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The highest frequency of liver abscesses in our environment is, by far, of ethyl ambience, followed by those caused by bacterial agents; on the other hand, the clinical cure, lacking its symptomatology and sinology, makes it difficult to reach the etiological diagnosis. Intestinal parasites are the most common infectious agents in humans. It is estimated that a third of the world's population has a parasitic infection; about 450 million human beings will develop the disease, and a greater burden of disease occurs in children in low-income countries. Ascariasis is caused by the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides, the most frequent helminth infection among humans. It is one of the considered geohelminths that already requires a part of its biological cycle of passing through the earth. So, it is important to have a history of geophagy. It is spread by the faecal-oral route; therefore, its presence is greater in developing tropical and subtropical countries due to high humidity, inadequate hygiene and sanitation conditions. We report the case of a 4-year-old preschool female 4 months old with a hepatic abscess due to Ascaris lumbricoides. The etiological diagnosis was made in the aspirant fluid by a trans-diaphragmatic liver puncture. Eggs of the agent were identified in the liquid obtained, and in the faecal matter, serological studies resulted in positive titres using immunodiffusion and indirect haemagglutination. Medical management based on Albendazole was indicated with good tolerance and response to treatment, and discharged in good condition, then subsequently seen in the outpatient consultation at 6 and 12 months if there is an apparent alteration. Cases of liver abscess caused by this helminth are rare, which motivates us to communicate the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innate immunity and cellular adaptive immunity are considered the first lines of defense against fungal infections in humans. Most of the major opportunistic mycoses occur in individuals with defects in innate and/or cellular adaptive immunity. Morbidity and mortality rates associated with infections caused by fungal pathogens are high, and prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these infections remain somewhat difficult. Altered immune function is thought to cause an increased susceptibility to fungal infections in the host and determine the severity and characteristics of the infection. Non-specific cellular immunity mediated by macrophages, neutrophils, and NK lymphocytes provides efficient protection against fungal infections in healthy individuals. For this reason, the increase in systemic fungal infections is undoubtedly related to the increase in the number of patients with congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies. There is increasing clinical and experimental evidence that antigen-specific cellular immunity plays an important role in host protection against fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its first appearance in the war scenarios, the toxic agents of mass destruction have provoked a generalized rejection for its insidious aspects, long-term consequences and the pernicious effects on the civilian population. Anthrax, smallpox, botulism, sarin gas, mustard gas are compounds baptized as the "atomic bomb of the poor", since they can be spread with the most complex technology but also by the most rudimentary. Almost all bacteriological weapons are destined to be sent by air; but they can also be active by other means, for example, by placing an aerosol can in the truck of a taxi in a city. Other worrisome agents, from the point of view of biological warfare (BW), are cholera, equine encephalitis and multidrug-resistant bacteria. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) the list of agents involved in biological warfare is very extensive, so in this work we will only mention; briefly, to some of them as: smallpox, botulism, plague or black death, tularemia, Q fever, psittacosis, hemorrhagic fever by filovirus subtypes Ebola-Sudan and Ebola-Zaire and the hantavirus. It's considered essential to emphasize the knowledge and perception of the medical group and the general public, about the agents involved in BW and their serious and real possibilities of causing harm. Through reminders and education, clinicians can increase their capacity to serve the patient individually and also protect public health. The most effective prevention measure is based on the creation and preservation of strong cultural norms at the individual, social and political level that prohibit the development and use of such biological weapons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]