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Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is an important viral-induced neoplasia in sheep caused by exogenous Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (exJSRV). Coinfection of exJSRV and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) is reported in OPA cases, but its worldwide distribution and significance on lung pathology is not yet completely understood. This study aimed to investigate the MVV coinfection rate in 82 exJSRV-related OPA cases, and their pathological effects on lung parenchyma in slaughtered sheep in Transylvania (Romania). On gross examination, classical form of OPA was identified in 92.7%; no changes consisting with MVV interstitial pneumonia were identified in the included cases. The most common histological type of OPA was acinar (58.5%) and the myxoid growths were found in 18 cases. The exJSRV and MMV coinfection rate in examined sheep was 47.6% (39/82). The assessment of perineoplastic areas from coinfected animals, revealed interstitial lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in all cases, lymphoid hyperplasia in 60.6% cases (20/33) and fibromuscular hyperplasia in 63.7% (21/33). This is the first report providing new data on distribution of OPA coexisting with MVV infection in slaughtered sheep in Romania. We consider that the OPA and MVV coinfection may play an important role on the severity of ovine chronic pulmonary diseases and further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-majority languages are undeniably part of every culture. Those who belong to a non-majority language group are often subjected to sidelining in various areas of life, e.g., education system, labour market or social settings. This qualitative study outlines the extent of linguistic discrimination and its impact on the speakers of non-majority languages. It explicitly concentrates on two non-majority language groups, i.e., Romani language speakers in Slovakia and English speakers in Spain. Two very distinct groups are purposely chosen to emphasise the omnipresent existence of linguistic discrimination and its effect on the speakers of the non-majority language members of society. Findings highlight that both groups experience similar levels of discrimination across multiple settings and that the discrimination faced often intersects with race and ethnicity.

We present new records of Craspedacusta sowerbii (freshwater jellyfish) in anthropogenic freshwater habitats south of Bucharest in Romania; these are the first records of this alien species in free waters of the Argeș basin.

‘Welfare chauvinism’ (or ‘welfare ethnocentrism,’ when directed against native-born ethnic minorities) is a declination of nativism within the social policy domain and a common element of populist radical right discourse. Previous studies have shown that this rhetoric can influence how people perceive the deservingness and entitlement of certain groups to welfare rights. In this study, we propose it has additional effects by evoking a purported lack of reciprocity in what concerns benefits from, and contributions to, the welfare system, such rhetoric can also justify and legitimize discrimination against out-groups in other domains that are unrelated to welfare. We use a pre-registered experiment embedded in a survey of a nationally representative sample of the Portuguese population to examine whether individuals who are exposed to the issue of illegitimate ‘takers’ of the welfare system become more likely to express discriminatory intentions regarding an out-group’s freedom of movement and establishment. We find that in the Portuguese context, where the populist radical right frequently portrays the Roma minority as welfare abusers, highlighting the issue of reciprocity can trigger a sizeable increase in discriminatory intentions against the Romani even in domains unrelated to welfare rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, France and the French-speaking areas of Belgium and Switzerland have been home to a large minority of Gypsies and Travellers, comprising about 300,000 individuals who all speak a form of French as their native language and form a close-knit sociolinguistic community. Their French sociolect, hitherto never described by linguists, differs from other varieties of French through a wide array of phenomena at all levels of language structure: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexical semantics and morphology. Diachronic and contrastive analysis shows that these features are either (1) non-standard, archaic or regional characteristics now lost in other varieties of European French, but kept by the Travellers as diastratic variants; (2) internal innovations within the diasystem of Traveller French; (3) outcomes of contact with heritage languages of some of these groups (Sinti Romani, Jenisch, and Alemannic and Gallo-Romance dialects). Using predominantly new fieldwork I provide here the first description of this important set of diastratic varieties of French, which represents an outstanding case of linguistic variation in a context of social separation yet with sustained contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on users’ testimonials