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Objectives: Investigate trends over time and predictors of malignancies among children and young people with HIV. Design: Pooled data from 17 cohorts in 15 countries across Europe and Thailand. Methods: Individuals diagnosed with HIV and presenting to paediatric care less than 18 years of age were included. Time at risk began at birth for children with documented vertically acquired HIV, and from first HIV-care visit for others. Children were followed until death, loss-to-follow-up, or last visit in paediatric or adult care (where data after transfer to adult care were available). Rates of reported malignancies were calculated overall and for AIDS-defining malignancies (ADM) and non-AIDS-defining malignancies (NADM) separately. Risk factors for any malignancy were explored using Poisson regression, and for mortality following a malignancy diagnosis using Cox regression. Results: Among 9632 individuals included, 140 (1.5%) were ever diagnosed with a malignancy, of which 112 (80%) were ADM. Overall, the rate of any malignancy was 1.18 per 1000 person-years; the rate of ADM decreased over time whereas the rate of NADM increased. Male sex, being from a European cohort, vertically acquired HIV, current severe immunosuppression, current viral load greater than 400 copies/ml, older age, and, for those not on treatment, earlier calendar year, were risk factors for a malignancy diagnosis. Fifty-eight (41%) individuals with a malignancy died, a median 2.4 months (IQR 0.6-8.8) after malignancy diagnosis. Conclusion: The rate of ADM has declined since widespread availability of combination ART, although of NADM, there was a small increase. Mortality following a malignancy was high, warranting further investigation.

Para que las administraciones públicas sean éticas en el desempeño de su gestión, las decisiones de sus representantes deben responder a los intereses de los grupos de interés a los que se encuentra vinculada, además sus funciones deben ser ejercidas con voluntad de servicio público. En relación a ello, la presente investigación analiza el liderazgo ético en la gestión pública municipal, buscando potenciar la eficiencia en el desempeño de sus funciones públicas con responsabilidad social; enmarcada en el paradigma cualitativo, etnográfico, interpretativo, de carácter transversal, cuya población de estudio fue la Alcaldía de Mara del estado Zulia, Venezuela. Donde se evidenció que sehan intentado desarrollar cambios científicos-sociales, sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos realizados por alcanzar la trasformación organizacional, existen algunas limitaciones desde el punto de vista político, jurídico, económico, social y tecnológico por lo cual, se ha establecido una propuesta del liderazgo ético como factor potenciador de la transformación organizacional, en base a las características y perfil del líder. Se concluye, que dichasmodificaciones deben canalizarse de manera metódica, induciendo a los involucrados, a través de talleres grupales, a un cambio gradual progresivo,que permitan generar el cambio necesario en la administración pública municipal del estado Zulia.

A common design of a high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal system consists of the wastes encapsulated within steel canisters that are emplaced within horizontal tunnels, with the space between the canisters and the surrounding rock filled with a bentonite-based material. In the early post closure period the buffer is expected to experience the maximum temperature. In this phase the buffer is largely unsaturated and the thermal evolution of the engineered barrier system (EBS) is likely to be controlled by the effective thermal conductivity of the dry buffer. In particular, the temperature evolution of the EBS and surrounding host rock was simulated using reference data for the thermal properties of HLW, bentonite backfill and Opalinus Clay. The results showed that the canister surface temperatures would reach a maximum value of ~150??C within a few years after emplacement (Johnson et al. 2002). These anticipated temperatures at the canister surface, in the bentonite and at the bentonite-host rock interface were scaled down in time and space to meet the specifications of the HE-E experiment, which started in the framework of PEBS (Gaus et al. 2011). The HE-E experiment targets the period immediately after repository closure when the temperatures are maximal and the moisture content is low but increasing. The HE-E experiment is a 1:2 scale heating experiment considering natural resaturation of the EBS and a maximum heater surface temperature of 140??C. Heater temperature increased almost linearly to its maximum value in a period of one year after which the temperature was held constant. The experiment is located at the Mont Terri URL (Switzerland) in a 50-m long non-lined horizontal microtunnel of 1.3 m diameter excavated in 1999 in the shaly facies of the Opalinus Clay. The test section of the microtunnel was characterised in detail during the Ventilation Experiment (ENRESA 2005). The detailed design of the experiment is described in Teodori & Gaus (2011). The experiment consists of two independently heated sections (Figure 1), where the heaters are placed in a steel liner supported by MX80 bentonite blocks (dry density 1.81 g/cm3, water content 10.3%). The two sections are fully symmetric apart from the granular material filling the rest of the gallery: whereas section 1 is filled with pure MX80 bentonite pellets, section 2 is filled with a 65/35 granular sand/bentonite mixture. The characteristics of both materials are described below: ?? The granular bentonite (B) has been adopted in the Swiss disposal concept. It is the same as the one used for the ESDRED project, mixture type E (sodium bentonite MX-80 from Wyoming). The material was described in detail in Pl??tze & Weber (2007). Once emplaced its water content was 5.9% and the dry average density was 1.46 kg/m3. ?? The sand/bentonite (S/B) mixture (having a higher thermal conductivity) was selected by GRS and provided by MPC (Limay, France). The components were 65 % of quartz sand with a grain spectrum of 0.5 ??? 1.8 mm and 35 % of sodium bentonite GELCLAY WH2 (granular material of the same composition as MX-80) of the same grain spectrum, which was obtained by crushing and sieving from the qualified raw material. Water content was 13% for the bentonite and 0.05% for the sand, giving an average water content of the mixture in the range of 4%. There is some uncertainty about the actual emplaced density of the mixture, and values as low as 1.26 g/cm3 have been given. However, based on the tests performed to check the emplacement technique, an average value of 1.5 g/cm3 was taken. The performance of tests at different scales, in both the laboratory and the field, is very useful to observe the thermo-hydro-mechanical processes taking place in the engineered barriers and the geological medium. They also provide the information required for the verification and validation of mathematical models of the coupled processes and their numerical implementation. The laboratory tests in cells are particularly helpful to identify and quantify processes in a shorter period of time and with less uncertainty regarding the boundary conditions than the in situ tests. In the tests in cells the sealing material is subjected simultaneously to heating and hydration in opposite directions, in order to simulate the conditions of the clay barrier in the repository, i.e. the interaction of the water coming from the host rock and the thermal gradient generated by the heat emitted by the wastes in the canisters. With the aim of complementing the information provided by the HE-E in situ test, CIEMAT undertook, in the framework of the PEBS project, the performance of two tests in cells simulating the conditions of the sealing materials used in the two sections of the in situ test. From the end of the PEBS project (February 2014), the laboratory tests went on under contract with the Mont Terri consortium.

