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Using three common polymeric materials (polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polycaprolactone (PCL)), a standard oxygen-plasma treatment and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we performed a scaling analysis of the modified surfaces yielding effective Hurst exponents ( H ≃ 0.77 ± 0.02 (PP), ≃0.75 ± 0.02 (PTFE), and ≃0.83 ± 0.02 (PCL)), for the one-dimensional profiles, corresponding to the transversal sections of the surface, by averaging over all possible profiles. The surface fractal dimensions are given by d s = 3 - H , corresponding to d s ≃ 2.23, 2.25, and 2.17, respectively. We present a simple method to obtain the surface area from the AFM images stored in a matrix of 512 × 512 pixels. We show that the considerable increase found in the surface areas of the treated samples w.r.t. to the non-treated ones (43% for PP, 85% for PTFE, and 25% for PCL, with errors of about 2.5% on samples of 2 µm × 2 µm) is consistent with the observed increase in the length scales of the fractal regime to determine H , typically by a factor of about 2, extending from a few to hundreds of nanometres. We stipulate that the intrinsic roughness already present in the original non-treated material surfaces may serve as 'fractal' seeds undergoing significant height fluctuations during plasma treatment, suggesting a pathway for the future development of advanced material interfaces with large surface areas at the nanoscale.

The goal of estimating a soundscape index, aimed at evaluating the contribution of the environmental sound components, is to provide an accurate "acoustic quality" assessment of a complex habitat. Such an index can prove to be a powerful ecological tool associated with both rapid on-site and remote surveys. The soundscape ranking index (SRI), introduced by us recently, can empirically account for the contribution of different sound sources by assigning a positive weight to natural sounds (biophony) and a negative weight to anthropogenic ones. The optimization of such weights was performed by training four machine learning algorithms (decision tree, DT; random forest, RF; adaptive boosting, AdaBoost; support vector machine, SVM) over a relatively small fraction of a labeled sound recording dataset. The sound recordings were taken at 16 sites distributed over an area of approximately 22 hectares at Parco Nord (Northern Park) of the city Milan (Italy). From the audio recordings, we extracted four different spectral features: two based on ecoacoustic indices and the other two based on mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs). The labeling was focused on the identification of sounds belonging to biophonies and anthropophonies. This preliminary approach revealed that two classification models, DT and AdaBoost, trained by using 84 extracted features from each recording, are able to provide a set of weights characterized by a rather good classification performance (F1-score = 0.70, 0.71). The present results are in quantitative agreement with a self-consistent estimation of the mean SRI values at each site that was recently obtained by us using a different statistical approach.

Low-dimensional copper oxide nanostructures are very promising building blocks for various functional materials targeting high-demanded applications, including energy harvesting and transformation systems, sensing and catalysis. Featuring a very high surface-to-volume ratio and high chemical reactivity, these materials have attracted wide interest from researchers. Currently, extensive research on the fabrication and applications of copper oxide nanostructures ensures the fast progression of this technology. In this article we briefly outline some of the most recent, mostly within the past two years, innovations in well-established fabrication technologies, including oxygen plasma-based methods, self-assembly and electric-field assisted growth, electrospinning and thermal oxidation approaches. Recent progress in several key types of leading-edge applications of CuO nanostructures, mostly for energy, sensing and catalysis, is also reviewed. Besides, we briefly outline and stress novel insights into the effect of various process parameters on the growth of low-dimensional copper oxide nanostructures, such as the heating rate, oxygen flow, and roughness of the substrates. These insights play a key role in establishing links between the structure, properties and performance of the nanomaterials, as well as finding the cost-and-benefit balance for techniques that are capable of fabricating low-dimensional CuO with the desired properties and facilitating their integration into more intricate material architectures and devices without the loss of original properties and function.

We have performed a detailed analysis of the soundscape inside an urban park (located in the city of Milan) based on simultaneous sound recordings at 16 locations within the park. The sound sensors were deployed over a regular grid covering an area of about 22 hectares, surrounded by a variety of anthropophonic sources. The recordings span 3.5 h each over a period of four consecutive days. We aimed at determining a soundscape ranking index (SRI) evaluated at each site in the grid by introducing 4 unknown parameters. To this end, a careful aural survey from a single day was performed in order to identify the presence of 19 predefined sound categories within a minute, every 3 minutes of recording. It is found that all SRI values fluctuate considerably within the 70 time intervals considered. The corresponding histograms were used to define a dissimilarity function for each pair of sites. Dissimilarity was found to increase significantly with the inter-site distance in space. Optimal values of the 4 parameters were obtained by minimizing the standard deviation of the data, consistent with a fifth parameter describing the variation of dissimilarity with distance. As a result, we classify the sites into three main categories: "poor", "medium" and "good" environmental sound quality. This study can be useful to assess the quality of a soundscape in general situations.

