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The aim of the article is to identify the characteristics of the different teaching strategies used in higher education for students with developmental disabilities based on a review of the academic literature on higher education for students with special educational needs and a study of the practical aspects of the issue. Methodology. To conduct the research, analytical and bibliographical methods were applied in reviewing scientific literature on the application of different learning strategies in higher education for students with special educational needs. In addition, an online questionnaire survey of educators and methodologists working with students with special educational needs was used. Results. The main characteristics of modern learning strategies for students with special educational needs have been analysed as a result of the work.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the use of the term “Western Ukraine” / “Western Ukrainian lands” as a “basic/key concept” in the discourse of Lviv’s newspaper “Dilo” and the environment of the Ukrainian National Democratic Union (UNDO) in 1923–1939.The study applies the methodology of “conceptual history” (Begriffsgeschichte) according to R. Koselleck and J. Ifversen. The article focuses on a specific aspect of the use of this term, namely its “nationalizing” function in the context of relations with the Polish state. For a broader comparative context, the article also briefly describes Ukrainian nationalistic, Polish, and Soviet discourses, as well as transcripts of sessions of the Sejm of the Polish Republic.The article shows that after the Entente Council of Ambassadors’ decision of 1923 to recognize the sovereignty of the Second Polish Republic over Eastern Galicia, the term “Western Ukraine” acquired a new geographical meaning in Ukrainian national and Soviet discourses, denoting the territory of all Ukrainian lands in Poland. Simultaneously, with the postulate of “autonomy of the western Ukrainian lands”, this term regained its political tone.The article shows that the term “Western Ukrainian lands” was used to emphasize the national character of the Ukrainian territories of Poland, to oppose it to the policy of the Polish state, and to connect this area with Greater / Soviet Ukraine.Because of such political connotation, this term provoked a sharp controversy between the Ukrainian and Polish discourses, in particular within the parliament. At the same time, with the change of political orientation in the 1930s, the use of the term “Western Ukrainian lands” in the political declarations of the UNDO and “Dilo” gradually decreased.The study concludes that the term “Western Ukrainian lands” became a “basic / key” concept in the interwar Ukrainian discourse and contained certain political connotations. This term’s “nationalizing” function and its sharp discursive role have led to the gradual refusal of its use at the highest political level.Key words: Western Ukraine, UNDO, Dilo newspaper, Second Polish Republic, interwar period, conceptual history. Метою цієї статті є дослідити вживання терміна «Західна Україна» / «західноукраїнські землі» як «базового/ключового поняття» у дискурсі львівської газети «Діло» та середовища Українського національно-демократич-ного об’єднання (УНДО) у 1923–1939 рр.У статті застосовано методологію «історії понять» (conceptual history / Begriffsgeschichte) за Р. Козелеком та Я. Іфверсеном. Стаття зосереджується на конкретному аспекті вживання цього терміна, а саме його «націоналізуючої» функції в контексті відносин із польською державою. Для ширшого порівняльного контексту у статті коротко залучено також український націоналістичний, польський та радянський дискурси, а також застосовано стенограми засідань Сейму Польської республіки.Стаття демонструє, що після рішення Ради послів Антанти про визнання суверенітету Польської республіки над Східною Галичиною в 1923 р. термін «Західна Україна» в українському національному, а також радянському, дискурсах набув нового географічного наповнення, позначаючи простір всіх українських земель Польщі. Водночас із висуненням постулату про «автономію західноукраїнських земель» цей термін знову набув політичного звучання.У статті показано, що поняття «західноукраїнські землі» використовували з метою підкреслити національний характер українських територій Польщі, протиставити його політиці польської держави та пов’язати цей простір із Великою/Радянською Україною. Через таке змістове наповнення цей термін викликав гостру полеміку між українським та польським дискурсами, зокрема в стінах парламенту. Водночас зі зміною політичних орієнтацій у 1930-х рр. використання поняття «західноукраїнські землі» у політичних деклараціях УНДО та «Діла» поступово зменшувалось.Дослідження доходить висновку, що термін «західноукраїнські землі» став «базовим/ключовим» поняттям в міжвоєнному українському дискурсі і ніс певні політичні конотації. Саме ця його «націоналізуюча» функція та спричинена нею гостра дискурсивна роль цього терміна стала причиною поступової відмови від його використання на вищому політичному рівні.Ключові слова: Західна Україна, УНДО, газета «Діло», Польська республіка, міжвоєнний період, історія понять.

