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The intense star formation in starburst galaxies results in the formation of intense winds that sweep matter up to several kpc out of the galactic plane. These winds can be detected in many bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this opportunity, we present our project to study three edge-on galaxies, candidates to show extraplanar emission at radio wavelengths. We will describe the criteria followed in selecting the sample and the software developed to detect the presence of the wind. Besides, we will discuss the next steps of this project., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in Revista Mexicana de Astronom\'ia

The extragalactic microquasar S26 has the most powerful jets observed in accreting binaries, with a kinetic luminosity of $L_{\rm jet}\sim10^{40}\,{\rm erg\,s^{-1}}$. According to the jet-disk symbiosis model, this implies that the accretion power to the stellar black hole at the core of the system should be very super-Eddington, on the order of $L_{\rm acc}\sim L_{\rm jet}$. However, the observed X-ray flux of this system, measured by the \textit{Chandra} and \textit{XMM-Newton} telescopes, indicates an apparent very sub-Eddington accretion luminosity of $L_{\rm X}\approx 10^{37}\,{\rm erg\,s^{-1}}$, orders of magnitude smaller than the jet power. We present here a preliminary investigation of the relationship between jet and disk power, analyze an X-ray observation of S26 obtained with \textit{XMM-Newton}, and propose an explanation for the emission. We also examine the acceleration and distribution of the particles to discuss the feasibility of microquasars as potential PeVatron sources, exploring their ability to produce cosmic rays with energies of about 1 PeV or higher., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in Proceedings of Science (HEPRO conference)

Starburst galaxies are undergoing intense episodes of star formation. In these galaxies, gas is ejected into the surrounding environment through winds created by the effect of hot stars and supernova explosions. When interacting with the intergalactic medium, these winds can produce strong shocks capable of accelerating cosmic rays. The radiation from these cosmic rays mainly occurs in radio and gamma rays. The radio halo can be characterized using the scale height. We searched for the presence of radio halos in a sample of edge-on starburst galaxies gathered from the MeerKAT 1.28 GHz Atlas of Southern Sources in the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample. We selected a sample of 25 edge-on galaxies from the original sample and modeled their disk and halo contributions. We have detected and characterized 11 radio halos, seven of which are reported here for the first time. We found that the halo scale heights increase linearly with the radio diameters and this relation does not depend on the star formation rate. All galaxies in our sample follow the radio-infrared relation with a q parameter value of $2.5\pm0.1$. The dependence of the halo luminosity on the star formation rate and the infrared luminosity supports the hypothesis that the radio halos are the result of synchrotron radiation produced by relativistic electrons and points toward the fact that the star formation activity plays a crucial role in halo creation. The average scale height of 1 kpc implies a dynamical range of 4 Myr, several orders of magnitude greater than the synchrotron losses for electrons of 10 TeV. This suggests that some process must exist to reaccelerate cosmic rays in the halo if gamma-ray emission of a leptonic origin is detected from the halo. According to the relation between the radio and gamma-ray luminosities, we found that NGC 4666 is a potential gamma-ray source for future observations., Comment: 21 pages, 5 tables, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

We have recently proposed that supercritical colliding wind binaries (SCWBs) are suitable scenarios for particle acceleration and nonthermal radiation. In these X-ray binary systems (XRBs), the wind from the companion star collides with the wind ejected from the super-Eddington accretion disk of the stellar black hole. Strong shocks are generated in this collision, leading to the acceleration of particles and subsequent broadband emission through different nonthermal radiative processes. In particular, we estimate luminosities of the order of $L\approx 10^{34}\,{\rm erg\,s^{-1}}$ in the radio band. One of the major components in these processes is the power provided by the super wind expelled from the disk. Furthermore, some properties of the wind photosphere, such as its geometry or its temperature distribution, also contribute to the absorption and reprocessing of the nonthermal radiation. In this work, we perform a more detailed description of the powerful wind launched from the accretion disk, in order to obtain a better understanding of the above-mentioned processes., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in Revista Mexicana de Astronom\'ia. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2301.08635

The Q&U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is the first bolometric interferometer designed to measure the primordial B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Bolometric interferometry is a novel technique that combines the sensitivity of bolometric detectors with the control of systematic effects that is typical of interferometry, both key features in the quest for the faint signal of the primordial B-modes. A unique feature is the so-called "spectral imaging", i.e., the ability to recover the sky signal in several sub-bands within the physical band during data analysis. This feature provides an in-band spectral resolution of \Delta{\nu}/{\nu} \sim 0.04 that is unattainable by a traditional imager. This is a key tool for controlling the Galactic foregrounds contamination. In this paper, we describe the principles of bolometric interferometry, the current status of the QUBIC experiment and future prospects., Comment: To appear in Proc. of the mm Universe 2023 conference, Grenoble (France), June 2023, published by F. Mayet et al. (Eds), EPJ Web of conferences, EDP Sciences

In the quest for the faint primordial B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background, three are the key requirements for any present or future experiment: an utmost sensitivity, excellent control over instrumental systematic effects and over Galactic foreground contamination. Bolometric Interferometry (BI) is a novel technique that matches them all by combining the sensitivity of bolometric detectors, the control of instrumental systematics from interferometry and a software-based, tunable, in-band spectral resolution due to its ability to perform band-splitting during data analysis (spectral imaging). In this paper, we investigate how the spectral imaging capability of BI can help in detecting residual contamination in case an over-simplified model of foreground emission is assumed in the analysis. To mimic this situation, we focus on the next generation of ground-based CMB experiment, CMB-S4, and compare its anticipated sensitivities, frequency and sky coverage with a hypothetical version of the same experiment based on BI, CMB-S4/BI, assuming that line-of-sight (LOS) frequency decorrelation is present in dust emission but is not accounted for during component separation. We show results from a Monte-Carlo analysis based on a parametric component separation method (FGBuster), highlighting how BI has the potential to diagnose the presence of foreground residuals in estimates of the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ in the case of unaccounted Galactic dust LOS frequency decorrelation., Comment: To appear in Proc. of the mm Universe 2023 conference, Grenoble (France), June 2023, published by F. Mayet et al. (Eds), EPJ Web of conferences, EDP Sciences

We present a proposal for the construction and development of a new instrument for radio astronomical observations based on interferometric techniques, that will provide high angular resolution in the 21 cm band, with the intention of improving and extending the current performance of the instruments used at the Argentine Institute of Radio Astronomy. This will allow internationally competitive scientific research and the acquisition of cutting-edge scientific and technological know-how in the aforementioned techniques, enabling interferometric measurements and the development of very long baseline or VLBI techniques. This project is called MIA, an acronym for "Multipurpose Interferometric Array".