The-growing influence of urbanisation on green areas can greatly benefit from passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) across spatiotemporal continua to provide biodiversity estimation and useful information for conservation planning and development decisions. The capability of eco-acoustic indices to capture different sound features has been harnessed to identify areas within the Parco Nord of Milan, Italy, characterised by different degrees of anthropic disturbance and biophonic activity. For this purpose, we used a network of very low-cost sensors distributed over an area of approximately 20 hectares to highlight areas with different acoustic properties. The audio files analysed in this study were recorded at 16 sites on four sessions during the period 25-29 May (2015), from 06:30 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. Seven eco-acoustic indices, namely Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI), Acoustic Diversity Index (ADI), Acoustic Evenness Index (AEI), Bio-Acoustic Index (BI), Acoustic Entropy Index (H), Normalized Difference Soundscape Index (NSDI), and Dynamic Spectral Centroid (DSC) were computed at 1 s integration time and the resulting time series were described by seven statistical descriptors. A dimensionality reduction of the indices carrying similar sound information was obtained by performing principal component analysis (PCA). Over the retained dimensions, describing a large (∼80%) variance of the original variables, a cluster analysis allowed discriminating among sites characterized by different combination of eco-acoustic indices (dimensions). The results show that the obtained groups are well correlated with the results of an aural survey aimed at determining the sound components at the sixteen sites (biophonies, technophonies, and geophonies). This outcome highlights the capability of this analysis of discriminating sites with different environmental sounds, thus allowing to create a map of the acoustic environment over an extended area.

Plasma-assisted supersonic jet deposition (PA-SJD) is a precise technique for the fabrication of thin films with a desired nanostructured morphology. In this work, we used quadrupole mass spectrometry of the neutral species in the jet and the extensive characterization of TiO 2 films to improve our understanding of the relationship between jet chemistry and film properties. To do this, an organo-metallic precursor (titanium tetra-isopropoxide or TTIP) was first dissociated using a reactive argon-oxygen plasma in a vacuum chamber and then delivered into a second, lower pressure chamber through a nozzle. The pressure difference between the two chambers generated a supersonic jet carrying nanoparticles of TiO 2 in the second chamber, and these were deposited onto the surface of a substrate located few centimeters away from the nozzle. The nucleation/aggregation of the jet nanoparticles could be accurately tuned by a suitable choice of control parameters in order to produce the required structures. We demonstrate that high-quality films of up to several µm in thickness and covering a surface area of few cm 2 can be effectively produced using this PA-SJD technique.

We introduce an epidemic spreading model on a network using concepts from percolation theory. The model is motivated by discussing the standard SIR model, with extensions to describe effects of lockdowns within a population. The underlying ideas and behaviour of the lattice model, implemented using the same lockdown scheme as for the SIR scheme, are discussed in detail and illustrated with extensive simulations. A comparison between both models is presented for the case of COVID-19 data from the USA. Both fits to the empirical data are very good, but some differences emerge between the two approaches which indicate the usefulness of having an alternative approach to the widespread SIR model., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

DYNAMAP, a European Life project, aims at giving a real image of the noise generated by vehicular traffic in urban areas developing a dynamic acoustic map based on a limited number of low-cost permanent noise monitoring stations. The system has been implemented in two pilot areas located in the agglomeration of Milan (Italy) and along the Motorway A90 (Rome-Italy). The paper reports the final assessment of the system installed in the pilot area of Milan. Traffic noise data collected by the monitoring stations, each one representative of a number of roads (groups) sharing similar characteristics (e.g., daily traffic flow), are used to build-up a "real-time" noise map. In particular, we focused on the results of the testing campaign (21 sites distributed over the pilot area and 24 h duration of each recording). It allowed evaluating the accuracy and reliability of the system by comparing the predicted noise level of DYNAMAP with field measurements in randomly selected sites. To this end, a statistical analysis has been implemented to determine the error associated with such prediction, and to optimize the system by developing a correction procedure aimed at keeping the error below some acceptable threshold. The steps and the results of this procedure are given in detail. It is shown that it is possible to describe a complex road network on the basis of a statistical approach, complemented by empirical data, within a threshold of 3 dB provided that the traffic flow model achieves a comparable accuracy within each single groups of roads in the network., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