Purpose. The article’s purpose is an attempt to analyse the category of “public interest” in terms of doctrinal understanding and practical application in the sphere of public administration. Methods. The research methodology consists of various methods of scientific cognition, including comparative and legal, systematic and structural, analysis, synthesis and others that make it possible to systematically and consistently to solve scientific problems, to study and compare the points of view of scholars, provisions of legal acts of the corresponding countries, caselaw and to formulate the author’s conclusions. Results. The author of the article considers the public interest through the historical prism and concludes that this category was used as a “convenient screen” in Soviet times in order to restrict the rights of individuals, which does not allow us to refer to previously obtained scientific results to substantiate current tendencies in this field. Considerable attention of the work is focused on searching the universal definition of the category of “public interest”. The author criticizes the existing approaches to this issue, especially emphasizing that the quantitative indicators of the bearers of a particular interest cannot be a sufficient ground for classifying any of them as the public interest. Among other things the author of the article emphasizes that the system of public interests cannot be constant and unchanging. It is formed under the influence of various factors and therefore, it has to be revised from time to time. However, the state must be concerned about the stability of public interests and prevent their unjustified narrowing and / or expansion. The author also pays attention to the issue of alternative points of view on the scope of public interests within modern countries, while appealing to the authors of the libertarian concept of the state. This concept, in his view, is to some extent used by judicial authorities, who decide cases of competition between human rights and the public interest that confirms its viability. The author of the paper also emphasizes that the public interest is a constitutional value that allows it to compete with other constitutional values (for example, fundamental human rights and freedoms) and to have priority over values that are enshrined in laws and by-laws. Conclusions. An important aspect of the paper is to formulate the conditions, when restrictions on human rights and freedoms are allowed, with the reference to the need to ensure the public interest, which, in the author’s opinion, is the “secondary” value in a modern democratic and rule of law country.

Am 1. Juli 2021 ist das neue Verwaltungsgesetzbuch der Republik Kasachstan in Kraft getreten, das für gerichtliche Verwaltungsverfahren eine eigene Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung etabliert hat und in dem zum ersten Mal alle Vorschriften für Verwaltungsverfahren gesammelt und kodifiziert wurden. Das Gesetzbuch ist seitdem zu einem festen Bestandteil der kasachstanischen Rechtsprechung geworden, was sich unter anderem anhand der steigenden Zahl eingereichter Verwaltungsklagen zeigt. Auch wenn Kasachstan mit dem Verwaltungsgesetzbuch eines der fortschrittlichsten Verwaltungsjustizsysteme im postsowjetischen Raum geschaffen hat, enthält es einige Bestimmungen, die rechtsstaatlichen Prinzipien zuwiderlaufen. Die weitere Verbesserung von Prozeduren innerhalb der Judikative setzt die Implementierung von zusätzlichen Reformen voraus.

The article presents the resultsof mathematical modeling of the energy-dynamic processes of a wind farm which includes a battery energy storage system (BESS). The dependence between load capacity and energy generation capabilities of the active set of a wind power plant taking into account the energy capacity of BESS has been determined. A mathematical model of the BESS has been developed. The elaborated model is compared with two other models: a black box module and a model based on equivalent circuit model. The application of the developed model provides an opportunity to optimize the energy capacity of BESS for the specified parameters and modes of operation of the wind power plant. Using the obtained results expands the possibilities of the adequate management of energy-dynamic modes of energy systems with renewable energy sources, provides mitigation of transition processes in conditions of insufficient or excessive wind speeds and consumer loads.

This article proposes a study of the usage of the concept of “Galicia” in the leading Jewish political newspaper of interwar Eastern Galicia (southeastern Poland), the Zionist daily Chwila. The use of “Galicia” is analyzed along with its main concurrent in the public sphere, the term “Małopolska” (Lesser Poland). Each term had its realm of usage, while each was caused by a distinct kind of motivation. “Lesser Poland” dominated the political and common sphere as the name of the former Austrian part of Poland, while “Galicia” was reserved mostly for writing about cultural issues and stereotypes. “Lesser Poland” was supposedly accepted by Galician Zionists as a tool to express their loyalty to the newly restored Polish Republic, while “Galicia” was preserved as an instrument for communication with other Galician Jews abroad and their common Austrian past, as well as an instrument of othering them from the outside. Both terms continued to be used in such a way throughout the entire interwar period.