Astrophysical polarized foregrounds represent the most critical challenge in Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) B-mode experiments. Multi-frequency observations can be used to constrain astrophysical foregrounds to isolate the CMB contribution. However, recent observations indicate that foreground emission may be more complex than anticipated. We investigate how the increased spectral resolution provided by band splitting in Bolometric Interferometry (BI) through a technique called spectral imaging can help control the foreground contamination in the case of unaccounted Galactic dust frequency decorrelation along the line-of-sight. We focus on the next generation ground-based CMB experiment CMB-S4, and compare its anticipated sensitivities, frequency and sky coverage with a hypothetical version of the same experiment based on BI. We perform a Monte-Carlo analysis based on parametric component separation methods (FGBuster and Commander) and compute the likelihood on the recovered tensor-to-scalar ratio. The main result of this analysis is that spectral imaging allows us to detect systematic uncertainties on r from frequency decorrelation when this effect is not accounted for in component separation. Conversely, an imager would detect a biased value of r and would be unable to spot the presence of a systematic effect. We find a similar result in the reconstruction of the dust spectral index, where we show that with BI we can measure more precisely the dust spectral index also when frequency decorrelation is present. The in-band frequency resolution provided by BI allows us to identify dust LOS frequency decorrelation residuals where an imager of similar performance would fail. This opens the prospect to exploit this potential in the context of future CMB polarization experiments that will be challenged by complex foregrounds in their quest for B-modes detection., Comment: 13 Pages, 15 figures, 4 tables. Accepted by A&A

Context: Massive colliding-wind binaries (CWBs) can be non-thermal sources. The emission produced in their wind-collision region (WCR) encodes information of both the shocks properties and the relativistic electrons accelerated in them. The recently discovered system Apep, a unique massive system hosting two Wolf-Rayet stars, is the most powerful synchrotron radio emitter among the known CWBs, being an exciting candidate to investigate the non-thermal processes associated with stellar wind shocks. Aims: We intend to break the degeneracy between the relativistic particle population and the magnetic field strength in the WCR of Apep by probing its hard X-ray spectrum, where inverse-Compton (IC) emission is expected to dominate. Methods: We observe Apep with NuSTAR for 60 ks and combine this with a re-analysis of a deep archival XMM-Newton observation to better constrain the X-ray spectrum. We use a non-thermal emission model to derive physical parameters from the results. Results: We detect hard X-ray emission consistent with a power-law component. This is compatible with IC emission produced in the WCR for a magnetic field of 100-160 mG and a fraction of ~1.5e-4 of the total wind kinetic power being converted into relativistic electron acceleration. Conclusions: This is the first time that the non-thermal emission from a CWB is detected both in radio and high energies. This allows us to derive the most robust constraints of the particle acceleration efficiency and magnetic field intensity in a CWB so far, reducing the typical uncertainty of a few orders of magnitude to just within a factor of two. This constitutes an important step forward in our characterisation of the physical properties of CWBs., Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Context. Particle-accelerating colliding-wind binaries (PACWBs) are systems that are formed by two massive and hot stars and produce nonthermal (NT) radiation. The key elements of these systems are fast winds and the shocks that they create when they collide. Binaries with nonaccreting young pulsars have also been detected as NT emitters, again as a consequence of the wind-wind interaction. Black holes (BHs) might produce NT radiation by this mechanism if they accrete at super-Eddington rates. In such cases, the disk is expected to launch a radiation-driven wind, and if this wind has an equatorial component, it can collide with the companion star yielding a PACWB. These systems are supercritical colliding wind binaries (SCWBs). Aims. We aim to characterize the particle acceleration and NT radiation produced by the collision of winds in binary systems composed of a superaccreting BH and an early-type star. Methods. We estimated the terminal velocity of the disk-driven wind by calculating the spatial distribution of the radiation fields and their effect on disk particles. We then found the location of the wind collision region and calculated the timescales of energy gain and losses of relativistic particles undergoing diffusive acceleration. With this information, we were able to compute the associated spectral energy distribution of the radiation. Results. We find that the interaction of winds can produce NT emission from radio up to tens of GeV, with luminosities in the range of $\sim 10^{33}-10^{35} \, {\rm erg \, s^{-1}}$, which for the most part are contributed by electron synchrotron and inverse Compton radiation. Conclusions. We conclude that SCWBs, such as some ultraluminous X-ray sources and some Galactic X-ray binaries, are capable of accelerating cosmic rays and producing NT electromagnetic emission from radio to $\gamma$-rays, in addition to the thermal components., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) are natural by-products of galaxy mergers and are expected to be powerful multi-messenger sources. They can be powered by the accretion of matter and then radiate across the electromagnetic spectrum, much like normal active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Current electromagnetic observatories have a good chance of detecting and identifying these systems in the near future. However, precise observational indicators are needed to distinguish individual AGNs from SMBHBs. In this paper, we propose a novel electromagnetic signature from SMBHBs: non-thermal emission produced by the interaction between the jets ejected by the black holes. We study close SMBHBs, which accrete matter from a circumbinary disc and the mini-discs formed around each hole. Each black hole ejects a magnetically dominated jet in the direction of its spin through the Blandford--Znajeck mechanism. We argue that in such a situation, the interaction between the jets can trigger strong magnetic reconnection events, where particles are accelerated and emit non-thermal radiation. Depending on whether the jets are aligned or misaligned, this radiation can have different periodicities. We model the evolution of the particles accelerated during the dual jet interaction and calculate their radiative output, obtaining spectra and providing estimates for the variability timescales. We finally discuss how this emission compares with that of normal AGNs., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures. Accepted to be published in MNRAS

