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The extent to which markers have been used in chickpea breeding programmes has not been clearly determined. In the current study, phenotypic and marker-assisted selection (MAS) were employed to select blight resistant genotypes, comparing the effectiveness of both methods. The phenotypic evaluation showed that the resistance could be recessive in the material employed. However, the high distorted segregation towards the susceptible parent detected on linkage group four (LG4) could also explain the phenotype distribution of resistance. Phenotypic selection in F2:4 and F2:5 generations lead to an increase in the frequency of the allele associated with the resistance of the markers CaETR and GAA47, indicating the usefulness of these markers for MAS. The markers TA72 and SCY17 could be also useful for MAS but the high distorted segregation towards the susceptible parent in the region where these markers are located could explain their low effectiveness. The costs associated with phenotypic selection and MAS for ascochyta blight resistance during three cycles of selection are presented in the current study, showing that MAS was more expensive than phenotypic selection. Nevertheless, the use of markers reduced the time taken to select resistant lines. The markers analysed in the current study were useful to select genotypes resistant to ascochyta blight in chickpea breeding programmes, allowing pyramiding genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to different pathotypes. It is recommended that MAS should be employed in early generations of chickpea breeding programmes for the four QTL analysed because this makes it possible to develop populations with a high frequency of the favourable alleles conferring resistance to blight. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, trypsin was immobilized onto commercial silica gel and the transesterification of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEE) and 1-propanol in an organic solvent was used as a model reaction. The amount of trypsin adsorbed onto the support affected the time required to achieve full conversion. The concentration of immobilized trypsin that provided a maximum yield of product in a minimal amount of time was 43 (imol of trypsin/g silica gel. At the end of transesterification reactions, the turnover frequency (9.3 · 10-5 to 6.8 · 10-1 s-1) and turnover number (8 to 520) of transesterification markedly increased when the initial concentration of the substrate had increased from 0.8 to 100 mmol L-1. The kinetic parameters Km (64.8 mmol L-1 ATEEinitial) and Kmax (0.364 mmol L-1 ethanol min-1) were determined. The immobilized trypsin maintained enzymatic activity and reusability after one month of storage at 4 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterization of plant varieties is traditionally based on phenotypic observation. However, some varieties have very similar morphological characteristics, which make it difficult to distinguish between them. The present study employed 15 microsatellite markers distributed across all linkage groups (LG) of the chickpea genetic map to characterize 32 commercial chickpea cultivars and determine the usefulness of these markers for cultivar identification. These markers showed a high level of polymorphism; a total of 154 different alleles were detected, with a mean of 10·3 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC) value ranged from 0·455 to 0·897. All the markers, with the exception of TA130, TA135 and TA144, were considered to be informative (PIC>0·7), indicating their potential usefulness for cultivar identification. A subset of markers (TA186, TA200, TA106, TA113, TA117 and TA30) was sufficient to identify all the cultivars studied. In order to confirm their discriminatory power, 16 unreleased chickpea cultivars (V1–V16) were screened and all of them presented different patterns. Therefore, these microsatellites can be regarded as a reference set for chickpea cultivar identification and their profiles can be used as a DNA fingerprint for each registered cultivar, avoiding redundancy of identical cultivars as well as to protect breeders' rights. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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Quantitative traits, seed size, yield and days to flowering were studied in a chickpea intraspecific recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (F6:7) derived from a Kabuli × Desi cross. The population was evaluated in two locations over 2 years. Days to flowering was also evaluated in the greenhouse under short-day conditions. Seed size was the most heritable trait (0.90), followed by days to flowering (0.36) and yield (0.14). Negative and significant correlation was found between yield and seed size in the second year where environmental homogeneity was tested by analysing the controls included in each assay. During the first year, the environment was not considered homogeneous for yield in either location. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the three characters were detected in linkage group (LG) 4. In relation to seed size, two QTLs were located in LG4 (QTLSW1) and LG8 (QTLSW2). QTLSW1 accounted 20.3% of the total phenotypic variation and QTLSW2 explained 10.1%. A QTL for yield (QTLYD) was located in LG4 explaining around 13% of variation. QTLYD might be pleiotropic with QTLSW1. For days to flowering, a QTL (QTLDF1) was located in LG4 for all environments analysed explaining around 20% of variation. QTLDF1 was closely linked to QTLSW1 and QTLYD in LG4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes are demonstrated as a good support for the immobilization of ß-Glucosidase. This is an enzyme with high molecular weight (ca. 135 kDa). A high enzyme loading of 630 mg per gram of support was achieved in 12 h. The link between the enzyme and the carbon nanotubes surface was by electrostatic interactions due to the different charges of the enzyme and the support at the pH of the immobilization. Immobilized ß-Glucosidase showed a catalytic activity above 400 U/g on the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl-ß-D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In assessing a first psychotic episode it is necessary to discard possibilities of other underlying medical pathologies that may cause the psychiatric symptoms. Objectives: To illustrate the warning signs that must be considered in the assessment of a first psychotic episode. Methods: We present the case of a 24-year-old male, without psychiatric history, treated in the emergency department for behavioral disturbances evolving over the course of 5 days. Auditory and visual hallucinations, echolalia, episodes of self-aggression and psychomotor agitation are described. Fever had been described for 3 days before the consultation. Results: No analytical alterations are observed, nor in the imaging tests (Rx thorax, cranial CT). Lumbar puncture is normal. Serologies and drug test are negative. Empirical treatment is initiated with Aciclovir and Haloperidol. Subsequently, EEG and NMR are performed that are within normality. With this data it seems very unlikely to be infectious encephalitis, therefore treatment is suspended after 10 days. The patient evolves favorably