought.

Triassic rhynchocephalians from South America are relatively sparse, based on one taxon from the Norian of Argentina (i.e., Sphenotitan leyesi) and three records from the Late Carnian (i.e., indet....

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza los factores exógenos y endógenos que se han generado en el Estado mexicano para asegurar el derecho a la consulta libre, previa e informada, como derecho colectivo que permite el diálogo de los pueblos y comunidades indígenas a efecto de participar en las decisiones que puedan afectarlos directamente como puede ocurrir en sus instituciones, territorio, autonomía, libre determinación, autoridades, sistemas normativos, identidad, lengua o cultura. Entre los factores externos se advierte la oleada latinoamericana expansionista del reconocimiento de un corpus iuris indígena, que ha resultado significativa pero que no resuelve en su totalidad el eficaz ejercicio de los derechos puesto que se requieren de mayores garantías que permitan su cabal cumplimiento en todos los supuestos. Por su parte, dentro de los factores internos se analiza el proceso de reconocimiento de los derechos indígenas que incorpora precedentes jurisdiccionales que hacen evidentes las omisiones y la falta de voluntad política para la constitucionalización de los derechos indígenas y de la implementación de mecanismos que abonen a la dignificación de estos, a la coexistencia armónica de sistemas así como a asegurar el derecho a la información durante los procesos de implementación. ABSTRACT This paper analyzes exogenous and endogenous factors that generates the protection of the prior and informed consultation in Mexican State as a collective right of indigenous people that allows the participation and dialogue in the decisions that could affect them like in their institutions, territory, self-determination, autonomy, authorities, normative system, identity, language or culture Among extern factors the latinoamerican wave incorporates the recognition of the indigenous corpus iuris, that makes a significant change but insufficient to solve the problem because also needs guarantees to protect their right efectively. Within the intern factors, the recognition process incorporates jurisdictional precedents that allows the protection of the collective right in the absense and resistence of the assurance purposes that dignify indigenous people, the coexisting of legal systems and the protection of the freedom of information.

Black paint is common on Remojadas style ceramics of Central Veracruz, Mexico, dating to 100 BCE–CE 600. An early study considers this paint to be Moraceae latex, with some bitumen. The present study analyzes 20 samples from the site of La Joya, from the Remojadas culture: paint from 14 jars and 5 figurines, and 1 residue of bitumen processing inside a jar, using standard bitumen analysis combining Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and δ13C isotopic values, and compares the results to published data from Gulf Coast oil seeps. The conclusion is that the samples are bitumen without latex added, which probably comes from the same local seep group. The study provides a third set of data for bitumen analysis in the Americas, offering comparable information on this important but little known resource in the ancient cultures of the New World.

The early evolution of lepidosaurs is marked by an extremely scarce fossil record during the Triassic. Importantly, most Triassic lepidosaur specimens are represented by disarticulated individuals from high energy accretion deposits in Laurasia, thus greatly hampering our understanding of the initial stages of lepidosaur evolution. Here, we describe the fragmentary remains of an associated skull and mandible of Clevosaurus hadroprodon sp. nov., a new taxon of sphenodontian lepidosaur from the Late Triassic (Carnian; 237–228 Mya) of Brazil. Referral to Sphenodontia is supported by the combined presence of a marginal dentition ankylosed to the apex of the dentary, maxilla, and premaxilla; the presence of ‘secondary bone’ at the bases of the marginal dentition; and a ventrally directed mental process at the symphysis of the dentary. Our phylogenetic analyses recover Clevosaurus hadroprodon as a clevosaurid, either in a polytomy with the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic Clevosaurus and Brachyrhinodon (under Bayesian inference), or nested among different species of Clevosaurus (under maximum parsimony). Clevosaurus hadroprodon represents the oldest known sphenodontian from Gondwana, and its clevosaurid relationships indicates that these sphenodontians achieved a widespread biogeographic distribution much earlier than previously thought. Fil: Hsiou, Annie S.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Nydam, Randall L.. Midwestern University; Estados Unidos Fil: Simões, Tiago R.. University of Alberta; Canadá. Harvard University; Estados Unidos Fil: Pretto, Flávio A.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Brasil Fil: Onary, Silvio. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Martinelli, Agustín Guillermo. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Liparini, Alexandre. Universidade Federal de Sergipe; Brasil Fil: Romo de Vivar Martínez, Paulo Rodrigo. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Soares, Marina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Schultz, Cesar. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Caldwell, Michael Wayne. University of Alberta; Canadá

INTRODUCTION Previous studies report the isolation mainly of terthiophene derivatives and flavonoids from Dyssodia species. Terthiophenes are known as photosensitizers by their capacity to generate singlet oxygen (1 O2 ), and flavonoid antioxidant activity is recognized. These opposite properties could represent interesting options in photodynamic therapy. OBJECTIVE To determine the antioxidant and photosensitizer activities of extracts and isolates of Dyssodia pinnata by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). METHODOLOGY Extracts and isolates were evaluated as antioxidants by the interactions with copper ion (Cu2+ ) observed in EPR, and by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and the thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) methods. Their abilities as 1 O2 producers were also estimated by EPR. RESULTS Terthiophenes were obtained from hexane (DPH) and acetone (DPA) extracts, and flavonoids from DPA and methanol (DPM) extracts. The interaction with Cu2+ of extracts and isolated compounds of Dyssodia pinnata showed two effects in EPR: reduction and chelation; flavonoids exhibited both effects, while terthiophenes showed only reduction. DPA, DPM, and flavonoids were active in DPPH and TBARS assays. Quercetagetin-7-O-β-glucoside showed the highest antioxidant and chelating activities, 3-glycosidated flavonoids were less active. Upon irradiation extracts and terthiophenes induced 1 O2 formation. CONCLUSION Flavonoid reducing activity on Cu2+ and free radical scavenging capacity were related to the number of hydroxy groups and to the conjugation between the B and C rings. All tested flavonols showed a major complex with Cu2+ , with the most probable site of chelation between the 5-hydroxy and 4-oxo groups. Extracts and terthiophene derivatives showed photosensitizer activity. Thus, EPR is useful to evaluate free radical scavenging and pro-oxidant properties.