we discuss how peripatetic populations forge ideologies around their use of group-internal special vocabulary. We identify three recurring themes: The discourse of loss that purports to account for a language history marked by deprivation and anomaly and intertwined with a notion of incompleteness of one’s own identity; contemporary negotiation of identity that draws on external reference points to set boundaries towards others; and explications of language function, which reconstruct contexts of use. Our case studies involve the use of use of special vocabulary derived partly or mainly from Romani among English Gypsies, Norwegian Travellers, and the travelling Showpeople of northern Italy. We approach these Romani-based ‘special languages’ (‘Sondersprachen’) as acts of identity performance and revisit the hypothesis that they emerged through convergence between Romani speakers and indigenous peripatetic populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Romanian State Secret Police (Securitate) files produced before 1989 can be accessed today through a lengthy process that requires official research authorization through a government office, the National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives (Consiliul Național pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securității - CNSAS). The CNSAS General Document Fund includes large issue-related files under the umbrella of “The Gypsy Problem,” with thousands of pages of both national and county-level reports and recommendations. This paper teases out the granular documentary clues (spie, as Italian historian Carlo Ginzburg describes them) in some of the Securitate files to explore the way in which a pattern of documentary communication is built to frame Romani identity as idiosyncratically marginal, oriental, and parasitic. A particularly interesting aspect of the knowledge production imposed through these files is reflected by anecdotes that purportedly illustrate the character of the Roma. This study analyzes the relations of power built through hermeneutic devices and language choices which build “truth formulae” (Weir) that reify a particular view of Romani ethnicity, class, and gender. This archival (de)construction has implications for a long view of policy, political memory, and exclusionary societal attitudes today and in the future.

Television series, which have been increasing in Türkiye since the 2000s, now constitute the prime-time broadcast generation of many national channels. The series feature different social, cultural and socio-economic representations. One of these representations is poverty. This study will research how poverty is represented in television series. As emphasized in the Cultivation Theory, television has an impact on the audience in the long term. In this context, representations of poverty can be problematic for both the audience and the group represented. Especially when ethnic minorities are taken into consideration, representations of poverty within the framework of Cultivation Theory can increase prejudice against these groups and reinforce their socio-economic status. In this context, representations of poverty in television series will be analyzed through the Romani ethnicity. A qualitative content analysis of five Turkish television series with Romani characters was conducted in the categories of story, characters, location, education, and businesslife. The study concluded that poverty is identified with Romani, and Romani characters are represented as poor in all television series. Within the framework of Cultivation Theory, these representations can create more inequality in society and further disempower minority groups. While there are many stories about poverty within the narrative structure of fiction, the repetition of these stories through a particular ethnic group can lead to the formation of stereotypes and prejudices against that group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Historia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Diachronica is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Piemonte (Italia) e nella Francia meridionale vivono due comunità sinte che definiscono se stesse come “piemontesi”. Le relazioni storiche tra queste due comunità non sono note, ma la loro comune auto-denominazione suggerisce come prima ipotesi un’origine comune e in particolare che i sinti piemontesi di Francia siano un gruppo di sinti piemontesi del Piemonte migrato dalle originarie sedi italiane. L’esame dei dialetti romaní delle due comunità mostra tuttavia come questa ricostruzione appaia un poco semplicistica, soprattutto perché la varietà di romaní parlata dai sinti piemontesi di Francia condivide un certo numero di tratti morfologici e lessicali con il sinto lombardo, un’altra varietà di romaní parlata nell’Italia settentrionale. L’articolo discute alcune caratteristiche di questi dialetti sinti e propone l’ipotesi che i sinti piemontesi di Francia siano i discendenti di una comunità originariamente insediata in un’area intermedia tra quelle storicamente occupate dai sinti piemontesi di Piemonte e i sinti lombardi.