The article presents the results of the study of the possibilities of using neural networks to solve the problem of determining the active set of a wind farm (WF), taking into account the efficiency of each wind turbines (WT). The comparative analysis of the obtained results with the known methods of determining the active composition of WF, such as: the method of dynamic programming; the method of dynamic programming with increasing the load on the experimentally set percentage; modified method of dynamic programming. The advantages and disadvantages of using each of the studied methods in terms of the possibility of achieving a given generation power at the maximum efficiency of the selected WT are determined. It is established that when using recurrent neural networks to solve the problem of determining the active composition of WF, the minimum direct linear variation of the difference between the power to be generated and the actual power of the determined active set of WF is 2.7%. Under the same conditions, the use of other known methods, in particular, the modified method of dynamic programming ensures the achievement of this parameter at the level of 0.05%. This significantly increases the time to solve the problem. By computer simulation, it was found that under equal conditions, the time to solve the problem using neural networks - 0.04 s, and using a modified method of dynamic programming 3.4 s. The obtained results provide an opportunity to implement effective decision support systems in energy flow management.

espanolEn el articulo los autores mejoraron el enfoque metodologico para la evaluacion cuantitativa de la imagen de un establecimiento de educacion superior (HEE). Este enfoque se basa en la estructura de la imagen de los centros de ensenanza superior (calidad del proceso educativo, costes de formacion, caracteristicas visuales de los centros de ensenanza superior, estabilidad de la admision de estudiantes y de los graduados en el empleo, trabajo educativo y extracurricular en cuanto a los solicitantes, cultura corporativa y tradiciones) para los publicos objetivo seleccionados, proporciona una evaluacion exhaustiva y tiene en cuenta la importancia (peso) de la evaluacion de los parametros seleccionados. La imagen de los centros de ensenanza superior se evaluo para tres grupos del publico objetivo: los solicitantes, sus padres y los estudiantes de primer ano de los centros de ensenanza superior de Ucrania. Se baso en los datos reales de los centros de ensenanza superior existentes en Ucrania y en la UE, y en una encuesta en linea realizada a 756 personas. El planteamiento del autor es importante para el enfoque general de la gestion de la imagen de los centros de ensenanza superior, el analisis y la seleccion de las formas, los metodos, los mecanismos y las herramientas de dicha gestion, la busqueda y la justificacion del lugar y el papel de la gestion de la imagen en la gestion de todo el centro de ensenanza superior. EnglishIn the paper the authors improved the methodological approach to quantitative assessment of the image of a higher education establishment (HEE). This approach is based on the structure of the image of higher education establishment (educational process quality, training costs, visual characteristics of higher education establishments, stability of student intake and employment graduates, educational and extracurricular work as for applicants, corporate culture and traditions) for selected target audiences, provides comprehensive assessment and takes into account the significance (weight) of selected parameters evaluation. The image of higher education establishments was evaluated for three groups of the target audience: applicants, their parents and first-year students of higher education establishments of Ukraine. It was based on the real data of existing higher education establishments of Ukraine and EU, and online survey of 756 people. The author's approach is important for the general approach to the management of the HEE image, analysis and selection of forms, methods, mechanisms and tools of such management, search and justification of the place and role of image management in the management of the entire higher education establishment.

The urgency of the article is due to the need to develop new approaches to increasing the effectiveness of the Armed Forces of Ukraine at the present stage of their development and designing new methods and tasks in the military policy of the state. These approaches, according to the authors, should be based on the basis of the best and most promising achievements of world military thought and take into account their own historical experience of Ukrainians. In the context of studying this experience, the authors of the article consider the theoretical contributions of some representatives of Ukrainian military emigration, whose ideas and opinions formed the basis for the design of the military doctrine of the modern Ukrainian state. The purpose of the study is to analyze the conceptual approaches to the foundations of military construction during the period of the national revolution of 1917-1921 in the writings of military historians, to clarify the place and role of Ukrainian military authors in the elaboration of the theoretical norms of the military doctrine set forth in the pages of scientific works on the issue of national construction armed forces. The article describes the state of military construction of the period of the national revolution of 1917-1921. Shows the main problems of military-theoretical nature, which are presented in the writings of military historians of the interwar period. It is shown how the representatives of military emigration considered the problems connected with the future world armed conflict and the possibility of rebuilding their own army. The novelty of the study is to comprehensively study Ukrainian military-theoretical thought in the interwar period, to distinguish between conceptual differences in the views of military theorists on ways of forming a military doctrine.

