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This study investigated the setter's decision-making on setting direction based on interpersonal (interaction between players) and extra personal (interaction between players and some place or object) coordination. The sample consisted of 86 sequences of play involving settings performed by males (n = 43) and females (n = 43). Fifty-nine spatiotemporal measures of interpersonal and extra personal coordination were obtained from the x and y coordinates of volleyball players' displacements using the TACTO software. Settings to each court zone were compared in relation to each spatiotemporal measure. Results showed that when the final area between attacker in the zone 3 and block was greatest and emerged from highest velocity, setters decided to set to zone 2. On the other hand, when the foregoing area was smallest and emerged from lowest velocity, setters decided to set to zones 3 and 4. It was concluded that the final area between attacker in the zone 3 and block and its emerging velocity constrained the setters' decision-making on setting direction. This study provides useful insights into the design of practice tasks in volleyball, suggesting that setters should be advised to be attuned to the interpersonal coordination involving attacker in the zone 3 and block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study investigated how information emerging from interpersonal coordination affects the decision-making on tipping in different phases of the volleyball game. Eighty-six sequences of play involving tips performed by players of both sexes were selected from 20 games of a professional championship of volleyball (attack phase, n = 56; counterattack phase, n = 30). The following spatiotemporal measures of interpersonal coordination were calculated from the x and y coordinates of the player's positioning: area forming a gap between opponents, setter's displacement to the ball, setter's distances to the net and blockers, and passing velocity. A multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) were run to compare the tips in the attack vs. counterattack phases, and traditional tips vs. non-traditional tips. The results revealed that the defending area and passing velocity were greater in attacking tips than in counterattacking tips. Setter's distance and velocity to reach the ball and the blockers were smaller in attacking tips than in the counterattacking ones. It was also revealed that the final distances between the setter and the net and him/her and the blockers were smaller in traditional tips than in non-traditional tips. It was concluded that the interpersonal coordination information based on which volleyball setter players make decisions on tipping differs between attacks and counterattacks, as well as traditional and non-traditional tipping. These findings provide a useful insight for practice tasks, since setters should be instructed to be perceptually attuned to their spatiotemporal relationship with defenders and ball in order to make decision on tipping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the soccer players' decision-making of kicking using different ball trajectories and different foot-ball contact surfaces. Soccer kick events from 12 games of an amateur Colombian championship were selected and analysed using TACTO software. Participants included 150 male players aged between 17-38 years possessing at least 7 years of experience. The spatiotemporal variables considered were: the angle of the kick, the distance between the attacker and the defender (interpersonal) and between the defender and the goal (extra personal), and also the velocity and variability of each variable. The analysis included rectilinear and parabolic ball trajectories shots, and inside of the foot and instep kicks. The results revealed that the choice of kicking using a rectilinear or parabolic trajectory was influenced by the angle of the kick and the interpersonal distance. Inside of the foot or instep kicks were chosen depending on the variability of the extra personal distance. The findings highlight that the choice of kicking using different ball trajectories and different parts of the foot is influenced by spatial interactions between players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]