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cartoons are designed as a response to a social event and aim to create a humorous effect in the audience through their multimodal discourse. The interpretation requires contextual and cultural information which has to be shared by the cartoonist and the audience. Our research focuses on the dialogue of humorous cartoons between the West and the East. From a dialogic perspective, the action, i.e., the cartoons published in the French and Swiss media, generates a reaction in the Romanian media. We discuss the transfer of national stereotypes at a European level and show that, although the cartoons target a particular out-group, they ricochet to another group. Thus, new boundaries are set up and humour functions as a divisive social activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translanguaging is an increasingly popular concept used in the description of multilingual practices and in language policy and language pedagogy research. In this paper, I argue that the main reason for the rapid increase in the use of this concept is that it has rhizomatic characteristics. My argument is supported by evidence supplied by a project conducted among members of a Romani-Hungarian bilingual Roma community in a small town in Hungary. After introducing Deleuze and Guattaris' rhizome-metaphor (1987) and its reception in sociolinguistics, I survey dimensions of translanguaging and point out that its interpretation as a rhizomatic multiplicity opens up new possibilities for the description of multilingual practices and helps to understand the versatility of the concept. Based on evidence supplied by the project referred to above, I claim that the concept of translanguaging, in virtue of its rhizomatic features offers new emphases in the interpretation of multilingual linguistic practices, and that the concept itself has the characteristics of a rhizomatic multiplicity, enabling it to connect to other multiplicities. Such an understanding of translanguaging may help determine pedagogical stance or influence and shape efforts made to maintain minority languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author writes about growing up with her complex and enigmatic immigrant father, who lived many years as a stigmatized other, a Russian Jew in northern China. She focuses on the impact this personal family history has on her treatment with a female Romani patient from Eastern Europe, a more recent immigrant, who also lived many years as a stigmatized other. The author differentiates between the experience of one-time immigrants and migrants, the latter being haunted by generations of dislocation, which causes them to question their fundamental sense of safety and belonging. The author discusses the ways the personal and professional threads become interwoven in the work, impacting the bi-directional conscious and unconscious flow of the treatment. Together patient and analyst build toward a mutually transformative moment, following a clinical impasse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating cultural and educational centres is a very important aspect of the development of a society. We observe the presence of these centres all over the world, especially in large cities, where there is a larger population. What happens, however, to small communities, especially those that form outside their place of origin? How do they get the information they need to keep up to date with the cultural and educational development of the country where they left off? We find a relevant answer in Spain, more precisely in cities where Romanians have formed fairly large communities, such as Madrid, Valencia or Barcelona. Although, through a brief analysis of these communities, we can see that Romanians have managed to learn Spanish, there is also a desire to have access to language, literature and culture in Romania. Therefore, several institutions such as the Cervantes Institute or the Romanian Cultural Institute in Madrid, provide Romanians on Iberian territory with books, courses and other cultural and educational activities, and the Romanian communities organize and promote these actions. Are there also libraries and other similar cultural institutions in several parts of the peninsula, which makes us wonder how these Romanian cultural funds work in Spain? This paper will answer, among others, this question and will present the system and methods applied in promoting language, Romanian literature and culture within the Romanian cultural and educational centres on Hispanic territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kultur Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims to determine the significance of the progress in the first and second language acquisition by Roma-Slovak bilingual children in their first year of schooling, differentiated by three types of Roma communities (type 1, type 2 and type 3) at the beginning of the school year (test) and the end of the school year (post-test). The partial aim is to analyze the context and relationships of the progress in the first and second language acquisition by Roma children, determined by the type of Roma community in which individual children live. The research set as a whole (n = 68) consists of Roma-Slovak bilingual children with Romani as their native language and Slovak as their