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2. Brain Computations and Connectivity

Author

Rolls, Edmund T.

Subjects
neuroscience, brain, cerebral cortex, psychiatry, machine learning, computational neuroscience, neuroimaging, neurology, deep learning, memory, emotion, perception, mind and brain, consciousness, bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMM Physiological & neuro-psychology, biopsychology, bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMR Cognition & cognitive psychology, bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMA Psychological theory & schools of thought::JMAQ Cognitivism, cognitive theory, bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
Abstract

The subject of this book is how the brain works. In order to understand this, it is essential to know what is computed by different brain systems; and how the computations are performed. The aim of this book is to elucidate what is computed in different brain systems; and to describe current computational approaches and models of how each of these brain systems computes. Understanding the brain in this way has enormous potential for understanding ourselves better in health and in disease. Potential applications of this understanding are to the treatment of the brain in disease; and to artificial intelligence which will benefit from knowledge of how the brain performs many of its extraordinarily impressive functions. This book is pioneering in taking this approach to brain function: to consider what is computed by many of our brain systems; and how it is computed. The book is also pioneering in taking biologically plausible approaches to brain computation. The book is also pioneering in incorporating evidence on the connectivity of 360 cortical regions in the human brain, making the book highly relevant to understanding the human brain. The book will be of interest to all scientists interested in brain function and how the brain works, whether they are from neuroscience, or from medical sciences including neurology and psychiatry, or from the area of computational science including machine learning and artificial intelligence, or from areas such as theoretical physics.

Published
2023
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18. List of contributors

Author

Ayed, Charfedinne, primary, Badonnel, Karine, additional, Baly, Christine, additional, Briand, Loïc, additional, Brindisi, Marie-Claude, additional, Brondel, Laurent, additional, Canon, Francis, additional, Croy, Ilona, additional, de Graaf, Kees C., additional, Duchamp-Viret, Patricia, additional, Feron, Gilles, additional, Forde, Ciarán G., additional, Georgiopoulos, Charalampos, additional, Guichard, Elisabeth, additional, Haehner, Antje, additional, Havermans, Remco C., additional, Heydel, Jean-Marie, additional, Hummel, Thomas, additional, Ibarlucea-Jerez, Maria, additional, Jacquin-Piques, Agnès, additional, Köster, Egon P., additional, Kuczewski, Nicola, additional, Licandro, Hélène, additional, Mojet, Jos, additional, Mouillot, Thomas, additional, Mérignac-Lacombe, Jeanne, additional, Neiers, Fabrice, additional, Neyraud, Eric, additional, Nicklaus, Sophie, additional, Pénicaud, Luc, additional, Rolls, Edmund T., additional, Saint-Eve, Anne, additional, Salles, Christian, additional, Schaal, Benoist, additional, Schwartz, Mathieu, additional, Sinding, Charlotte, additional, Stevenson, Richard J., additional, Thomas-Danguin, Thierry, additional, Tournier, Carole, additional, and van den Heuvel, Emmy, additional

Published
2023
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26. Hippocampal storage and recall of neocortical "What"–"Where" representations.

Author

Rolls, Edmund T., Zhang, Chenfei, and Feng, Jianfeng

Subjects
*NEURAL circuitry, *ENTORHINAL cortex, *RECOLLECTION (Psychology), *DENTATE gyrus, *ACTION potentials
Abstract

A key question for understanding the function of the hippocampus in memory is how information is recalled from the hippocampus to the neocortex. This was investigated in a neuronal network model of the hippocampal system in which "What" and "Where" neuronal firing rate vectors were applied to separate neocortical modules, which then activated entorhinal cortex "What" and "Where" modules, then the dentate gyrus, then CA3, then CA1, then the entorhinal cortex, and then the backprojections to the neocortex. A rate model showed that the whole system could be trained to recall "Where" in the neocortex from "What" applied as a retrieval cue to the neocortex, and could in principle be trained up towards the theoretical capacity determined largely by the number of synapses onto any one neuron divided by the sparseness of the representation. The trained synaptic weights were then imported into an integrate‐and‐fire simulation of the same architecture, which showed that the time from presenting a retrieval cue to a neocortex module to recall the whole memory in the neocortex is approximately 100 ms. This is sufficiently fast for the backprojection synapses to be trained onto the still active neocortical neurons during storage of the episodic memory, and this is needed for recall to operate correctly to the neocortex. These simulations also showed that the long loop neocortex–hippocampus–neocortex that operates continuously in time may contribute to complete recall in the neocortex; but that this positive feedback long loop makes the whole dynamical system inherently liable to a pathological increase in neuronal activity. Important factors that contributed to stability included increased inhibition in CA3 and CA1 to keep the firing rates low; and temporal adaptation of the neuronal firing and of active synapses, which are proposed to make an important contribution to stabilizing runaway excitation in cortical circuits in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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27. Selective Brain Activations and Connectivities Related to the Storage and Recall of Human Object‐Location, Reward‐Location, and Word‐Pair Episodic Memories.