without presenting any neurological deficit, being finally diagnosed with neurological functional disorder possibly reactive to systemic infection. The data that guide our patient towards secondary psychosis are: fever of unknown origin, fluctuations in symptomatology and state of consciousness, visual hallucinations and absence of personal or family psychiatric history. Conclusions: It is essential to conduct a regulated study of the patient prior to the first psychotic episode, by means of a complete history, a careful clinical examination, and regulated complementary tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pharmacological treatment should be a constant therapeutic measure in the patient with ADHD, provided the diagnosis is well established, based on current clinical criteria and a clear impact. Objectives: To study what psychopharmacological treatments available for the treatment of ADHD are approved in Spain. Methods: Systematic review of psychotropic drugs approved for ADHD by the FDA, the EMA and the AEMS. Of all the sample obtained, it was compared which drugs approved by the FDA had approved in Spain the indication in the data sheet for use in ADHD. Results: Psychostimulant psychotropic drugs: • Methylphenidate -Short action: Rubifen®, Medicebran® -Biphasic intermediate action: Medikinet® 50:50, Equasym® 30:70 -Prolonged action: Concerta ® Oros® osmotic release, Sandoz Mph-OCR®, • Dextroamphetamine -Short action: Dexedrine® NOT available -Prolonged action: lisdexamfetamine (Elvanse®) Non-psychostimulant psychotropic drugs • Atomoxetine: Strattera® • Alpha-2-agonists: -Long acting clonidine: Kapvay® NOT available -Long acting guanfacine: Intuniv® Conclusions: In Spain: - Within the group of psychostimulants the short-acting dextroamphetamine is not approved. -In the group of non-psychostimulants, long-acting clonidine is not approved.I Both drugs do not have an official data sheet and there is no evidence that they are pending approval by the Spanish agency of the drug for use in the treatment of ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Epistemic injustice (EI) is defined byMiranda Fricker as "a damage done to someone in their capacity as a knower". She defined two forms of EI: testimonial and hermeneutical injustice. The latter describes how collective interpretative resources are set up in a certain way and, consequently, a person could potentially lack the means of making sense of their experience. Objectives: We present the case of a 42-year-old female patient referred to the mental health services due to symptoms of depressive mood in the context of her infant son's diagnosis of a fatal degenerative disease: lisencefalia. Methods: We present a case report where we problematise how motherhood caring and grieving a baby with a fatal disease can be better understood through the lens of epistemic injustice. Results: An epistemic void regarding motherhood appears to exist given that is socially understood from a perspective that is only charged with positive attributions and meanings and which, in turn, obscure the arduous and demanding aspects of caring for a newborn. This can generate great guilt in mothers when facing the 'dark side of motherhood' lacking the conceptual tools with which to make sense of it. This fact is intensified when caring for a child with a disease with a fatal prognosis. Conclusions: We believe that understanding the distress that arises from motherhood through the lens of epistemic injustice could help to reframe these problems from a social rather than individual perspective and serve as a form of recognition, justice and reparation which could help in the healing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We present the case of a 62-year-old female patient patient diagnosed with Schizoaffective disorder in 1995 followed in our out-patient department who presented a rare hepatotoxic adverse reaction, Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI), after switching from Haloperidol to Clozapine. Objectives: Clozapine is a second-line 'atypical' antipsychotic reserved to cases of refractory psychosis due to its adverse effects. In relation to these, descriptions have traditionally focused on hematological alterations due to their severity and gastrointestinal alterations due to their frequency. However, hepatotoxic adverse effects have received less attention in the available literature. Methods: A case report is presented alongside a review of the relevant literature regarding the hepatotoxicity of clozapine focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of the aforementioned adverse effect. Results: Two months after the introduction of clozapine, an isolated elevation of ALT of 965 U / L was detected in a routine analysis, suggestive pattern of a moderate hepatocellular DILI. After the discontinuation of the aforementioned drug the analytical findings went back to normal ranges, other serological and analytical tests ruled out other causes of acute liver damage. Conclusions: The study of the adverse effects of clozapine has traditionally overlooked hepatotoxicity. Several studies suggest that a slight sporadic elevation of transaminases at onset of treatment is frequent. According to the published cases, DILI seems like a more prevalent adverse effect than what was previously considered. Given the severity of this entity and its possible repercussions, it would be interesting to study clozapine-induced hepatic impairment in depth in order to improve patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cyclic vomiting syndrome is an infrequent disorder of unknown aetiology which shares similarities with migraine headaches. It is characterised by episodes of vomiting followed by periods of remission without active symptomatology with no organic pathology to account for the symptoms. Objectives: We present the case of an 18-year-old patient who was treated in our department due to persistent vomiting. The patient had already had 2 similar episodes in the same year having been studied by the gastroenterology Department of our hospital with no conclusive diagnosis. Prior to that, the patient had had a history of outburst of persistent vomiting in the previous two years with a diagnosis of somatisation. Methods: A case report is presented alongside a review of the relevant literature regarding CVS focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. Results: During her admission the patient was treated with IV hydration, Ondansetron, Diazepam and Chlorpromazine as abortive treatment. When remission was achieved she was followed in our out-patient department and it is being considered for prophylaxis treatment with Amitriptyline or topiramate. Conclusions: Cyclic vomiting syndrome is a disabling disease still unknown tomost clinicians despite the fact that there is increasing quality evidence about its identification and treatment. There is a risk that patients who need it may be labeled as 'somatizers' and therefore referred to psychiatry services with the risk of being stigmatized. Finally, comorbidity between CVS and anxietydepressive disorders is common, therefore proper identification and treatment is needed to reducing the morbidity derived from an already disabling disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]