second language in their first year of schooling. Subsequently, the research set is differentiated into three groups by the type of Roma community in which the children live, namely: type 1 – municipal and urban concentrations (n = 22); type 2 – settlements located on the outskirts of a city or municipality (n = 23); and type 3 – settlements spatially remote or separated by a natural or artificial barrier (n = 23). We used a standardized research tool, OOS Test – image-vocabulary test (Kondáš, 2010). We conducted the research in two phases, at the beginning of the school year (test) and the end of the school year (post-test). To analyze the data statistically, we used the SPSS 20.0 statistical program. As one of the important findings, this study has shown statistically significant differences between Roma-Slovak bilingual children from type 1, type 2 and type 3 Roma communities in L1 and L2 at the beginning and the end of the school year. Moreover, the research has shown statistically significant differences in the acquisition progress in L1 and L2 between children from the type 1, type 2 and type 3 communities at the given time. The main research problem arising from the findings is that the progress in the first and second language acquisition by Roma-Slovak bilingual children is determined by the type of Roma community in which the Roma children live. Furthermore, the findings show a relationship and connection between the first and second language acquisition development and the type of Roma community in which the children live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionRomani people have a high prevalence of kidney failure. This study examined a Romani cohort for pathogenic variants in the COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 genes that are affected in Alport syndrome (AS), a common cause of genetic kidney disease, characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, end-stage kidney failure, hearing loss, and eye anomalies.Materials and methodsThe study included 57 Romani from different families with clinical features that suggested AS who underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 genes, and 83 family members.ResultsIn total, 27 Romani (19%) had autosomal recessive AS caused by a homozygous pathogenic c.1598G>A, p.Gly533Asp variant in COL4A4 (n = 20) or a homozygous c.415G>C, p.Gly139Arg variant in COL4A3 (n = 7). For p.Gly533Asp, 12 (80%) had macroscopic hematuria, 12 (63%) developed end-stage kidney failure at a median age of 22 years, and 13 (67%) had hearing loss. For p.Gly139Arg, none had macroscopic hematuria (p = 0.023), three (50%) had end-stage kidney failure by a median age of 42 years (p = 0.653), and five (83%) had hearing loss (p = 0.367). The p.Gly533Asp variant was associated with a more severe phenotype than p.Gly139Arg, with an earlier age at end-stage kidney failure and more macroscopic hematuria. Microscopic hematuria was very common in heterozygotes with both p.Gly533Asp (91%) and p.Gly139Arg (92%).ConclusionThese two founder variants contribute to the high prevalence of kidney failure in Czech Romani. The estimated population frequency of autosomal recessive AS from these variants and consanguinity by descent is at least 1:11,000 in Czech Romani. This corresponds to a population frequency of autosomal dominant AS from these two variants alone of 1%. Romani with persistent hematuria should be offered genetic testing.

Romani demonstratives ("this," "that") show great diversity across dialects. The number of demonstrative pronouns in some living dialects is quite impressive (e.g. at least 17 in Russian Romani), and in terms of type of deixis they represent (in some dialects) a four-term system: "this [visible]," "that [imaginary]," "this [of two or more, visible]," "that [of two or more, imaginary]," which has been convincingly shown by Y. Matras, who has also proposed a reconstruction of their proto-forms. His reconstruction is now generally accepted, although it violates, in many respects, the comparative historical procedure. The present article gives an overview of the systems of demonstrative pronouns across Romani dialects and proposes a new reconstruction, which yields two sets of Proto-Romani demonstratives, inflected and uninflected, and suggests that all modern systems are reducible to a single Proto-Romani state, the number of innovations in individual dialects being relatively small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores performance-centred efforts to remediate the erasure of Romanies from public Holocaust narratives. First, the French play Samudaripen uses aesthetic strategies that emphasize themes of violence and rupture in order to evoke the brutality of Romani persecution under Nazi and Vichy regimes. With its performative elisions between Romani experiences in internment camps in France and concentration camps abroad, Samudaripen connects both historically-specific and fictionalized instances of Romani trauma to broader patterns of anti-Romani persecution past and present. Second, the Romanian-Romani language theatre piece Kali Traš ('Black Fear') relays the story of the Romani deportations to camps in Romania in the region of Transnistria under the rule of