Additional file 1. Supplementary Methods and Results.

BioFETs based on two-dimensional materials (2DMs) offer a unique opportunity to enhance, at a low cost, the sensitivity of current biosensors enabling the design of compact devices compatible with standard CMOS technology. The unique combination of large exposed surface areas and minimal thicknesses of 2DMs is an outstanding feature for these devices, and the assessment of their behaviour requires combined experimental and theoretical efforts. In this work we present a 2D-material based BioFET simulator including complex electrolyte reactions and analysing different models for the electrolyte– molecule interaction. These models describe how the molecular charge is screened by the electrolyte ions when their distributions are modified. The electrolyte simulation is validated against experimental results as well as against the analytical predictions of the Debye–H¨uckel approximation. The role of the electrolyte charge screening as well as the impact of the interaction model on the device responsivity are analysed in detail. The results are discussed in order to conclude about the consequences of employing different interaction approximations for the simulation of BioFETs and more generally on the correct modelling of biomolecule-device interaction in BioFETs., The authors would like to thank the nancial support of Spanish Government under project TEC2017-89955-P (MINECO/AEI/FEDER,UE). A. Toral-Lopez, J. M. Gonzalez- Medina and F. J. Romero acknowledge the FPU program (FPU16/04043, FPU14/02579 and FPU16/01451). A. Toral-Lopez also acknowledges the University of Granada funding through the Becas de Inicaci´on a la Investigaci´on para alumnos de M´aster. E. G. Marin gratefully acknowledges Juan de la Cierva incorporacion IJCI-2017-32297 (MINECO/AEI).

The first-order diffusionless structural phase transition in Cu67.64Zn16.71Al15.65 is characterized by jerky propagation of phase front related to the appearance of avalanches. In this work we describe a full analysis of this avalanche behaviour using calorimetric heat-flux measurements and the results are compared with acoustic emission (AE) measurements. Fil: Gallardo, M. C.. Universidad de Sevilla; España Fil: Romero, F. J.. Universidad de Sevilla; España Fil: Manchado, J.. Universidad de Sevilla; España Fil: Martín Olalla, J. M.. Universidad de Sevilla; España Fil: Planes, A.. Universidad de Barcelona; España Fil: Vives, E.. Universidad de Barcelona; España Fil: Salje, E. K. H.. University of Cambridge; Reino Unido Fil: Romero, R.. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Física de Materiales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Stipcich, Marcelo Fernando. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Física de Materiales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; Argentina