The authors suggest a model to simulate the dynamics of ions in a supersonic plasma jet. The model relies on experimental argon ion, Ar(+), energy distribution functions measured by a quadrupole mass spectrometer at different positions along the central axis of a supersonic argon plasma jet. The latter is generated by the pressure difference between two vacuum chambers connected through a converging nozzle: a high-pressure chamber (P ≃ 3.20 Pa), where an inductively coupled argon plasma discharge is maintained, and a lower-pressure one (P ≃ 0.11 Pa), where the plasma jet expands. The model is based on the integration of the equations of motion of a single Ar(+), moving along the supersonic jet in a reference system in which neutral species are at rest. Ar(+)-Ar induced dipole interactions are treated using a 12-4 Lennard-Jones potential. The resulting collisions are considered to be purely elastic, and in addition to them, we allow for charge transfer processes. The energy and position of 1000 Ar(+) were calculated, using an integration time step of 10 ps for ion trajectories ranging from 5 mm to 20 mm from the nozzle, well inside the spatial extension of the supersonic jet. The numerically obtained ion energy distribution functions agree remarkably well with the experimental measurements. From our calculations we can draw conclusions about the energy loss and the mean free paths along the jet. In particular, we can distinguish between processes with and without charge transfer, allowing us to determine the effect of charge exchange phenomena in which the ion changes its nature. The calculated mean free paths were used to evaluate the effective cross sections for momentum transfer and charge transfer collisions, valid for ion energies in the range (0.5-10) eV, in very good agreement with those reported in the literature.

The accuracy of earnings predictions is hampered by the several predominantly unpredictable effects due to the complex evolution of economy. Finding out which are the dominant market features embracing uncertainty is therefore the key to get beyond present state-of-art earnings forecasts. The analysis of annual revenues and earnings data (1954-2008) from the 500 largest-revenue U.S. companies suggests a linear relation between company expected mean profit and revenue. Annual profit fluctuations are then obtained as difference between actual annual profits and expected mean values. It is found that the temporal evolution of profit fluctuations for a single company displays a slowly decaying autocorrelation, yielding Hurst exponents in the range H=0.75+/-0.17 . The study of profits cross correlations between companies suggests a way to distinguish typical earnings years from anomalous ones by looking at minimal information structures contained within the space defined by the associated covariance metric.

We review statistical properties of models generated by the application of a (positive and negative order) fractional derivative operator to a standard random walk and show that the resulting stochastic walks display slowly decaying autocorrelation functions. The relation between these correlated walks and the well-known fractionally integrated autoregressive models with conditional heteroskedasticity (FIGARCH), commonly used in econometric studies, is discussed. The application of correlated random walks to simulate empirical financial times series is considered and compared with the predictions from FIGARCH and the simpler FIARCH processes. A comparison with empirical data is performed.

An accurate approach for reconstructing a time-dependent two-dimensional signal from non-synchronized time series recorded at points located on a grid is discussed. The method, denoted as correlation sampling, improves the standard conditional sampling approach commonly employed in the study of turbulence in magnetoplasma devices. Its implementation is illustrated in the case of an artificial time-dependent signal constructed using a fractal algorithm that simulates a fluctuating surface. A statistical method is also discussed for distinguishing coherent (i.e., collective) from purely random (noisy) behavior for such two-dimensional fluctuating phenomena.

We study the temperature-dependent structural behavior of self-avoiding walks (SAWs) on two-dimensional Sierpinski carpets as a simple model of polymers adsorbed on a disordered surface. Thereby, the Sierpinski carpet defines two types of sites with energy 0 and >0 , respectively, yielding a deterministic fractal energy landscape. In the limiting cases of temperature T-->0 and T-->infinity , the known behaviors of SAWs on Sierpinski carpets and on regular square lattices, respectively, are recovered. For finite temperatures, the structural behavior is found to be intermediate between the two limiting cases; the characteristic exponents, however, display a nontrivial dependence on temperature.

The statistics of self-avoiding walks (SAWs) on deterministic fractal structures with infinite ramification, modeled by Sierpinski square lattices, is revisited in two and three dimensions using the reptation algorithm. The probability distribution function of the end-to-end distance of SAWs, consisting of up to 400 steps, is obtained and its scaling behavior at small distances is studied. The resulting scaling exponents are confronted with previous calculations for much shorter linear chains (20 to 30 steps) based on the exact enumeration (EE) technique. The present results coincide with the EE values in two dimensions, but differ slightly in three dimensions. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is discussed. Despite this, the violation of the so-called des Cloizeaux relation, a renormalization result that holds on regular lattices and on deterministic fractal structures with finite ramification, is confirmed numerically.