Romanian fascist dictator Ion Antonescu. Kali Traš pushes back against the silencing of the Romani genocide by reinvigorating the counter-history of the Romani Holocaust in both informative and affectively compelling ways. Each play proclaims Romani agency in commemorative contexts through its narrative and aesthetic strategies. This article shows how Romani artists have engaged in public-facing projects that criticize mainstream Holocaust historiographies and anti-Romani racism more broadly, assessing the extent to which such works constitute valuable additions to Romani struggles for recognition and reparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of 'language contact' has come very much to the fore in sociolinguistics in recent years, and it is not surprising that Romani, a diaspora language, should receive a good share of attention. Since its very departure from India a millennium ago, its speakers have encountered and interacted with speakers of dozens of other languages, all of which have left their mark. The most extreme cases are the so-called Para-Romani varieties, which have demanded the question, are they Romani with massive non-Romani intrusion, or are they non-Romani languages with more or less Romani intrusion? This is addressed in the present article, which deals with one such para-language, called here Scandoromani. Other para-Romani languages are Angloromani, Scottish Romani, Spanish Romani (Caló), Finish Romani (Kále). Paralanguages are used for communication between members of different language and cultural communities. The paralanguages of Romani are not so well-investigated and described, and the present study brings a new light to the field of Romani linguistics. Para-Romani languages are divided into two big groups: based on Indo-European and based on non-Indo-European languages. In this case, the Scandoromani is based on Indo-European languages and the Crimean-Romani (in Ukraine based on Crimean Tatar) and Kurbetcha (in Cyprus based on Turkish) are based on non-Indo-European languages. The Para-Romani varieties in Europe are preserved through communication between elder generations and children and thousands of children around Europe learn their mother tongue - the variety of Para-Romani through the transmission from parents to children. This gives the hope that those varieties will not despair.

The study analyzes the context and relationships of the progress in first language acquisition by monolingual children (First language: Slovak) and Roma-Slovak bilingual children (First language: Romani), as determined by the type of Roma community in which individual children live. We conducted the research in two phases, the first at the beginning of the school year (test) and the second at the end of the school year (post-test). The OOS image-vocabulary test as a psychological toolwas used for examining children’s vocabulary and a certain dimension of their readiness for school. The standardized O-S-S tool is structured to include 30 colorful images illustrating objects, animals, and activities, which are presented to children on an individual basis (Kondáš, 2010). For the purposes of the study, the test was modified and culturally adapted for Roma children with a pairing of Romani and Slovak languages. The research set in total consists of (n = 135) children in their first year of schooling and is separated into Roma children with L1: Romani (n = 68) and Slovak children with L1: Slovak (n = 67). Subsequently, the research set of Roma children (n = 68) belong to 3 types of communities. These 3 types of communities are the following: type 1: municipal and urban concentrations (n = 22); type 2: settlements located on the outskirts of a city or municipality (n = 23); and type 3: settlements spatially remote or separated by a natural or artificial barrier (n = 23). To analyze the data statistically, we used the SPSS 20.0 statistical program. The results shown statistically significant differences in L1 comprehension between Roma-Slovak bilingual children from type 1, type 2, and type 3 Roma communities and, additionally, between monolingual children at the beginning and at the end of the school year. According to the first measurement at the beginning of the school year (test) and the second measurement at the end of the school year (post-test) in L1 in the case of verbs and nouns, the highest success rate was achieved by monolingual Slovak children, followed by Romani-Slovak bilingual children from type 1 communities, followed by children from type 2 communities, and the lowest success rate was achieved by children from type 3 communities. The main research problem arising from the findings is that the progress in first language acquisition by Roma-Slovak bilingual children is determined by the type of Roma community in which the child lives. Acknowledgments This paper is an output of the research project “Language and Communication Problems in Slovakia and their Management” funded by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-17-0254 (2018 – ). It is the continuation of the research project “Language competence of the Romani pupils in the first grade of primary school” funded by the same agency under the contract No. VEGA 1/0845/15 (2015–2017).