The Q&U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is a novel kind of polarimeter optimized for the measurement of the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Back-ground (CMB), which is one of the major challenges of observational cosmology. The signal is expected to be of the order of a few tens of nK, prone to instrumental systematic effects and polluted by various astrophysical foregrounds which can only be controlled through multichroic observations. QUBIC is designed to address these observational issues with a novel approach that combines the advantages of interferometry in terms of control of instrumental systematics with those of bolometric detectors in terms of wide-band, background-limited sensitivity., Comment: Contribution to the 2022 Cosmology session of the 33rd Rencontres de Blois. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2203.08947

Supernova remnants are believed to be the main sites where Galactic cosmic rays originate. This scenario, however, fails to explain some of the features observed in the cosmic-ray spectrum. Microquasars have been proposed as additional candidates, because their non-thermal emission indicates the existence of efficient particle acceleration mechanisms in their jets. A promising scenario envisages the production of relativistic neutrons in the jets, that decay outside the system injecting relativistic protons to the surroundings. The first investigations of this scenario suggest that microquasars might be fairly alternative cosmic-ray sources. We aim at assessing the role played by the degree of collimation of the jet on the cosmic-ray energetics in the neutron-carrier scenario, as well as the properties of the emission region. Our goals are to explain the Galactic component of the observed proton cosmic-ray spectrum at energies higher than $\sim 10$ GeV and to relate the mentioned jet properties with the power and spectral index of the produced cosmic rays. We find that collimated jets, with compact acceleration regions close to the jet base, are very efficient sources that could deliver a fraction of up to $\sim 0.01$ of their relativistic proton luminosity into cosmic rays. Collimation is the most significant feature regarding efficiency; a well collimated jet might be $\sim 4$ orders of magnitude more efficient than a poorly collimated one. The main feature of the presented mechanism is the production of a spectrum with a steeper spectral index ($\sim 2.3$ at energies up to $\sim 10$ TeV) than in the supernova scenario, and closer to what is observed. The predictions of our model may be used to infer the total contribution of the population of Galactic microquasars to the cosmic ray population, and therefore to quantitatively assess their significance as cosmic-ray sources., Comment: 11 pages, 14 figures

Context. There is a population of runaway stars that move at extremely high speeds with respect to their surroundings. The fast motion and the stellar wind of these stars, plus the wind-medium interaction, can lead to particle acceleration and non-thermal radiation. Aims. We characterise the interaction between the winds of fast runaway stars and their environment, in particular to establish their potential as cosmic-ray accelerators and non-thermal emitters. Methods. We model the hydrodynamics of the interaction between the stellar wind and the surrounding material. We self-consistently calculate the injection and transport of relativistic particles in the bow shock using a multi-zone code, and compute their broadband emission from radio to $\gamma$-rays. Results. Both the forward and reverse shocks are favourable sites for particle acceleration, although the radiative efficiency of particles is low and therefore the expected fluxes are in general rather faint. Conclusions. We show that high-sensitivity observations in the radio band can be used to detect the non-thermal radiation associated with bow shocks from hypervelocity and semi-relativistic stars. Hypervelocity stars are expected to be modest sources of sub-TeV cosmic rays, accounting perhaps for a $\sim 0.1$% of that of galactic cosmic rays., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication section 2. Astrophysical processes of Astronomy and Astrophysics

The recently discovered massive binary system Apep is the most powerful synchrotron emitter among the known Galactic colliding-wind binaries. This makes this particular system of great interest to investigate stellar winds and the non-thermal processes associated with their shocks. This source was detected at various radio bands, and in addition the wind-collision region was resolved by means of very-long baseline interferometric observations. We use a non-thermal emission model for colliding-wind binaries to derive physical properties of this system. The observed morphology in the resolved maps allows us to estimate the system projection angle on the sky to be $\psi \approx 85^\circ$. The observed radio flux densities also allow us to characterise both the intrinsic synchrotron spectrum of the source and its modifications due to free--free absorption in the stellar winds at low frequencies; from this we derive mass-loss rates of the stars of $\dot{M}_\mathrm{WN} \approx 4\times10^{-5}$ $\mathrm{M}_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ and $\dot{M}_\mathrm{WC} \approx 2.9\times10^{-5}$ $\mathrm{M}_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$. Finally, the broadband spectral energy distribution is calculated for different combinations of the remaining free parameters, namely the intensity of the magnetic field and the injected power in non-thermal particles. We show that the degeneracy of these two parameters can be solved with observations in the high-energy domain, most likely in the hard X-rays but also possibly in $\gamma$-rays under favourable conditions., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables. This version has been accepted for publication in PASA after improvements and updates in the discussion of the results

The origin of Galactic cosmic rays remains a matter of debate, but supernova remnants are commonly considered to be the main place where high-energy cosmic rays are accelerated. Nevertheless, current models predict cosmic-ray spectra that do not match observations and the efficiency of the acceleration mechanism is still undetermined. On the other hand, the contribution of other kinds of sources to the Galactic cosmic-ray population is still unclear, and merits investigation. In this work we explore a novel mechanism through which microquasars might produce cosmic rays. In this scenario, microquasar jets generate relativistic neutrons, which escape and decay outside the system; protons and electrons, created when these neutrons decay, escape to the interstellar medium as cosmic rays. The most promising scenarios arise in extremely luminous systems ($L_\mathrm{jet} \sim 10^{40}\,\mathrm{erg \, s}^{-1}$), in which the fraction of jet power deposited in cosmic rays can reach $\sim 0.001$. Slow jets ($\Gamma \lesssim 2$, where $\Gamma$ is the bulk Lorentz factor) favour neutron production. The resulting cosmic-ray spectrum is similar for protons and electrons, which share the power in the ratio given by neutron decay. The spectrum peaks at roughly half the minimum energy of the relativistic protons in the jet; it is soft (spectral index $\sim 3$) above this energy, and almost flat below. Values of spectral index steeper than $2$ are possible for cosmic rays in our model and these indeed agree with those required to explain the spectral signatures of Galactic cosmic rays, although only the most extreme microquasars provide power comparable to that of a typical supernova remnant. The mechanism explored in this work may provide stronger and softer cosmic-ray sources in the early Universe, and therefore contribute to the heating and reionisation of the intergalactic medium., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures

