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This research will analyse the role of social networks in the process of relational integration of the immigrant population in Spain. This study will examine how the ethnic factor of the network conditions its process of incorporation into the primary groups of the host society. To do this, an indicator is developed that allows us to identify the ethnic concentration of the network, distinguishing between ethnic, mixed, and native networks. Applying a correspondence analysis, we then identify those variables that influence the relational evolution of social networks. The main conclusions point to the fact that immigrant networks do not evolve naturally towards assimilated networks, but that what takes place is a process of network enlargement. Thus, mixed networks are the most common way of developing links with natives. Moreover, in this case, the passage of time in the host country or generation does not seem to determine access to native networks, but rather the possession of or membership in these networks seems to be explained by structural factors such as educational level and professional occupation., En esta investigación se analizará el papel que tienen las redes sociales en el proceso de integración relacional de la población inmigrante en España. En concreto, se estudiará como el factor étnico de la red condiciona su proceso de incorporación a los grupos primarios de la sociedad de acogida. Para llevar esto a cabo se desarrolla un indicador que nos permite conocer la concentración étnica de la red, diferenciando entre redes étnicas, mixtas y nativas. Posteriormente, aplicando un análisis de correspondencias se identifican aquellas variables que influyen en el proceso de evolución relacional de las redes sociales. Las principales conclusiones apuntan a que las redes de los inmigrantes no evolucionan de manera natural hacia redes asimiladas, sino que lo que se produce es un proceso de ampliación de la red. Así, las redes mixtas se constituyen como la forma más común de desarrollar vínculos con nativos. Además, en este caso el paso del tiempo en el país de acogida o la generación no parecen determinar el acceso a redes nativas, sino que la posesión o pertenencia a estas redes parece venir explicada por factores estructurales como el nivel educativo y la ocupación profesional.

Tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) is one of the most interesting products derived from the pyrolysis of end-of-life tires. Among others, it contains valuable chemicals, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), as well as limonene. In order to recover these chemicals, a pilot-scale distillation plant has been designed, erected, and operated using TPO derived from an industrial-scale pyrolysis plant. The distillation facility consists of a packed column (20 kg/h) and is within the fifth technological readiness level. This work describes for the first time the fractioning of the TPO in a continuous operational mode under industrially relevant conditions. For this purpose, different reboiler temperatures (250–290 °C) and reflux ratios (up to 2.4) were preliminarily assessed on the yields and properties of the resulting products: light fraction (LF) and heavy fraction (HF). Thus, the distillation plant is capable of producing 27.0–36.7 and 63.3–73.0 wt % of LF and HF, respectively. The highest BTEX concentration in the LF (55.2 wt %) was found using a reboiler temperature of 250 °C and a reflux ratio of 2.4. Contrarily, the highest limonene concentration (4.9 wt %) in the LF was obtained at 290 °C in the reboiler without reflux. In this sense, the lower the reboiler temperature, the higher the BTEX, and the lower the limonene concentration in the LF. The main results herein obtained serve to gain key insights to operate packed distillation columns using complex and promising hydrocarbons as TPO in order to recover valuable products. In addition, this work provides significant information for optimizing the recovery efficiencies of both BTEX and limonene, as well as their potential applications including that for the resulting HF.

The use of lignocellulosic biomass in thermochemical processes has attracted a great deal of interest in recent years, as it is possible to obtain value-added products that can be potentially complementary and/ or considered as an alternative to those obtained from fossil fuels. The use of this biomass would result in a reduction both on the environmental impact caused by the exploitation of fossil fuels and in the waste generated waste. Moreover, it would also be expected to decrease the foreign dependence on non-producer countries, a fact that could minimize the well-known supply problems and current increasing prices. Among all the thermochemical existing processes for the treatment of biomass, pyrolysis has stood out in recent years. The development of this technique is advancing considerably as it is a process capable of producing liquid, solid and gaseous biofuels in a simple step. However, most of the studies carried out are limited to laboratory scale, under ideal operating conditions, and studies on relevant scales are quite limited., In this context, this thesis addresses the environmental problems arising from the necessary reduction in the use of fossil fuels, using lignocellulosic biomass (grape seeds (GS)). In addition, this thesis also focuses on solving the problem of the elimination and energy recovery of certain waste with high environmental impact, such as waste tyres (WT) and polystyrene (PS). Unfortunately, the scope of biomass pyrolysis is limited and only a low-quality biofuel can be obtained, which cannot be standardised and has very limited applicability. In this sense, several strategies have been proposed throughout this report to improve its quality, differentiating between in situ and ex situ strategies. The in situ strategy is focused on the copyrolysis of biomass with polymeric residues together with the incorporation of low-cost heat carriers, based on calcareous sorbents, with catalytic properties. On the other hand, the ex situ strategy evaluated the catalytic cracking of bio-oil vapours using bifunctional ZSM-5 zeolites (impregnated with different amounts of magnesium) with hierarchical porosity. Thus, during this thesis, different experimental facilities have been used, from laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactors to a pilot plant equipped with an Auger reactor.