Based on the analysis of the texts collected in the 1930s in Latvia and Estonia, this paper provides a description of the semantics of the verbal modifiers, i.e., prefixes (preverbs) and particles, in Latvian Romani. The system of verbal modifiers in Latvian Romani is an innovation evolved under Slavic and Baltic influence. Most preverbs are instances of MAT-borrowing from Slavic and Baltic, whereas verb particles are a PATborrowing, modelled after the Latvian system. The paper argues that even preverbs of Slavic origin often copy the semantics and derivational patterns of Latvian prefixed verbs. It is also shown that, differently from Latvian, in Romani both preverbs and verb particles can affect the verb’s argument structure (e.g., by making it transitive) and change its aspectual value (e.g., by making it perfective). Finally, the distribution of verbal modifiers in Latvian Romani (the development of verb particles as opposed to other closely related Northeastern Romani dialects which only have prefixes, and higher frequency of verb particles in Estonia than in Latvia) confirms the areal cline in the spread of verb particles.

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the morphosyntactic expression of three-participant events in Romani and situates Romani within a typological framework (Margetts & Austin 2007). It provides an inventory of attested strategies and first insights into their distribution across the dialects of Romani. My research indicates that three-place predicate and oblique/adjunct strategies are the principal means for encoding three-participant events in Romani, each applicable for several event types. However, dialectal differences become apparent. For each Romani dialect cluster, one variety is particularly focussed upon, namely: Kalderaš (Vlax), Arli (Balkan), East Slovak Romani (Central), Sinti (Northwestern), and Lithuanian Romani (Northeastern). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The romanticised and stereotyped construction of the Romani people absorbed by mainstream society has contributed to the obliteration of their cultural complexity and their ensuing alienation. The present article analyses how the memoir The Stopping Places (2018), by the British Romani writer Damian Le Bas, makes a case for the borderlessness of his people. It is the main purpose of this study to underscore Romani identity as inherently multidirectional, hence allowing for a relational, intercultural dialogue aimed at transcending the long-standing Romani vs. non-Romani tension. For this purpose, Le Bas' network-like journey across some key stopping places is read as an endorsement of the synchronicity and interconnectedness characterising our present world. His narrative is an empowering attestation that foregrounds the fruitful interactions between the Roma and other cultures and sets the assumedly distrustful and protective Romani as an example of cultural flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romani imperfect and pluperfect are built by the agglutination of the same morpheme to the inflected forms of the present and the perfect, respectively. This morpheme, labelled as “remoteness marker” (Matras 2001: 35) by the literature on Romani varieties, conveys a temporal value of distance towards a determined point of reference excluding at the same time any overlapping with the moment of speech, and thus its meaning approaches the “temporal discontinuity” highlighted by Plungian and Van der Auwera (2006). The remoteness marker is quite homogeneous in Romani varieties and the main recorded forms in the different dialects (-as/-a/-e/-s/-ys/-ahi, cf. Matras 2002: 152) allow to reconstruct a single Proto-Romani form *asi (cf. Bloch 1932, Bubeník 1995) or *sasi (Scala 2020), both going back to the Old Indo-Aryan as- ‘to be’, maybe through the third person Middle IndoAryan form āsi or āsī ‘he/she/it was’. Nevertheless, some dialects show a greater complexity and a certain level of internal variation, and suggest that the general uniformity displayed by Romani varieties may have been preceded by a more composite situation. In particular, the paper analyses the remoteness markers of Kalajdž i Romani of Montana (Bulgaria). Besides the widespread -as, this dialect shows the previously unnoticed remoteness markers -asa and -asta, which have the same distribution of -as, but a diff erent origin. The objective of the study is to propose a reconstruction of the genesis of the two variants. While the remoteness marker -asa can be explained as the outcome of recent internal innovation of Kalajdž i, the remoteness marker -asta seems to be connected to the OIA root sthā - and, pointing to a more ancient phase of the language, suggests a higher complexity of the Proto-Romani strategies to build the imperfect and the pluperfect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Geographica Universitatis Comenianae is the property of Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While considering the developments in valorising multilingualism and promoting interculturality in Europe, the present work converses with Romané, the language of Roma, in the form of a pedagogical reflection that focuses on its use in education. By retracing the gradations of its vitality and recognition, the discussion comes to the efforts to include this minority language – not always recognised as a such – in teaching materials, curricular activities and educational extracurricular programmes. This brings us to the Italian case: given the importance of local experiences, part of the contents, emerged from an empirical study, is dedicated to what has been achieved in the city of Florence in terms of cultural-linguistic promotion of Romané in an intercultural perspective. Thereby, the purpose of the paper is to both document the experience, and contribute to the pedagogical production of operational models responsive to diversity, hence capable of enhancing educational inclusion of minorities, with particular reference to Roma groups, by drawing on their language tool.

