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Background and Objectives: The physical mechanism of the generation of a steady wave flow at the photospheric level is studied, which ensures anomalous heating of the solar atmosphere at various stages of the solar activity cycle. Background and Objectives: We study the conditions of stability loss for slow modes of oscillation at various depths of the convective zone and the development of Parker’s instability, which leads to the ejection of magnetic fields into the atmosphere of the Sun. Materials and Methods: Based on the conservative difference scheme, an algorithm for calculating the dynamics of a thin magnetic tube when moving in the convective zone and the solar atmosphere is presented. The equilibrium conditions of the position of the magnetic tube at various depths of the convective zone are determined. The types of linear oscillations of the tube near the equilibrium position were determined: fast (Alfven) and slow (varicose) waves. Results: The physical mechanism for generating weak shock waves at the photospheric level by emerging magnetic fields at the nonlinear stage of development (saturation) of Parker’s instability is determined. Conclusion: The results allow further detailed analysis of wave flow generation in the lower layers of the Sun’s atmosphere at various stages of the cycle activity.

Reconstruction of objects of material culture, including ornamental textiles, is a trendy area of modern art history. Nevertheless, despite the significant interest in this topic among researchers and specialists, some issues remain insufficiently covered in the research literature. In this paper, surviving ornamental printed fabrics produced by the St. Petersburg cotton-printing industry in the second half of the 18Ith - early 20th century are used as a case to propose a technique for determining the size of an item from a surviving ornamental fragment by the method of graphic reconstruction.

Background and Objectives: Processing and analysis of observational data on the study of physical processes occurring in the Sun's atmosphere at various stages of the activity cycle requires a systematic identification of stable components for all physical parameters related to the stationary solar atmosphere. The first attempts at numerical calculation of the structure of the stationary atmosphere gave a sharp discrepancy with direct measurements of the distribution of the physical parameters of the solar atmosphere in height. In model calculations, the temperature decreases monotonically from 5700 K at the photosphere level as the altitude increases, and the energy flow is formed due to the radiant and kinetic thermal conductivity. In the observational data from the photospheric level to heights of about 500 km the temperature decreases (in agreement with theoretical calculations), passes through the temperature minimum, but then begins to grow. At the altitude of 28 000 km, the temperature reaches 1.5·106 K, and remains stable at this level at altitudes of the order of several radii of the Sun. So there was a problem of "abnormal warming" of the solar atmosphere . In this work the phenomenon of anomalous heating of the solar atmosphere due to the dissipation of the energy of weak shock waves generated in the upper layers of the convective zone is studied. Materials and Methods: The distributions of plasma characteristics are calculated based on the empirical model of the solar atmosphere and the convective zone of the Sun. It is shown that in the convective zone and the chromosphere of the Sun the model of single-liquid gas dynamics is used to describe the movement of gas. A system of equations for single-liquid gas dynamics is used. The model problem takes into account the effect of thermal conductivity and viscosity, which plays an important role in the formation of the resulting distribution of thermodynamic parameters of the solar atmosphere. On the basis of completely conservative difference schemes of gravitational gas dynamics the method of establishing calculated the distribution of thermodynamic parameters in height within the solar chromosphere. Results: The method of determination was used to calculate the anomalous heating during the generation of acoustic waves from the photospheric level, as well as in the upper layers of the convective zone. These calculations implement a direct test of the Schwarzschild-Birman hypothesis in the original formulation about the mechanism of excitation of acoustic waves by stochastic pulsations of convective flows near the photospheric level. Due to the influence of dissipative processes (viscosity, radiant heat conduction) the calculated distributions weakly depend on the frequency and depth of wave flow generation in the upper layers of the solar convective zone. Conclusion: The calculation results are in satisfactory agreement with the observational data. Keywords: atmosphere of the Sun, abnormal heating, shock wave, initial and boundary conditions of the problem.

St. Petersburg print ornaments occupy an important place in the context of Russian and European history of applied art. Today, many an art critic engage in printed textile studies, which makes this work relevant and modern. The article focuses on the specific features of the ornaments employed by St. Petersburg cotton-printing mills in the second half of the 18th - early 20th century. The practice was based on the imitation of other textile techniques (embroidery, lacemaking, heald weaving). The study made use of the textile collection available at the Museum of Applied Art, Stieglitz State Academy of Art and Design.

The language of a work of fiction is treated in the article as the embodiment of the author’s philosophical and psychological experience. The story under study sums up Tolstoy’s longstanding years of deliberation. The article discusses the main moral and ethical categories of being, multidimensional aspects of human psychology and their implementation mainly in the lexical design of the text. There is a connection between the story and other works of Tolstoy in terms of the unity of idiostyle and methods of working with language means that represent the moral search for personality. The features of the author’s semantic transformations of lexical meanings, their expansion and enrichment are revealed. The forms of connotative stratifications are studied (negative assessing, ironic rethinking, etc.). The reasons for the sustained popularity of this story among the readers of different generations are determined. The theoretical significance of the work is to deepen scientific knowledge about the lexical and stylistic innovations of L. N. Tolstoy’s creative method. The practical value lies in applying a comprehensive methodological approach to the study, including the study of the philological, psychological and philosophical aspects of the literary text.