There is growing interest in the use of deep neural network (DNN) based image denoising to reduce patient’s X-ray dosage in medical computed tomography (CT). An effective denoiser must remove noise while maintaining the texture and detail. Commonly used mean squared error (MSE) loss functions in the DNN training weight errors due to bias and variance equally. However, the error due to bias is often more egregious since it results in loss of image texture and detail. In this paper, we present a novel approach to designing a loss function that penalizes variance and bias differently. Our proposed bias-reducing loss function allows us to train a DNN denoiser so that the amount of texture and detail retained can be controlled through a user adjustable parameter. Our experiments verify that the proposed loss function enhances the texture and detail in denoised images with only a slight increase in the MSE.

The article considers an approach of determination of clouds statistical features: direction and velocity of displacement. Satellite maps are being processed to get cloudiness segments of different intensity. Multilevel segmentation and a clustering algorithm are used to precise cloudiness distribution. Coordinates of cloudiness are being calculated. Their accuracy depends from a step of grid covering the image.

The known thinning and flood-fill algorithms are implemented in the approach. The template PCB image and the manufactured PCB image are used to determine coordinates of specific points: endings and switches. The flood-fill algorithm is used to mark traces and to detect defects of connectivity. The flood-fill algorithm also is used to detect background defects. Defects of traces are found and measured by mean intensity and gradient functions, which are applied to suspicious routes.

Low x-ray dose is desirable in x-ray computed tomographic (CT) imaging due to health concerns. But low dose comes with a cost of low signal artifacts such as streaks and low frequency bias in the reconstruction. As a result, low signal correction is needed to help reduce artifacts while retaining relevant anatomical structures. Low signal can be encountered in cases where sufficient number of photons do not reach the detector to have confidence in the recorded data. X-ray photons, assumed to have Poisson distribution, have signal to noise ratio proportional to the dose, with poorer SNR in low signal areas. Electronic noise added by the data acquisition system further reduces the signal quality. In this paper we will demonstrate a technique to combat low signal artifacts through adaptive filtration. It entails statistics-based filtering on the uncorrected data, correcting the lower signal areas more aggressively than the high signal ones. We look at local averages to decide how aggressive the filtering should be, and local standard deviation to decide how much detail preservation to apply. Implementation consists of a pre-correction step i.e. local linear minimum mean-squared error correction, followed by a variance stabilizing transform, and finally adaptive bilateral filtering. The coefficients of the bilateral filter are computed using local statistics. Results show that improvements were made in terms of low frequency bias, streaks, local average and standard deviation, modulation transfer function and noise power spectrum.

The object of research is an algorithm for the classification of large data based on the hierarchical clustering algorithm. The nonlinear complexity of the clustering algorithm does not allow for data samples of 5–10 thousand and above.To classify data, it is necessary to pre-group them. Therefore, the subject of research is the data segmentation algorithm based on piecewise linear approximation. In the course of the study, let’s use hierarchical clustering algorithms, the method of piecewiselinear approximation of the cumulative histogram, calculated by a special procedure, and the procedure for searching for segmentation thresholds. The computational complexity of the classical hierarchical algorithm reaches the value of O(N3), and certain steps to limit the search can achieve the value of O(N2), which is confirmed by experiments to study the dependence of the hierarchical tree on the initial sample. An approximate approach to key clustering with partitioning of a set of basic keys is implemented. To reduce further the complexity of the hierarchical clustering algorithm, a decomposition approach based on splitting the initial sample of large data into a number of subsets is proposed. In this article to use the hierarchical clustering algorithm for big data classification the preliminary decomposition method is proposed. It is based on multilevel segmentation of cumulative or ordinary histograms obtained for every feature coordinate characterizing object of data. Thresholds of multilevel segmentation are obtained by piecewise linear approximation of histogram functions. Build hypercubes of data are being accepted as objects for three stages clustering algorithm. Powerful tool for data classification is obtained, the use of which allows carrying out many experiments with data of various types to identify patterns among the data features. Its application is intended for the processing of patient data, molecular structures, economic problems for making optimal treatment decisions, diagnostics and modeling.Thanks to this approach, data classification can be performed online to obtain the results of direct analysis when data is received, for example, from spacecraft.

In this paper the approximation algorithm was used twice: to obtain the approximated image and to approximate cumulative histogram. The usage of the comparison formula to transformed images allows to detect coordinates of defects and to measure their intensity marked proportionally to the difference between the etalon and defective images. Approximation by piecewise linear function gives threshold values for multilevel segmentation and defect detection.