Figure S1: Calibration mix chromatogram obtained for ASTM D2887 method. Figure S2: Calibration curve obtained for ASTM D2887 method. Figure S3: Chromatograms obtained for the a) TPO, the first distillation of TPO b) light fraction (LF), c) heavy fraction (HF) and the second distillation of the light fraction of TPO d) LF and e) HF. Table S1: Percentage of relative area obtained with the quantification ion (m/z) for the TPO by GC-MS according to the NIST2020 library (BTEX=benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes; CC= cyclic compounds, AAA= alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, SB= Substituted benzenes, no BTEX, HC= heterocyclic compounds, I= indenes, PAH= polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, O= others). Table S2: Percentage of relative area obtained with the quantification ion (m/z) for the first distillation of the TPO, LF-1, by GC-MS according to the NIST2020 library. Table S3: Percentage of relative area obtained with the quantification ion (m/z) for the first distillation of the TPO, HF-1, by GC-MS according to the NIST2020 library. Table S4: Percentage of relative area obtained with the quantification ion (m/z) for the second distillation of the TPO, LF-2, by GC-MS according to the NIST2020 library. Table S5: Percentage of relative area obtained with the quantification ion (m/z) for the second distillation of the TPO, HF-2, by GC-MS according to the NIST2020 library.

Background: After the acute period of infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19), multi-organ signs and symptoms may remain. This study tried to compare the perception of the state of health and the sequelae in Navarra-Osasunbidea health workers after COVID-19, with the previous situation through the Health Survey. Methods: Through a descriptive cross-sectional study, using a reduced questionnaire from the 2017 National Health Survey sent to health workers from the Navarre- Osasunbidea Health Service COVID-19 cases after 3 and 6 months, from April to July 2021 and compared with 2017. Differences were described through means, percentages and prevalence ratio, with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Of 938 surveys sent, 93 of 3 months (46.3%) and 305 of 6 months (41.4%) were received, 87% of women and 13% of men and 43 years of average age and 64.3% were from nursing and 19.1% from medicine. The percentage that assessed their health status as good or very good was significantly lower at 6 months than health workers and the general population in 2017 (70.2% vs 80.4% and 75.5%), the limitation for the habitual activity (39.8% and 35.1% vs 18.3%), headache 2.7 times more frequent, the days of activity restriction (41.5 and 26.7 vs 7.5) and on bed. Mental health problems, concentration (45.2% and 43.9%), loss of sleep (44.1% and 43.3%) and consumption of tranquilizers and antidepressants (2 and 3 times more) stood out, although not of medical consultations. Conclusions: Navarre health workers diagnosed with COVID-19 in 2020 and early 2021 refer to the worst assessment of their health status at 3 and 6 months, greater limitation for usual activities, more frequent headaches and mental health problems, compared to the prepandemic period., Fundamentos: Pasado el período agudo de infección por el virus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), pueden permanecer signos y síntomas multiorgánicos. Este estudio trató de comparar la percepción del estado de salud y las secuelas en los sanitarios navarros pasada la COVID-19, con la situación previa mediante Encuesta de Salud. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, mediante un cuestionario reducido de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2017 remitido a los sanitarios del Servicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea, casos de COVID-19 pasados 3 y 6 meses, de abril a julio de 2021 y se comparó con 2017. Se describieron diferencias mediante medias, porcentajes y razón de prevalencia, con intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados: De 938 encuestas enviadas, se recibieron 93 de 3 meses (46,3%) y 305 de 6 meses (41,4%), 87% de mujeres y 13% de hombres y 43 años de media de edad. El 64,3% fueron de enfermería y 19,1% de medicina. El porcentaje que valoró su estado de salud como bueno o muy bueno fue significativamente inferior a los 6 meses que sanitarios y población general en 2017 (70,2 % vs. 80,4% y 75,5%), mayor el de limitación para la actividad habitual (39,8% y 35,1% vs 18,3%), 2,7 veces más frecuente el dolor de cabeza y más los días de restricción de actividad (41,5 y 26,7 vs. 7,5) y en cama. Destacaron los problemas de salud mental, concentración (45,2% y 43,9%), pérdida de sueño (44,1% y 43,3%) y consumo de tranquilizantes y antidepresivos (2 y 3 veces más), aunque no de consultas médicas. Conclusiones: Los sanitarios navarros diagnosticados de COVID-19 en 2020 y principios de 2021 refieren a los 3 y 6 meses peor valoración de su estado de salud, mayor limitación para las actividades habituales, más frecuente dolor de cabeza y problemas de salud mental, respecto a período prepandemia.