We present a model for the creation of non-thermal particles via diffusive shock acceleration in a colliding-wind binary. Our model accounts for the oblique nature of the global shocks bounding the wind-wind collision region and the finite velocity of the scattering centres to the gas. It also includes magnetic field amplification by the cosmic ray induced streaming instability and the dynamical back reaction of the amplified field. We assume that the injection of the ions and electrons is independent of the shock obliquity and that the scattering centres move relative to the fluid at the Alfv\'{e}n velocity (resulting in steeper non-thermal particle distributions). We find that the Mach number, Alfv\'{e}nic Mach number, and transverse field strength vary strongly along and between the shocks, resulting in significant and non-linear variations in the particle acceleration efficiency and shock nature (turbulent vs. non-turbulent). We find much reduced compression ratios at the oblique shocks in most of our models compared to our earlier work, though total gas compression ratios that exceed 20 can still be obtained in certain situations. We also investigate the dependence of the non-thermal emission on the stellar separation and determine when emission from secondary electrons becomes important. We finish by applying our model to WR 146, one of the brightest colliding wind binaries in the radio band. We are able to match the observed radio emission and find that roughly 30 per cent of the wind power at the shocks is channelled into non-thermal particles., Comment: 22 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

A prototype version of the Q & U bolometric interferometer for cosmology (QUBIC) underwent a campaign of testing in the laboratory at Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology laboratory in Paris (APC). The detection chain is currently made of 256 NbSi transition edge sensors (TES) cooled to 320 mK. The readout system is a 128:1 time domain multiplexing scheme based on 128 SQUIDs cooled at 1 K that are controlled and amplified by an SiGe application specific integrated circuit at 40 K. We report the performance of this readout chain and the characterization of the TES. The readout system has been functionally tested and characterized in the lab and in QUBIC. The low noise amplifier demonstrated a white noise level of 0.3 nV.Hz^-0.5. Characterizations of the QUBIC detectors and readout electronics includes the measurement of I-V curves, time constant and the noise equivalent power. The QUBIC TES bolometer array has approximately 80% detectors within operational parameters. It demonstrated a thermal decoupling compatible with a phonon noise of about 5.10^-17 W.Hz^-0.5 at 410 mK critical temperature. While still limited by microphonics from the pulse tubes and noise aliasing from readout system, the instrument noise equivalent power is about 2.10^-16 W.Hz^-0.5, enough for the demonstration of bolometric interferometry., Comment: Accepted for publication in JCAP

The Q $\&$ U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is a novel kind of polarimeter optimized for the measurement of the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), which is one of the major challenges of observational cosmology. The signal is expected to be of the order of a few tens of nK, prone to instrumental systematic effects and polluted by various astrophysical foregrounds which can only be controlled through multichroic observations. QUBIC is designed to address these observational issues with a novel approach that combines the advantages of interferometry in terms of control of instrumental systematic effects with those of bolometric detectors in terms of wide-band, background-limited sensitivity. The QUBIC synthesized beam has a frequency-dependent shape that results in the ability to produce maps of the CMB polarization in multiple sub-bands within the two physical bands of the instrument (150 and 220 GHz). These features make QUBIC complementary to other instruments and makes it particularly well suited to characterize and remove Galactic foreground contamination. In this article, first of a series of eight, we give an overview of the QUBIC instrument design, the main results of the calibration campaign, and present the scientific program of QUBIC including not only the measurement of primordial B-modes, but also the measurement of Galactic foregrounds. We give forecasts for typical observations and measurements: with three years of integration on the sky and assuming perfect foreground removal as well as stable atmospheric conditions from our site in Argentina, our simulations show that we can achieve a statistical sensitivity to the effective tensor-to-scalar ratio (including primordial and foreground B-modes) $\sigma(r)=0.015$., Comment: 34 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication by JCAP. Overview paper for a series of 8 QUBIC articles special JCAP edition dedicated to QUBIC

Bolometric interferometry is a novel technique that has the ability to perform spectral imaging. A bolometric interferometer observes the sky in a wide frequency band and can reconstruct sky maps in several sub-bands within the physical band in post-processing of the data. This provides a powerful spectral method to discriminate between the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and astrophysical foregrounds. In this paper, the methodology is illustrated with examples based on the Q \& U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) which is a ground-based instrument designed to measure the B-mode polarization of the sky at millimeter wavelengths. We consider the specific cases of point source reconstruction and Galactic dust mapping and we characterize the point spread function as a function of frequency. We study the noise properties of spectral imaging, especially the correlations between sub-bands, using end-to-end simulations together with a fast noise simulator. We conclude showing that spectral imaging performance are nearly optimal up to five sub-bands in the case of QUBIC., Comment: 27 pages, 18 figures. Accepted by JCAP on July 6, 2021. Second paper of series of 8 in a special JCAP edition on QUBIC

We present the design, manufacturing and performance of the horn-switch system developed for the technological demonstrator of QUBIC (the $Q$\&$U$ Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology). This system is constituted of 64 back-to-back dual-band (150\,GHz and 220\,GHz) corrugated feed-horns interspersed with mechanical switches used to select desired baselines during the instrument self-calibration. We manufactured the horns in aluminum platelets milled by photo-chemical etching and mechanically tightened with screws. The switches are based on steel blades that open and close the wave-guide between the back-to-back horns and are operated by miniaturized electromagnets. We also show the current development status of the feedhorn-switch system for the QUBIC full instrument, based on an array of 400 horn-switch assemblies., Comment: 30 pages, 28 figures. Accepted for submission to JCAP