The object of research is a distributed cumulative histogram of a digital image and its advantages for auto-mated determination of the location and intensity of defects of different nature on the surfaces of materials: metal, paper, etc. The technique considered in the study is aimed at minimization of human interference in the process of material surface control from the moment of its photographing to the moment of making a decision about the surface quality. Three-dimensional distributed cumulative histogram (DCH) is presented as a two-dimensional image in which the pixel intensity corresponds to the third dimension – the number of pixels of a certain intensity in the original surface image. Informative distributed cumulative histogram (IDCH) is used to recognize black, dark and light defects, and to measure their intensity and location by the clustering algorithm. The average value of the pixel intensity in the columns and rows of the pixel matrix of the cumulative histogram image is calculated to estimate the intensity of the defects. Measurement of the intensity of defects is carried out in two ways: directly on the image of the surface sample and by comparing the image of the sample and the reference image of the sample without defects. To solve the problem, an algorithm of hierarchical clustering of data to rectangular segments of the surface image is used. In the image, each cluster is marked with a corresponding color of gray. The image for analysis is transformed using segmentation and inversion algorithms. This allows to get more accurate estimates of the intensity of light and dark defects. The clustering algorithm groups the image segments of the surface samples, as well as the images of the distributed cumulative histogram to group the level of surface damage. Distributed cumulative histogram was used to detect defects on the surface of materials as a method of linking the number and intensity of pixels to image coordinates. Cluster analysis helps to find their coordinates and intensity. In comparison with known approaches, the method has a linear algorithmic complexity to the number of pixels in the input image, which allows to do a significant number of experiments to identify the types of surfaces of materials for use and the features of algorithms.

In this paper the K-means clustering algorithm was used to blur segments of image and amplify defects regions of the fabric samples. The usage of the comparison formula to transformed images allows to detect coordinates of defects and to measure their intensity marked proportionally to the difference between the etalon and defective images.

The K-mean clustering algorithm was implemented to find the PCB defects. Special procedure for image comparison was developed. Clustering helps not to notice small shifting and deviation of routine paths and contacts sizes and coordinates.

Microscopic equations for the coefficients of the effective Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson (LGW) fluid Hamiltonian are presented in the case of the reference system that consists of hard spheres with a short-range Yukawa attraction. The mean-field level analysis of the critical parameters of the Sutherland fluid, based on the effective LGW fluid Hamiltonian with two different reference systems, namely, widely used pure hard spheres and hard spheres with the short-range Yukawa attraction, is performed. From the comparison with computer simulation data, the superiority of the reference system that incorporates the short-range attraction is shown.

Summary . The purpose of the research – to trace the establishment and changes in the administrative and territorial structure of Drohobychyna in the 1940-ies and 1950-ies, when the Soviet system was established, restored and approved in the region; to determine the factors and the consequences of the territorial transformations. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, scientificity, verification, the author's objectivity, a moderate narrative constructivism, as well as the use of the general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and the special historical (historicalgenetic, historicaltypological, historicalsystemic) methods . The scientific novelty – for the first time a comprehensive study of the transformation of the administrative, territorial space of Drohobych region in the Soviet time has been investigated. It has been illustrated that the administrative, territorial space of Drohobych region was a manifestation of the socio-political systems that were established in the region. The decisive factor was the status of the Western Ukrainian lands. The entry of Drohobychyna into the UkrSSR and the USSR caused the change in the administrative, territorial structure, which wasthe Second Commonwealth and the establishment of the Soviet model. Conclusions. The administrative-territorial space of Drohobych region was the manifestation of the socio-political systems that were established in the region. The defining status of the Ukrainian lands was decisive. The entry of Drohobych region into the UkrSSR and the USSR led to the change in the administrativeterritorial structure of the region, which was during the Second Commonwealth and the establishment of the Soviet model. The administrativeterritorial transformations began in 1939–1941, when the first Sovietyzation of the region took place, and continued during the postwar years. The region lost some of its historic territory, and the local population was subject to a forced resettlement t. The local traditions, aspirations and hopes of the people were not taken into account, which not only changed the face of the border area but also caused the numerous human tragedies. The next transformations coincide with the era of M. Khrushchov's reforms. The consolidation of the individual administrative units, which lacked the sufficient scientific justification, led to the elimination of some districts initially and later of Drohobych region itself. Soviet Drohobych region became thepart of Lviv region.

A method for distance reduction between cumulative histograms of the SWIR face images is considered. Categories of distributed cumulative histogram (DCH) and segmented DCH are proposed. A distance matrix by statistical features is clustered for face images classification.