Yoga has proven to be an effective exercise to prevent physical and mental illnesses from the early stages of growth, thus improving the health of children and adolescents, and, therefore, the health of adults. This study aimed to find out the degree of judgment and understanding by adolescent students about the practice of yoga, as well as their perspective on the inclusion of yoga in education. An anonymous survey was conducted on 269 participants in different institutes in Andalusia (Spain). The knowledge on the part of the adolescent student students about yoga is very limited. However, the students considered the practice of yoga to be relevant, either as an optional or curricular subject, so that, despite the lack of knowledge of the adolescent students about yoga in general, there was a degree of awareness in favor of this activity in improving education., El yoga ha demostrado ser un ejercicio efectivo para evitar enfermedades físicas y mentales desde las primeras etapas del crecimiento, mejorando, por tanto, la salud de los niños y adolescentes, y, por ende, la salud del adulto. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer el grado de juicio y comprensión por parte de alumnado adolescente sobre la práctica del yoga, así como la perspectiva de estos, sobre la inclusión del yoga en la educación. Se realizó una encuesta anónima a 269 participantes en diferentes institutos de Andalucía (España). El conocimiento por parte de los alumnos adolescentes estudiantes sobre el yoga es muy limitado. Sin embargo, el alumnado consideró relevante la práctica del yoga bien como asignatura optativa o curricular, por lo que, aún el desconocimiento del alumnado adolescente sobre el yoga en general, existió un grado de consciencia en favor de esta actividad en la mejora de la educación

Nowadays, it is generally accepted that the production of biofuels through the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass may be an interesting alternative to fossil fuels. The appeal of this renewable resource is due to its worldwide availability and its environmentally friendly nature. The liquid fraction obtained from pyrolysis processes, bio-oil, is the most valuable product given its further application as biofuel, although it contains many oxygenated compounds and has a low heating value and high acidity, which hinders its direct application or even storage. To improve its quality, a dual strategy combining the two well-known upgrading approaches of cracking catalyst addition and waste plastics co-feeding has recently emerged as a promising solution since positive synergistic effects are achieved that are more suited to the production of upgraded biofuels. The upgrading reaction mechanism has mainly been associated with the presence of plastic wastes, which serve as H2 donors to promote hydrocracking and hydrodeoxygenation catalytic reactions, and accordingly, highly significant results have been achieved using this dual strategy. This chapter discusses the most important of these results as reported in the literature obtained in facilities ranging from thermogravimetric reactors (technology readiness level (TRL) 2) to pilot plants in a relevant environment (TRL 5).

Gasification represents a potential technology for the conversion of biomass into usable energy. The influence of the main gasification parameters, i.e. the type of biomass used and its composition, as well as the composition of the outlet gas, were studied by a multivariate statistical analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square (PLS) regression models in order to identify the main correlations between them and to the contents of methane, ethylene and tar in the outlet gas. In this work, the experimental data used as input for the multivariate statistical analysis came from a TRL-4 gasification plant running under sorption enhanced conditions, i.e. using steam as the gasifying agent and CaO as the bed material. The composition of the biomass feed played an important role in the quality of the outlet gas composition. In fact, biomasses with high ash and sulphur contents (municipal solid waste) increased ethylene content, while those with high-volatile matter content and fixed C content (wood pellets, straw pellets and grape seeds) mainly increased CO and CO2 formation. By increasing the gasification bed temperature and the CaO/C ratio, it was possible to reduce the methane and the collected tar contents in the outlet gas. Other light hydrocarbons could also be reduced by controlling the Treactor and TFB. Methane, ethylene and tar contents were modelled, cross-validated and tested with a new set of samples by PLS obtaining results with an average overall error between 8 and 26%. The statistically significant variables to predict methane and ethylene content were positively associated to the thermal input and negatively to the CaO/C ratio. The biomass composition was also remarkable for both variables, as mentioned in the PCA analysis. As far as the tar content, which is undesirable in all gasification processes, the decrease in the tar content was favoured by high bed temperature, low thermal input and biomass with high-volatile matt