Background: Since thermodynamic stability is a global property of proteins that has to be conserved during evolution, the selective pressure at a given site of a protein sequence depends on the amino acids present at other sites. However, models of molecular evolution that aim at reconstructing the evolutionary history of macromolecules become computationally intractable if such correlations between sites are explicitly taken into account., Results: We introduce an evolutionary model with sites evolving independently under a global constraint on the conservation of structural stability. This model consists of a selection process, which depends on two hydrophobicity parameters that can be computed from protein sequences without any fit, and a mutation process for which we consider various models. It reproduces quantitatively the results of Structurally Constrained Neutral (SCN) simulations of protein evolution in which the stability of the native state is explicitly computed and conserved. We then compare the predicted site-specific amino acid distributions with those sampled from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The parameters of the mutation model, whose number varies between zero and five, are fitted from the data. The mean correlation coefficient between predicted and observed site-specific amino acid distributions is larger than = 0.70 for a mutation model with no free parameters and no genetic code. In contrast, considering only the mutation process with no selection yields a mean correlation coefficient of = 0.56 with three fitted parameters. The mutation model that best fits the data takes into account increased mutation rate at CpG dinucleotides, yielding = 0.90 with five parameters., Conclusion: The effective selection process that we propose reproduces well amino acid distributions as observed in the protein sequences in the PDB. Its simplicity makes it very promising for likelihood calculations in phylogenetic studies. Interestingly, in this approach the mutation process influences the effective selection process, i.e. selection and mutation must be entangled in order to obtain effectively independent sites. This interdependence between mutation and selection reflects the deep influence that mutation has on the evolutionary process: The bias in the mutation influences the thermodynamic properties of the evolving proteins, in agreement with comparative studies of bacterial proteomes, and it also influences the rate of accepted mutations.

A simple model for simulating cross correlations of a many-assets market is discussed. Correlations between assets are initially considered within the context of the well-known one-factor model, in which a driving term common to all stocks is present. The results are compared to those of real market data corresponding to a set of 445 stocks taken from the Standard and Poors 500 index. The model is further extended by introducing a stochastic volatility within each time series using an autoregressive scheme. This artificial market reproduces the empirically observed fat tails in the distribution function of logarithmic price variations and, more important, leads to additional cross correlations between the time series, in better agreement with the real market behavior.

A statistical analysis of density fluctuations in a cylindrical non-fusion device is performed. The experimental setup is implemented in order to reach a turbulent behavior of the linear plasma column. Two different turbulent regimes are obtained corresponding to two selected sets of values for the discharge parameters. The first regime displays a rotating column characterized by the presence of a shear layer separating the plasma bulk from the tenuous plasma in the shadow of the limiter, the latter showing a strong intermittent behavior and superdiffusion. The second regime corresponds to a weakly rotating column in which coherence is lost in the plasma bulk and a standard diffusive process takes place in the shadow region. These findings are supported by the calculation of the Hurst's exponent using wavelet-analysis techniques. Furthermore the intermittent behavior is characterized and related to the diffusive process. Finally the shape of the probability distribution function of density fluctuations seems to be well described by an analytical form suggested on the basis of Tsallis generalized statistics.

We review and further develop an analytical model that describes how thermodynamic constraints on the stability of the native state influence protein evolution in a site-specific manner. To this end, we represent both protein sequences and protein structures as vectors: structures are represented by the principal eigenvector (PE) of the protein contact matrix, a quantity that resembles closely the effective connectivity of each site; sequences are represented through the "interactivity" of each amino acid type, using novel parameters that are correlated with hydropathy scales. These interactivity parameters are more strongly correlated than the other hydropathy scales that we examine with: (1) the change upon mutations of the unfolding free energy of proteins with two-states thermodynamics; (2) genomic properties as the genome-size and the genome-wide GC content; (3) the main eigenvectors of the substitution matrices. The evolutionary average of the interactivity vector correlates very strongly with the PE of a protein structure. Using this result, we derive an analytic expression for site-specific distributions of amino acids across protein families in the form of Boltzmann distributions whose "inverse temperature" is a function of the PE component. We show that our predictions are in agreement with site-specific amino acid distributions obtained from the Protein Data Bank, and we determine the mutational model that best fits the observed site-specific amino acid distributions. Interestingly, the optimal model almost minimizes the rate at which deleterious mutations are eliminated by natural selection.

We derive an analytic expression for site-specific stationary distributions of amino acids from the structurally constrained neutral (SCN) model of protein evolution with conservation of folding stability. The stationary distributions that we obtain have a Boltzmann-like shape, and their effective temperature parameter, measuring the limit of divergent evolutionary changes at a given site, can be predicted from a site-specific topological property, the principal eigenvector of the contact matrix of the native conformation of the protein. These analytic results, obtained without free parameters, are compared with simulations of the SCN model and with the site-specific amino acid distributions obtained from the Protein Data Bank. These results also provide new insights into how the topology of a protein fold influences its designability, i.e., the number of sequences compatible with that fold. The dependence of the effective temperature on the principal eigenvector decreases for longer proteins, as a possible consequence of the fact that selection for thermodynamic stability becomes weaker in this case.