Current experiments aimed at measuring the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) use cryogenic detector arrays and cold optical systems to boost the mapping speed of the sky survey. For these reasons, large volume cryogenic systems, with large optical windows, working continuously for years, are needed. Here we report on the cryogenic system of the QUBIC (Q and U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology) experiment: we describe its design, fabrication, experimental optimization and validation in the Technological Demonstrator configuration. The QUBIC cryogenic system is based on a large volume cryostat, using two pulse-tube refrigerators to cool at ~3K a large (~1 m^3) volume, heavy (~165kg) instrument, including the cryogenic polarization modulator, the corrugated feedhorns array, and the lower temperature stages; a 4He evaporator cooling at ~1K the interferometer beam combiner; a 3He evaporator cooling at ~0.3K the focal-plane detector arrays. The cryogenic system has been tested and validated for more than 6 months of continuous operation. The detector arrays have reached a stable operating temperature of 0.33K, while the polarization modulator has been operated from a ~10K base temperature. The system has been tilted to cover the boresight elevation range 20 deg -90 deg without significant temperature variations. The instrument is now ready for deployment to the high Argentinean Andes., Comment: This is one of a series of papers on the QUBIC experiment status - This version of the paper matches the one accepted for publication on Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

Inflation Gravity Waves B-Modes polarization detection is the ultimate goal of modern large angular scale cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments around the world. A big effort is undergoing with the deployment of many ground-based, balloon-borne and satellite experiments using different methods to separate this faint polarized component from the incoming radiation. One of the largely used technique is the Stokes Polarimetry that uses a rotating half-wave plate (HWP) and a linear polarizer to separate and modulate the polarization components with low residual cross-polarization. This paper describes the QUBIC Stokes Polarimeter highlighting its design features and its performances. A common systematic with these devices is the generation of large spurious signals synchronous with the rotation and proportional to the emissivity of the optical elements. A key feature of the QUBIC Stokes Polarimeter is to operate at cryogenic temperature in order to minimize this unwanted component. Moving efficiently this large optical element at low temperature constitutes a big engineering challenge in order to reduce friction power dissipation. Big attention has been given during the designing phase to minimize the differential thermal contractions between parts. The rotation is driven by a stepper motor placed outside the cryostat to avoid thermal load dissipation at cryogenic temperature. The tests and the results presented in this work show that the QUBIC polarimeter can easily achieve a precision below 0.1{\deg} in positioning simply using the stepper motor precision and the optical absolute encoder. The rotation induces only few mK of extra power load on the second cryogenic stage (~ 8 K)., Comment: Part of a series of 8 papers on QUBIC to be submitted to a special issue of JCAP

The Q and U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is a ground-based experiment that aims to detect B-mode polarisation anisotropies in the CMB at angular scales around the l=100 recombination peak. Systematic errors make ground-based observations of B modes at millimetre wavelengths very challenging and QUBIC mitigates these problems in a somewhat complementary way to other existing or planned experiments using the novel technique of bolometric interferometry. This technique takes advantage of the sensitivity of an imager and the systematic error control of an interferometer. A cold reflective optical combiner superimposes there-emitted beams from 400 aperture feedhorns on two focal planes. A shielding system composedof a fixed groundshield, and a forebaffle that moves with the instrument, limits the impact of local contaminants. The modelling, design, manufacturing and preliminary measurements of the optical components are described in this paper., Comment: Part of a series of 8 papers on QUBIC to be published in a special issue of JCAP. Accepted for publication

A prototype version of the Q & U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) underwent a campaign of testing in the laboratory at Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology in Paris. We report the results of this Technological Demonstrator which successfully shows the feasibility of the principle of Bolometric Interferometry. Characterization of QUBIC includes the measurement of the synthesized beam, the measurement of interference fringes, and the measurement of polarization performance. A modulated and frequency tunable millimetre-wave source in the telescope far-field is used to simulate a point source. The QUBIC pointing is scanned across the point source to produce beam maps. Polarization modulation is measured using a rotating Half Wave Plate. The measured beam matches well to the theoretical simulations and gives QUBIC the ability to do spectro imaging. The polarization performance is excellent with less than 0.5\% cross-polarization rejection. QUBIC is ready for deployment on the high altitude site at Alto Chorillo, Argentina to begin scientific operations., Comment: Part of a series of 8 papers on QUBIC accepted by JCAP for a special issue: https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1475-7516/page/QUBIC_status_and_forecast

Context. Near a dozen star-forming galaxies have been detected in gamma-rays by the Fermi observatory in the last decade. A remarkable property of this sample is the quasi-linear relation between the gamma-ray luminosity and the star formation rate, obtained assuming that the latter is well traced by the infra-red luminosity of the galaxies. The non-linearity of this relation has not been fully explained yet. Aims. We aim at determining the biases derived from the use of the infrared luminosity as a proxy for the star formation rate, and shed light onto the more fundamental relation between the latter and the gamma-ray luminosity. We expect to quantify and explain some trends observed in this relation. Methods. We compile from the literature a near-homogeneous set of distances, ultraviolet, optical, infra-red, and gamma-ray fluxes for all known gamma-ray emitting star-forming galaxies. From these data we compute the infra-red and gamma-ray luminosities, and star formation rates. We determine the best-fitting relation between the latter two, and describe the trend using simple, population-oriented models for cosmic-ray transport and cooling. Results. We find that the gamma-ray luminosity-star formation rate relation obtained from infra-red luminosities is biased to shallower slopes. The actual relation is steeper than previous estimates, having a power-law index of 1.35 +- 0.05, in contrast to 1.23 +- 0.06. Conclusions. The unbiased gamma-ray luminosity-star formation rate relation can be explained at high star formation rates by assuming that the cosmic ray cooling region is kiloparsec-sized, and pervaded by mild to fast winds. Combined with previous results about the scaling of wind velocity with star formation rate, our work provides support to advection as the dominant cosmic ray escape mechanism in low-star formation rate galaxies.