The present research paper explores the effects of relexification in the context of an in-group jargon variety. Specifically, it addresses the role of Romani as a supplier language in the process of lexical renewal that is ongoing in Dritto—the jargon of the Italian Travellers. Considered the most ancient descendant of the Italian historical jargon of the Roads, Dritto is a secret code which is still actively used within some socially marginalized service-provider communities, such as the families involved in the circus and the travelling show business. At the margins of the mainstream society, the families of Dritti entertainers share their living and economic spaces with the families of Italian Sinti, whose presence has been documented in Italy for centuries. As a consequence of this intense and prolonged cohabitation, Romani elements have always been documented in the corpora of Italian historical jargon. However, a considerably more significant contribution has recently been documented by researchers among the funfair workers in northern Italy. This work examines the driving factors behind this contact-induced shift by considering the changing socio-economic context faced by the travelling community in the last decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located in the eastern part of Hungary, Satu Mare County is a region whose economic activity was based on agriculture, with industrial activities beginning to develop during the second half of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century. Due to the favourable economic and social conditions, the number of inhabitants evolves, with few exceptions, upwards. Like other regions of the dual monarchy, many ethnic groups of different denomination lived here, among which there are many differences both socially, economically and culturally. Although these communities lived in different regions of the county, there were many economic, commercial and even cultural interactions between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of the texts collected in the 1930s in Latvia and Estonia, this paper provides a description of the semantics of the verbal modifiers, i.e., prefixes (preverbs) and particles, in Latvian Romani. The system of verbal modifiers in Latvian Romani is an innovation evolved under Slavic and Baltic influence. Most preverbs are instances of MAT-borrowing from Slavic and Baltic, whereas verb particles are a PATborrowing, modelled after the Latvian system. The paper argues that even preverbs of Slavic origin often copy the semantics and derivational patterns of Latvian prefixed verbs. It is also shown that, differently from Latvian, in Romani both preverbs and verb particles can affect the verb's argument structure (e.g., by making it transitive) and change its aspectual value (e.g., by making it perfective). Finally, the distribution of verbal modifiers in Latvian Romani (the development of verb particles as opposed to other closely related Northeastern Romani dialects which only have prefixes, and higher frequency of verb particles in Estonia than in Latvia) confirms the areal cline in the spread of verb particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“’Perverting the Taste of the People’: Lăutari and the Balkan Question in Romania” considers the term “Balkan” in the context of Romanian Romani music-making. The expression can be used pejoratively to describe something “bar-baric” or fractured. In the “world music” era, “gypsy-inspired” music from the Balkans has become highly regarded. From this perspective “Balkan” is seen as something desirable. The article uses the case of the Romanian “gypsy” band Taraf de Haïdouks in illustration. Romania’s cultural and physical position with- in Europe can be difficult to locate, a discourse reflected in Romanian society itself, where many reject the description of Romania as a “Balkan” country. This conflict has been contested through manele, a Romanian popular musical genre. In contrast, manele is seen by its detractors as too “eastern” in character, an unwelcome reminder of earlier Balkan and Ottoman influences on Romanian culture.