La leche materna es la vía óptima de alimentación del lactante durante, al menos, los primeros 6 meses de vida. Su elección se basa en el aporte de nutrientes y, de forma especial, en proporcionar al neonato diversos compuestos de acción beneficiosa que mejoran su crecimiento y le protegen frente a patologías propias de esta etapa. Estas propiedades de la leche materna justifican los procesos de manipulación previos a su ingesta, con el fin de promover y asegurar su seguimiento, tanto a nivel casero como a nivel hospitalario, de mayor importancia en lactantes prematuros y/o de bajo peso, por su destacada vulnerabilidad, a pesar de que durante estos procesos se pueden perder parcialmente algunas de sus propiedades. Es por ello que interesa conocer el efecto que los tratamientos aplicados a la leche humana ejercen sobre sus principales cualidades, como su capacidad antioxidante. Objetivo: Este trabajo analiza la estabilidad de la capacidad antioxidante de la leche humana durante su almacenamiento a 4ºC, de forma longitudinal desde su extracción hasta las 48 horas de refrigeración, así como las variaciones del pH. Método: Se analiza la leche madura procedente de 30 mujeres sanas. El poder antioxidante de la leche se evalúa a través de los parámetros: capacidad antioxidante total y concentración de malondialdehído. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el pH disminuye de forma creciente desde el inicio del almacenamiento, mientras que la capacidad antioxidante, con diferente comportamiento según el parámetro evaluador considerado, permanece estable durante las primeras 24 horas, a partir de las cuales se presentan cambios significativos. Conclusiones: Cuando es preciso recurrir a la extracción y refrigeración de la leche antes de su ingesta es recomendable minimizar el tiempo de almacenamiento, procurando que no supere las 24 horas si se quiere preservar del estrés oxidativo. Maternal milk is the optimal feeding way for the infant at least for the first six months of life. Its properties include nutrients intake and, particularly, to provide the infant with several beneficial compounds improving his growth and protecting him from the diseases typical of this time period. These properties justify the manipulating processes before its intake in order to promote and warrant the adherence to it, both at the hospital and at home, being more important in premature infants and/or with low birth weight given their increased vulnerability, is spite of the fact that during these processes some of its properties may be partially lost. There exist, therefore, an interest in knowing the impact of the procedures applied to human milk on its qualitative properties, such as the antioxidant capacity. Objective: This work assesses the stability of the antioxidant capacity of human milk during its storage at 4º C, longitudinally from its extraction until 48 h of refrigeration, as well as the pH changes. Method: the milk from 30 healthy women was analyzed. The milk's antioxidant capacity was assessed by the following parameters: total antioxidant capacity and level of malondialdehyde. The results obtained showed that pH decreases gradually from the storage beginning, whereas the antioxidant capacity remains constant for the first 24 hours, with a different result depending on the parameter used, and thereafter significant changes were observed. Conclusions: In case of needing extraction and storage of maternal milk before its consumption, the storage time should be minimized, preferably less than 24 hours in order to preserve the oxidative stress.

La leche materna es la vía óptima de alimentación del lactante durante, al menos, los primeros 6 meses de vida. Su elección se basa en el aporte de nutrientes y, de forma especial, en proporcionar al neonato diversos compuestos de acción beneficiosa que mejoran su crecimiento y le protegen frente a patologías propias de esta etapa. Estas propiedades de la leche materna justifican los procesos de manipulación previos a su ingesta, con el fin de promover y asegurar su seguimiento, tanto a nivel casero como a nivel hospitalario, de mayor importancia en lactantes prematuros y/o de bajo peso, por su destacada vulnerabilidad, a pesar de que durante estos procesos se pueden perder parcialmente algunas de sus propiedades. Es por ello que interesa conocer el efecto que los tratamientos aplicados a la leche humana ejercen sobre sus principales cualidades, como su capacidad antioxidante. Objetivo: Este trabajo analiza la estabilidad de la capacidad antioxidante de la leche humana durante su almacenamiento a 4ºC, de forma longitudinal desde su extracción hasta las 48 horas de refrigeración, así como las variaciones del pH. Método: Se analiza la leche madura procedente de 30 mujeres sanas. El poder antioxidante de la leche se evalúa a través de los parámetros: capacidad antioxidante total y concentración de malondialdehído. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el pH disminuye de forma creciente desde el inicio del almacenamiento, mientras que la capacidad antioxidante, con diferente comportamiento según el parámetro evaluador considerado, permanece estable durante las primeras 24 horas, a partir de las cuales se presentan cambios significativos. Conclusiones: Cuando es preciso recurrir a la extracción y refrigeración de la leche antes de su ingesta es recomendable minimizar el tiempo de almacenamiento, procurando que no supere las 24 horas si se quiere preservar del estrés oxidativo.

Decenes Jornades de Foment de la Investigació de la FCHS (Any 2004-2005) El consumo crónica de cocaína produce una reducción de la dopamina en ciertas áreas cerebrales, provocando una alteración en este sistema. (Volkow y cols., 1999; Wu y cols., 1997). El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar mediante Resonancia Magnética Funcional, los efectos que el consumo crónico de cocaína provoca sobre el procesamiento emocional. Los participantes (10 pacientes adictos a la cocaína y 10 personas no adictas) realizaron una tarea de procesamiento emocional en la que visualizaban fotografías con contenido emocional positivo, negativo y neutro (Adaptación española del International Affective Pictures System, IAPS, moltó y cols. 2001) como fondo en un tarea de discriminación de letras. Los resultados muestran una menor activación en el núcleo accumbens, giro cingulado anterior y cortex orbitofrontal en personas adictas a la cocaína en comparación al grupo control, ante la visión de imágenes positivas. Mientras que, se observa una menor activación del giro cingulado anterior en pacientes en comparación a los controles, para la visión de imágenes negativas. Estos resultados sugieren que la tarea del IAPS es una buena tarea para activar áreas específicas de recompensa (N.acc y giro orbitofrontal). Y que los pacientes presentan una disfunción en el sistema de recompensa, lugar donde actúa la cocaína tras su administración, liberando dopamina. Esto podría tener como consecuencia una menor sensibilidad de estas personas para los reforzadores naturales.