We conducted an observational campaign towards one of the most massive and luminous colliding wind binaries in the Galaxy, HD~93129A, close to its periastron passage in 2018. During this time the source was predicted to be in its maximum of high-energy emission. Here we present our data analysis from the X-ray satellites \textit{Chandra} and \textit{NuSTAR} and the $\gamma$-ray satellite \textit{AGILE}. High-energy emission coincident with HD~93129A was detected in the X-ray band up to $\sim$18~keV, whereas in the $\gamma$-ray band only upper limits were obtained. We interpret the derived fluxes using a non-thermal radiative model for the wind-collision region. We establish a conservative upper limit for the fraction of the wind kinetic power that is converted into relativistic electron acceleration, $f_\mathrm{NT,e} < 0.02$. In addition, we set a lower limit for the magnetic field in the wind-collision region as $B_\mathrm{WCR} > 0.3$~G. We also argue a putative interpretation of the emission from which we estimate $f_\mathrm{NT,e} \approx 0.006$ and $B_\mathrm{WCR} \approx 0.5$~G. We conclude that multi-wavelength, dedicated observing campaigns during carefully selected epochs are a powerful tool for characterising the relativistic particle content and magnetic field intensity in colliding wind binaries., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The Q & U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology, QUBIC, is an innovative experiment designed to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background and in particular the signature left therein by the inflationary expansion of the Universe. The expected signal is extremely faint, thus extreme sensitivity and systematic control are necessary in order to attempt this measurement. QUBIC addresses these requirements using an innovative approach combining the sensitivity of Transition Edge Sensor cryogenic bolometers, with the deep control of systematics characteristic of interferometers. This makes QUBIC unique with respect to others classical imagers experiments devoted to the CMB polarization. In this contribution we report a description of the QUBIC instrument including recent achievements and the demonstration of the bolometric interferometry performed in lab. QUBIC will be deployed at the observation site in Alto Chorrillos, in Argentina at the end of 2019., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Journal of Low Temperature Physics

We present a model for the non-thermal emission from a colliding-wind binary. Relativistic protons and electrons are assumed to be accelerated through diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) at the global shocks bounding the wind-wind collision region. The non-linear effects of the back-reaction due to the cosmic ray pressure on the particle acceleration process and the cooling of the non-thermal particles as they flow downstream from the shocks are included. We explore how the non-thermal particle distribution and the keV-GeV emission changes with the stellar separation and the viewing angle of the system, and with the momentum ratio of the winds. We confirm earlier findings that DSA is very efficient when magnetic field amplification is not included, leading to significantly modified shocks. We also find that the non-thermal flux scales with the binary separation in a complicated way and that the anisotropic inverse Compton emission shows only a moderate variation with viewing angle due to the spatial extent of the wind-wind collision., Comment: 18 pages, 24 figures, accepted by MNRAS

QUBIC (Q \& U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology) is an international ground-based experiment dedicated in the measurement of the polarized fluctuations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). It is based on bolometric interferometry, an original detection technique which combine the immunity to systematic effects of an interferometer with the sensitivity of low temperature incoherent detectors. QUBIC will be deployed in Argentina, at the Alto Chorrillos mountain site near San Antonio de los Cobres, in the Salta province. The QUBIC detection chain consists in 2048 NbSi Transition Edge Sensors (TESs) cooled to 350mK.The voltage-biased TESs are read out with Time Domain Multiplexing based on Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) at 1 K and a novel SiGe Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) at 60 K allowing to reach an unprecedented multiplexing (MUX) factor equal to 128. The QUBIC experiment is currently being characterized in the lab with a reduced number of detectors before upgrading to the full instrument. I will present the last results of this characterization phase with a focus on the detectors and readout system., Comment: Conference proceedings submitted to the Journal of Low Temperature Physics for LTD18

Current simulations indicate that the first stars were formed predominantly in binary systems. The study of the contribution of the first accreting binary systems to the reionization and heating of the intergalactic medium requires the formulation of a concrete model for microquasars of Population III. We aim at constructing a complete model for microquasars where the donor star is of Population III. We consider that the mas-loss of the star is caused exclusively by the spill of matter through the Roche lobe towards the black hole. We calculate the spectral energy distribution of the radiation produced by the accretion disk, the radiation-pressure driven wind, and the relativistic particles in the jets, within the framework of a lepto-hadronic model. In addition, we estimate the impact on the reionization by the first microquasars. We determine that Population III microquasars are powerful sources of ultraviolet radiation produced by the winds of their super-critical disks, and generate a broadband non-thermal emission in jets. Our results indicate that microquasars in the early Universe could have been important for the reionization and heating of the intergalactic medium., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

The innermost parts of powerful jets in active galactic nuclei are surrounded by dense, high-velocity clouds from the broad-line region, which may penetrate into the jet and lead to the formation of a strong shock. Such jet-cloud interactions are expected to have measurable effects on the $\gamma$-ray emission from blazars. We characterise the dynamics of a typical cloud-jet interaction scenario, and the evolution of its radiative output in the 0.1-30~GeV energy range, to assess to what extent these interactions can contribute to the $\gamma$-ray emission in blazars. We use semi-analytical descriptions of the jet-cloud dynamics, taking into account the expansion of the cloud inside the jet and its acceleration. Assuming that electrons are accelerated in the interaction and making use of the hydrodynamical information, we then compute the high-energy radiation from the cloud, including the absorption of $\gamma$-rays in the ambient photon field through pair creation. Jet-cloud interactions can lead to significant $\gamma$-ray fluxes in blazars with a broad-line region, in particular when the cloud expansion and acceleration inside the jet are taken into account. This is caused by 1) the increased shocked area in the jet, which leads to an increase in the energy budget for the non-thermal emission; 2) a more efficient inverse Compton cooling with the boosted photon field of the broad-line region; and 3) an increased observer luminosity due to Doppler boosting effects. For typical broad-line region parameters, either (i) jet-cloud interactions contribute significantly to the persistent $\gamma$-ray emission from blazars or (ii) the broad-line region is far from spherical or the fraction of energy deposited in non-thermal electrons is small., Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

QUBIC, the QU Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology, is a novel forthcoming instrument to measure the B-mode polarization anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background. The detection of the B-mode signal will be extremely challenging; QUBIC has been designed to address this with a novel approach, namely bolometric interferometry. The receiver cryostat is exceptionally large and cools complex optical and detector stages to 40 K, 4 K, 1 K and 350 mK using two pulse tube coolers, a novel 4He sorption cooler and a double-stage 3He/4He sorption cooler. We discuss the thermal and mechanical design of the cryostat, modelling and thermal analysis, and laboratory cryogenic testing.