Author

Rolls, Edmund T., Zhang, Ruohan, Deco, Gustavo, Vatansever, Deniz, and Feng, Jianfeng

Subjects
*PREFRONTAL cortex, *CINGULATE cortex, *EPISODIC memory, *RECOLLECTION (Psychology), *REWARD (Psychology)
Abstract

Different cortical systems to the hippocampus were activated using fMRI during different types of episodic memory task. For object with scene location episodic memory, the activations were high in cortical systems involved in spatial processing, including the ventromedial visual and medial parahippocampal system. These activations for the medial parahippocampal system were higher in the right hemisphere. The activations in the face and object processing ventrolateral visual cortical stream regions FFC, PIT, V8 and TE2p were higher in the object‐location in scene task than the reward‐location task, and were higher in the right hemisphere. For reward‐location in scene episodic memory, activations were also high in the ventromedial visual cortical spatial stream to the hippocampus, but were also selectively high in storage in key reward cortical regions (ventromedial prefrontal 10r, 10v, 10d; pregenual anterior cingulate d32, p24, p32, s32; and medial orbitofrontal cortex reward‐related pOFC, 11l, OFC). For word‐pair episodic memory, activations were lower in the ventromedial visual and medial parahippocampal spatial cortical stream, and were higher in language‐related regions in Broca's area (44, 45, 47l), and were higher in the left hemisphere for these regions and for the many highly connected inferior frontal gyrus regions in the left hemisphere. Further, effective connectivity analyses during the episodic memory tasks showed that the direction of connectivity for these systems was from early visual cortical regions V2–V4 to the ventromedial visual cortical regions VMV1–3 and VVC for spatial scene processing; was from the pregenual anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex reward systems to the hippocampal system; and was from the FFC/V8/PIT system to TE2p in the visual inferior temporal visual cortex, which has connectivity to lateral parahippocampal TF, which in turn has forward effective connectivity to the hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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30. Reward Versus Nonreward Sensitivity of the Medial Versus Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex Relates to the Severity of Depressive Symptoms

Author

Artiges, Eric, Aydin, Semiha, Banaschewski, Tobias, Barbot, Alexis, Barker, Gareth, Becker, Andreas, Bezivin-Frere, Pauline, Biondo, Francesca, Bokde, Arun, Büchel, Christian, Chu, Congying, Conrod, Patricia, Daedelow, Laura, Dalley, Jeffrey, Desrivieres, Sylvane, Dooley, Eoin, Filippi, Irina, Fillmer, Ariane, Flor, Herta, Fröhner, Juliane, Frouin, Vincent, Garavan, Hugh, Gowland, Penny, Grimmer, Yvonne, Heinz, Andreas, Hohmann, Sarah, Ihlenfeld, Albrecht, Ing, Alex, Isensee, Corinna, Ittermann, Bernd, Jia, Tianye, Lemaitre, Hervé, Lethbridge, Emma, Martinot, Jean-Luc, Millenet, Sabina, Miller, Sarah, Miranda, Ruben, Nees, Frauke, Paillere, Marie-Laure, Papadopoulos, Dimitri, Paus, Tomáš, Pausova, Zdenka, Pentilla, Jani, Poline, Jean-Baptiste, Poustka, Luise, Burke, Erin, Rapp, Michael, Robbins, Trevor, Robert, Gabriel, Rogers, John, Ruggeri, Barbara, Schumann, Gunter, Smolka, Michael, Stringaris, Argyris, van Noort, Betteke, Walter, Henrik, Whelan, Robert, Simon, Roux, Williams, Steve, Zhang, Yuning, Xie, Chao, Rolls, Edmund T., Robbins, Trevor W., Sahakian, Barbara J., Zhang, Jie, Liu, Zhaowen, Cheng, Wei, Luo, Qiang, Zac Lo, Chun-Yi, Wang, He, Barker, Gareth J., Bokde, Arun L.W., Quinlan, Erin Burke, Desrivières, Sylvane, Grigis, Antoine, Paillère Martinot, Marie-Laure, Orfanos, Dimitri Papadopoulos, Fröhner, Juliane H., Smolka, Michael N., and Feng, Jianfeng

Published
2021
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