Cyber-physical systems are actively explored in the global and domestic scientific community. It is expected that cyber-physical systems will minimize human participation in the production process, as well as in many other areas of society. At the same time, the information security aspect of the interaction of elements remains insufficiently studied. The classical approach to ensuring security is aimed at counteracting a clear destructive information impact - when information security breaches have obvious signs. The risk of failure of one object of the system can lead to critical conditions. Safety modeling of managerial structures is reduced to considering the operability of the functions of the intermediate link and the interaction between objects that make decisions on the management and generating teams. By analyzing these transitions in limiting cases, it allows the use of analysis and synthesis approaches based on structural schemes and logical relationships.

The actual problem, and simultaneously, the trend of today’s vocational – education digitalization of agricultural experts training in Russia are investigated. The review of the theory of the question, which proves the idea of accord of vocational training digitalization process of the XXI century tasks, is made. Didactic digitalization elements as a process are correlated with the revealed professional agricultural engineering problems. Digitalization maintenances opportunities of science subjects as possible means of the priority purposes achievement of modern vocational trainings are investigated. The substantiation of the projected course «Methods of optimum decisions acceptance» as a set of the competence-focused modules is achieved, each of which corresponded to concrete type of optimization problems, solved by agroengineers in professional work.

The physiological aspects of the implementation of the cow milk transfer reflex during machine milking are the result of exposure to the threshold force of a given value of a variable vacuum and simultaneous mechanical irritation by the teat rubber of the udder of the cow udder system. This effect leads to the discovery of sphincters with the subsequent release of the hormone oxytocin by the pituitary gland and the milk accumulation from the alveolar udder tissue. Signal environmental factors (sounds of a vacuum pump, milking machines, feeder) cause reactions in cows not only by irritation but also by frequency. It has been established that exposure to a high-frequency electromagnetic field destroys most of the common causative agents of mastitis-staphylococci, streptococci. For the treatment of mastitis, stimulation of lactation and the reflex of milk flow in cows, it is promising to apply the effect of a high frequency electromagnetic field modulated by radio frequencies, which contribute to the conversion of electromagnetic field energy into energy of nerve impulses and chemical reactions of mitochondrial cellular mechanisms of udder alveolar tissue cells. The use of alternating sets of specific frequencies of a modulating electromagnetic field of high frequency allows the alternation of “killer” frequencies for microbes with stimulating secretion of alveolar cells of the udder and with frequencies that act anti-inflammatory. It is essential to determine the frequencies that create protective inhibition from exposure to extreme irritations of milking factors (increased vacuum, durable worn nipple rubber). With prolonged exposure to an electromagnetic field, such frequencies a repeating conditioned stimulus of a weak strength, which precede and accompany the impact of the milking machine, and stimulate the activity of the nerve centers of the milk yield reflex in cows, creating a dominant lactation.

The article presents some data and certain results of the analysis of the validity and effectiveness of modern science-based approaches, methods and specific science-metric criteria. Both positive and negative aspects and trends in science-metric criteria are indicated. A methodological retrospective of the evaluation of scientific work in different time periods is presented. The main attention of the authors is focused on the analysis of the effectiveness of using the Hirsch index to take into account the scientific results and achievements in the field of Russian science. The article contains specific data indicating the complexity and ambiguity of the analyzed situation. The specific examples, figures, facts and analytical data confirm the position of the authors. At the same time, the material of the publication contains quite just wishes and analyses, which, in our opinion, allow, to some extent, to solve (or approach the solution) a difficult task of assessing and taking into account the scientific achievements of contemporary Russian scientists.

The influence of the structural features of carrageenan on the functional properties of the films was studied. The carrageenans and chitosan films, as well as three-layer films containing a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) of the two, were prepared. The X-ray diffractograms of carrageenan films reflected its amorphous structure, whereas chitosan and three-layer films were characterized by strong reflection in the regions of 20° and 15° angles, respectively. The SEM of the cross-sectional morphology showed dense packing of the chitosan film, as well as the layer-by-layer structure of different densities for the PEC. Among the tested samples, κ/β-carrageenan and chitosan films showed the highest tensile strength and maximum elongation. Films containing the drug substance echinochrome were obtained. Mucoadhesive properties were assessed as the ability of the films to swell on the mucous tissue and their erosion after contact with the mucosa. All studied films exhibited mucoadhesive properties. All studied films exhibited mucoadhesive properties which depended on the carrageenans structure. Multilayer films are stronger than single-layer carrageenan films due to PEC formation. The resulting puncture strength of the obtained films was comparable to that of commercial samples described in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]