Context: Runaway stars produce bowshocks that are usually observed at infrared (IR) wavelengths. Non-thermal radio emission has been detected so far only from the bowshock of BD+43{\deg}3654, whereas the detection of non-thermal radiation from these bowshocks at high energies remains elusive. Aims: We aim at characterising in detail the radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray emission from stellar bowshocks accounting for the structure of the region of interaction between the stellar wind and its environment. Methods: We develop a broadband-radiative, multi-zone model for stellar bowshocks that takes into account the spatial structure of the emitting region and the observational constraints. The model predicts the evolution and the emission of the relativistic particles accelerated and streaming together with the shocked flow. Results: We present broadband non-thermal spectral energy distributions for different scenarios, synthetic radio-cm synchrotron maps that reproduce the morphology of BD+43{\deg}3654, and updated predictions in X-ray and gamma-ray energy ranges. We also compare the results of the multi-zone model applied in this work with those of a refined one-zone model. Conclusions: A multi-zone model provides better constraints than a one-zone model on the relevant parameters, namely the magnetic field intensity and the amount of energy deposited in non-thermal particles. However, one-zone models can be improved by carefully characterising the intensity of the IR dust photon field and the escape rate of the plasma from the shocked region. Finally, comparing observed radio maps with those obtained from a multi-zone model enables constraints to be obtained on the direction of stellar motion with respect to the observer., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

The bowshocks of runaway stars had been theoretically proposed as gamma-ray sources. However, this hypothesis has not been confirmed by observations up to date. In this paper, we present two runaway stars (Lambda Cephei and LS 2355) whose bowshocks are coincident with the unidentified Fermi gamma-ray sources 3FLG J2210.1+5925 and 3FGL J1128.7-6232, respectively. After performing a cross-correlation between different catalogues at distinct wavelengths, we found that these bowshocks are the most peculiar objects in the Fermi position ellipses. Then, we computed the inverse Compton emission and fitted the Fermi data in order to test the viability of both runaway stars as potential counterparts of the two high-energy sources. We obtained very reasonable values for the fitted parameters of both stars. We also evaluated the possibility for the source 3FGL J1128.7-6232, which is positionally coincident with an HII region, to be the result of background cosmic-rays protons interacting with the matter of the cloud, as well as the probability of a pure chance association. We conclude that the gamma rays from these Fermi sources might be produced in the bowshocks of the considered runaway stars. In such a case, these would be the first sources of this class ever detected at gamma rays., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

In this paper we describe QUBIC, an experiment that takes up the challenge posed by the detection of primordial gravitational waves with a novel approach, that combines the sensitivity of state-of-the art bolometric detectors with the systematic effects control typical of interferometers. The so-called "self-calibration" is a technique deeply rooted in the interferometric nature of the instrument and allows us to clean the measured data from instrumental effects. The first module of QUBIC is a dual band instrument (150 GHz and 220 GHz) that will be deployed in Argentina during the Fall 2018., Comment: Presented at the EPS Conference on High Energy Physics, Venice (Italy), 5-12 July 2017 Accepted for publication in conference proceedings

Massive runaway stars produce bow shocks through the interaction of their winds with the interstellar medium, with the prospect for particle acceleration by the shocks. These objects are consequently candidates for non-thermal emission. Our aim is to investigate the X-ray emission from these sources. We observed with XMM-Newton a sample of 5 bow shock runaways, which constitutes a significant improvement of the sample of bow shock runaways studied in X-rays so far. A careful analysis of the data did not reveal any X-ray emission related to the bow shocks. However, X-ray emission from the stars is detected, in agreement with the expected thermal emission from stellar winds. On the basis of background measurements we derive conservative upper limits between 0.3 and 10 keV on the bow shocks emission. Using a simple radiation model, these limits together with radio upper limits allow us to constrain some of the main physical quantities involved in the non-thermal emission processes, such as the magnetic field strength and the amount of incident infrared photons. The reasons likely responsible for the non-detection of non-thermal radiation are discussed. Finally, using energy budget arguments, we investigate the detectability of inverse Compton X-rays in a more extended sample of catalogued runaway star bow shocks. From our analysis we conclude that a clear identification of non-thermal X-rays from massive runaway bow shocks requires one order of magnitude (or higher) sensitivity improvement with respect to present observatories., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures and 9 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Particle-accelerating colliding-wind binaries (PACWBs) are multiple systems made of early-type stars able to accelerate particles up to relativistic velocities. The relativistic particles can interact with different fields (magnetic or radiation) in the colliding-wind region and produce non-thermal emission. In many cases, non-thermal synchrotron radiation might be observable and thus constitute an indicator of the existence of a relativistic particle population in these multiple systems. To date, the catalogue of PACWBs includes about 40 objects spread over many stellar types and evolutionary stages, with no clear trend pointing to privileged subclasses of objects likely to accelerate particles. This paper aims at discussing critically some criteria for selecting new candidates among massive binaries. The subsequent search for non-thermal radiation in these objects is expected to lead to new detections of particle accelerators. On the basis of this discussion, some broad ideas for observation strategies are formulated. At this stage of the investigation of PACWBs, there is no clear reason to consider particle acceleration in massive binaries as an anomaly or even as a rare phenomenon. We therefore consider that several PACWBs will be detected in the forthcoming years, essentially using sensitive radio interferometers which are capable of measuring synchrotron emission from colliding-wind binaries. Prospects for high-energy detections are also briefly addressed., Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

We present the results of a study of different statistical methods currently used in the literature to analyse the (micro)variability of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from ground-based optical observations. In particular, we focus on the comparison between the results obtained by applying the so-called C and F statistics, which are based on the ratio of standard deviations and variances, respectively. The motivation for this is that the implementation of these methods leads to different and contradictory results, making the variability classification of the light curves of a certain source dependent on the statistics implemented. For this purpose, we re-analyse the results on an AGN sample observed along several sessions with the 2.15m "Jorge Sahade" telescope (CASLEO), San Juan, Argentina. For each AGN we constructed the nightly differential light curves. We thus obtained a total of 78 light curves for 39 AGNs, and we then applied the statistical tests mentioned above, in order to re-classify the variability state of these light curves and in an attempt to find the suitable statistical methodology to study photometric (micro)variations. We conclude that, although the $C$ criterion is not proper a statistical test, it could still be a suitable parameter to detect variability and that its application allows us to get more reliable variability results, in contrast with the F test., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures