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The connection between language contact and the bilingual speaker goes back to foundational authors in the field of contact linguistics. Yet there is very little work that combines these two levels in a single study. In this paper, we propose a unified approach to language contact by testing the role of cross-language priming (CLP) on contact-induced change at the level of complex noun phrases (NPs). Design/methodology/approach: We conducted three studies with different types of data. In Study 1, we analyse the Romani Morpho-Syntax database to identify word order preferences in Romani dialects from different countries. In Study 2, we examine a corpus of interviews in Romani from Romania. In Study 3, we conduct an experiment to test short-term priming in adjective (ADJ)/noun (N) order from Romanian to Romani and within Romani. Data and analysis: In Study 1, we examine the word order in approximately 3000 NPs from 119 Romani speakers. In Study 2, we analyse a speech corpus of 9400 words from four elderly Romani–Romanian bilinguals. In Study 3, 90 Romani–Romanian bilinguals participated in a priming experiment. We used multinomial mixed-effects logistic regression, Bayesian models and Random Forests to analyse the experimental results. Findings/conclusions: Study 1 shows that Romani speakers from Romania stand out for their frequent use of postnominal ADJs. Study 2 confirms these uses in free speech. Study 3 reveals significant CLP effects, whereby speakers favour the use of determiner (DET)–N–ADJ order in Romani immediately following a noun with a suffixed determiner (NDET)–ADJ sentence read in Romanian. Originality: Our study is the first to demonstrate CLP effects in ADJ/N order. Significance/implications: We illustrate a unified approach to language contact by introducing theoretical and methodological advances from the field of bilingualism into the study of contact-induced change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People of Romani background are usually labelled as members of an "ethnic minority" and identified along dominantly ethnicized notions and markers. Discursively, this neglects individuals' different self-perceptions and multiple belongings. This contribution looks at interactional data and material from workshops conducted in Germany as part of the EU-wide initiative RoMed (Mediation for Roma). The initiative aimed to strengthen opportunities for local participation by people of Romani background in various European cities and communities between 2011–2017. A conversation analytical approach (e.g. at practices of categorization) is used to examine excerpts from group discussions ahead of a meeting with public officials. From an intersectional perspective I look at how boundaries are drawn, blurred, or destabilized between issues of religiosity and ethnicity. The article discusses boundary-drawing as a symbolic ordering process, highlighting the hegemonic discourses which are reproduced and challenged in the investigated linguistic material. The boundaries drawn and negotiated show the delicate balance between the staging of ethnic and religious affiliations and concerns and their political mobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the lack of good-quality data, there has been no sound research about the economic welfare of the Romani in the countries where they live. Drawing on a comprehensive survey conducted on the economic welfare of the Romani people in Turkey, we employed multidimensional poverty measures to capture the structural side of the poverty of the Romani in Turkey, in a comparative manner with the non-Romani majority. The paper also decomposes the determinants of the multidimensional poverty. This helps us to identify the structural, personal characteristics and discrimination components of the poverty. This simultaneously allows us to comprehend the endowment and discrimination effects of different income layers of both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical research on the impact of linguistic labels on social perceptions is scarce, especially in the context of ethnic groups. Across three studies (N = 1185), we investigated the impact of labels on perceptions of the Romani ethnic group by non-Romani participants in Serbia. In Study 1 (N = 244), we found some evidence that the Romani elicit more positive perceptions (more sociable and competent) when labeled with the neutral (vs. derogatory) term. In two follow-up studies, we focused on investigating potential mechanisms. In Study 2, we tested whether positive perceptions emerged via perceived higher status, while in Study 3 we focused on the motivation to respond without prejudice and sensitivity to hate speech. Study 2 (N = 467) replicated the labeling effect showing that Romani were perceived more positively (more sociable and moral) when labeled with the neutral term. However, we found no support for perceived group status as a mechanism. Study 3 (N = 474) did not corroborate the labeling effect but found the higher external motivation to respond without prejudice (potential mechanism). Meta-analytic effects showed that Romani were perceived as more moral, sociable, and competent when the neutral term was used. These effects were to some extent moderated by ideology as they existed only for right-wing individuals. We conclude that the effect is much smaller than the effects in previous comparable studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past quarter-century, Celtic music has slowly declined on the global stage and been replaced as the de facto pan-European world music by a bricolage of Romani, klezmer and Balkan styles. These primarily East European musics have been adopted, adapted, fused, confused and ultimately claimed by northwestern Europeans as part of a wider project of reimagining their own identities in the post-Cold-war era. The music industry has not given a name to this trend, but the contributors to this volume have come to call it the ‘New Old Europe Sound’.