Lepidosauromporpha e Archosauromorpha são os dois grandes grupos dentro de Diapsida. O primeiro é composto por Lepidosauria e os seus stem taxa, todos extintos. Na atualidade o grupo está unicamente representado por Lepidosauria (Squamata e Rhynchocephalia) e encontra-se amplamente distribuído pelo mundo, ocupando diversos hábitats. Das 10.418 espécies viventes conhecidas, apenas Sphenodon punctatus pertence a Rhynchocephalia. Apesar de no passado o grupo também ter sido diverso, sua origem evolução inicial encontram-se ainda pouco conhecidas. Indiretamente, estima-se que o surgimento do grupo deve ter ocorrido no Permiano, embora o primeiro fóssil atribuído a um Lepidosauromorpha tenha idade triássica. No contexto sulamericano, na Argentina e no Brasil estão os registros mais antigos (Noriano), representados pelos rincocefálios, Sphenotitan leyesi, da Argentina, e Clevosaurus brasiliensis, do Brasil, e pelo lepidossauromorfo Cargninia enigmatica. Os dois últimos são provenientes da Zona de Associação (ZA) de Riograndia da Sequencia Candelária (Supersequência Santa Maria do Rio Grande do Sul). Novos materiais inéditos têm sido coletados na ZA de Riograndia, e, também, na mais antiga ZA de Hyperodapedon, de idade Carniana. A presente tese traz novas contribuições ao conhecimento dos Lepidosauromorpha sulamericanos, na forma de quatro artigos científicos. Assim, a tese fornece o seguinte aporte de contribuições: o registro da evidência mais antiga de osteomielite em rincocefálios, observadas em mandíbulas de Clevosaurus brasiliensis; a descrição de uma nova espécie de rincocefálio para ZA de Riograndia; a revisão anatômica e o posicionamento filogenético de Cargninia enigmatica; a descrição de novos materiais de lepidossauromorfos da ZA de Riograndia; e a descrição de um novo rincocefálio baseado em um fragmento de palatino para a ZA de Hyperodapedon, junto com a descrição detalhada do palatino de Clevosaurus brasiliensis. Através de abordagens anatômica, taxonômica, filogenética, paleoecológica e paleobiológica, os artigos integrantes da tese, em conjunto, fornecem novas informações sobre a história inicial dos (Lepidosauromorpha (Lepidosauria)) e sua radiação no início do Mesozoico. Lepidosauromporpha and Archosauromorpha are the largest groups inside the Diapsida clade. Lepidosauromorpha comprises Lepidosauria and its stem taxa, all extinct. Currently, the group is only represented by Lepidosauria (Squamata and Rhynchocephalia), being widely distributed across the world, occupying several habitats. There are 10.418 known extant species, but only Sphenodon punctatus belongs to Rhynchocephalia. Despite the past diversity of the group, its origin and early evolution are still little known. Indirectly, it is estimated that the rise of the group should have occurred during the Permian, although the first fossil attributed to Lepidosauromorpha is of Triassic age. In the South American context, the oldest records (Norian) are found in Argentina and Brazil, comprising the rhinchocephalians Sphenotitan leyesi, from Argentina, and Clevosaurus brasiliensis, from Brazil, as well as the lepidosauromorph Cargninia enigmatica. The Brazilian taxa come from the Riograndia Assemblage Zone (AZ) of the Candelária Sequence (Santa Maria Supersequence of Rio Grande do Sul State). New undescribed specimens have been collected from the Riograndia AZ, but also from the older Hyperodapedon AZ, of Carnian age. The present thesis brings new contributions to the South American Lepidosauromorpha knowledge and is organized into four scientific papers. Thus, the thesis furnishes the following contribution: the record of the oldest evidence of osteomyelitis in Rhynchocephalians observed in jaws of Clevosaurus brasiliensis; the description of a new species of rhynchocephalian from the Riograndia AZ; the anatomical revision and phylogenetic position of Cargninia enigmatica; the description of new lepidosauromorphs material from the Riograndia AZ; a new rhynchocephalian based on a palatine fragment from the Hyperodapedon AZ, along with the detailed description of the palatine of Clevosaurus brasiliensis. Through anatomical, taxonomic, phylogenetic, paleoecological and paleobiological approaches, the set of articles that compose the thesis provides new information about the initial history of (Lepidosauromorpha (Lepidosauria)) and its radiation at the beginning of the Mesozoic.

The phytochemical study of the aerial parts of Verbesina sphaerocephala A. Gray afforded six sesquiterpene lactones of cadinene type, five of them described for the first time, along with known phenyl propanoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. Structures on new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including CD and X-ray analyses, and known compounds were identified by comparing their spectral data with those previously reported. Cadinene-like sesquiterpene lactones could be characteristic metabolites of V. sphaerocephala.