The stellar winds of the massive stars in high-mass microquasars are thought to be inhomogeneous. The interaction of these inhomogeneities, or clumps, with the jets of these objects may be a major factor in gamma-ray production. Our goal is to characterize a typical scenario of clump-jet interaction, and calculate the contribution of these interactions to the gamma-ray emission from these systems. We use axisymmetric, RHD simulations to model the emitting flow in a typical clump-jet interaction. Using the simulation results we perform a numerical calculation of the high-energy emission from one of these interactions. The radiative calculations are done for relativistic electrons locally accelerated at the jet shock, and the synchrotron and IC radiation spectra are computed for different stages of the shocked clump evolution. We also explore different parameter values, such as viewing angle and magnetic field strength. We generalize phenomenologically the results derived from one clump-jet interaction to multiple interactions under different wind models, estimating the clump-jet interaction rates, and the resulting luminosities in the GeV range. If particles are efficiently accelerated in clump-jet interactions, the apparent gamma-ray luminosity through IC scattering with the stellar photons can be significant even for rather strong magnetic fields and thus efficient synchrotron cooling. Moreover, despite the standing nature or slow motion of the jet shocks for most of the interaction stage, Doppler boosting in the postshock flow is relevant even for mildly relativistic jets. For clump-to-average wind density contrasts $\gtrsim 10$, clump-jet interactions could be bright enough to match the observed GeV luminosity in Cyg~X-1 and Cyg~X-3 when a jet is present in these sources, with required non-thermal-to-total available power fractions $\sim 0.01$ and $0.1$, respectively., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Several massive early-type binaries exhibit non-thermal emission which has been attributed to synchrotron radiation from particles accelerated by diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in the wind-collision region (WCR). If the magnetic field in the strong shocks is ordered, its component parallel to the shock front should be enhanced, and the resultant synchrotron radiation would be polarized. However, such polarization has never been measured. We performed spatially-unresolved radio continuum observations of WR 146, a well known a WC6+O8 system, at 5 cm and 20 cm with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. No linearly polarized radio emission was detected. The data constrain the fractional linear polarization to less than 0.6% between 1 to 8 GHz. This is compatible with a high level of turbulence and a dominant random component in the magnetic field. In this case the relativistic particles could be produced by turbulent magnetic reconnection (MR). In order for this scenario to satisfy the required non-thermal energy budget, we find through numerical modeling that the strength of the magnetic field in the WCR must be as high as ~150 mG. However, if the magnetic field is ordered and DSA is ongoing, then a combination of internal and external Faraday rotation could equally account for the depolarization of the emission. It is not clear whether it is possible to develop the high level of turbulence and strong magnetic fields required for efficient MR in a long-period binary such as WR 146. This scenario might also have trouble explaining the low-frequency cutoff in the spectrum. We therefore favor a scenario where particles are accelerated through DSA and the depolarization is produced by mechanisms other than a large ratio between random to regular magnetic fields., Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, A&A in press

QUBIC is an instrument aiming at measuring the B mode polarisation anisotropies at medium scales angular scales (30-200 multipoles). The search for the primordial CMB B-mode polarization signal is challenging, because of many difficulties: smallness of the expected signal, instrumental systematics that could possibly induce polarization leakage from the large E signal into B, brighter than anticipated polarized foregrounds (dust) reducing to zero the initial hope of finding sky regions clean enough to have a direct primordial B-modes observation. The QUBIC instrument is designed to address all aspects of this challenge with a novel kind of instrument, a Bolometric Interferometer, combining the background-limited sensitivity of Transition-Edge-Sensors and the control of systematics allowed by the observation of interference fringe patterns, while operating at two frequencies to disentangle polarized foregrounds from primordial B mode polarization. Its characteristics are described in details in this Technological Design Report., Comment: 139 pages ; high resolution version can be found on the qubic website (http://qubic.in2p3.fr/QUBIC/Home.html) minor changes : update author list & affiliations ; correct title

We analyse configurations of compact stars in the so-called R-squared gravity in the Palatini formalism. Using a realistic equation of state we show that the mass-radius configurations are lighter than their counterparts in General Relativity. We also obtain the internal profiles, which run in strong correlation with the derivatives of the equation of state, leading to regions where the mass parameter decreases with the radial coordinate in a counter-intuitive way. In order to analyse such correlation, we introduce a parametrisation of the equation of state given by multiple polytropes, which allows us to explicitly control its derivatives. We show that, even in a limiting case where hard phase transitions in matter are allowed, the internal profile of the mass parameter still presents strange features and the calculated M-R configurations also yield NSs lighter than those obtained in General Relativity., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in General Relativity and Gravitation

Aims: We aim at investigating the time-behaviour of a sample of gamma-ray blazars. We present the results from a 13 month-long optical photometry monitoring campaign of the blazars PKS 0048-097, PKS 0754+100, HB89 0827+243, PKS 0851+202, PKS 1253-055, PKS1510-089, PKS 1749+096, PKS 2230+114 and PKS 2251+158. Methods: We analyse the variability of each object, focusing on different time-scales (long term, short term, and microvariability), in an attempt to achieve a statistical comparison of the results. Results: After applying a geometric model to explain the variability results, we found that it is possible that a slight change in the direction of the jet generates the variations detected in some objects during this campaign., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in A&A

In this work we combine SEDs, radio maps and polarization observations to understand the emission mechanisms in Cygnus X-1. Our radiative model indicates that the MeV emission originates in the jet and that all the very high-energy emission is from hadronic origin. We also performed a synthetic radio map that suggests that our description of the magnetic field should be improved, since it leads to a very compact emission region. In order to choose the most suitable magnetic field geometry, we investigated the polarization in X-rays and we found that very simple geometries can explain the high levels of polarization reported by other authors., Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of the Conference "High-Energy Phenomena and Relativistic Outflows V", held in La Plata, 5-8 October 2015

List of contributions from the CTA Consortium presented at the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 30 July - 6 August 2015, The Hague, The Netherlands., Comment: Index of CTA conference proceedings at the ICRC2015, The Hague (The Netherlands). v1: placeholder with no arXiv links yet, to be replaced once individual contributions have been all submitted; v2: final with arXiv links to all CTA contributions and full author list