Search

A crucial material comprising a pneumatic tire is rubber. In general, the tire, or more specifically, the hysteresis effects brought on by the deformation of the part made of rubber during the procedure, heat up the part. In addition, the tire temperature depends on several factors, including the inflation pressure, automobile loading, car speed, road tire, the environmental conditions, and the tire geometry. This work focuses on using simulations to calculate the temperature and generated heat flow distributions of a rolling tire with constant velocity using the finite element method. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the only components of the tire are rubber, body-ply, bead wire, and the rim. While the other components are believed to be made of a linear elastic material, the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the rubber is characterized by a Mooney–Rivlin model. Investigations are conducted into the combined effects of vehicle loads and inflation pressure. Hysteresis energy loss is used as a bridge to link the strain energy density to the heat source in rolling tires, and their temperature and heat flow distributions may be determined by steady-state thermal analysis. Thanks to the state-of-the-art computing method, the time required for connected 3D dynamic rolling tire simulations is reduced. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the maximum temperature in this paper is attained with high weights, high velocities, and low inner inflated pressures. Overall, the maximum temperature is increased with the rise of all three variables. Moreover, the rise of the friction coefficient between the tread and road surface moves the high-temperature area towards the tread/sidewall connection area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crucial material comprising a pneumatic tire is rubber. In general, the tire, or more specifically, the hysteresis effects brought on by the deformation of the part made of rubber during the procedure, heat up the part. In addition, the tire temperature depends on several factors, including the inflation pressure, automobile loading, car speed, road tire, the environmental conditions, and the tire geometry. This work focuses on using simulations to calculate the temperature and generated heat flow distributions of a rolling tire with constant velocity using the finite element method. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the only components of the tire are rubber, body-ply, bead wire, and the rim. While the other components are believed to be made of a linear elastic material, the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the rubber is characterized by a Mooney–Rivlin model. Investigations are conducted into the combined effects of vehicle loads and inflation pressure. Hysteresis energy loss is used as a bridge to link the strain energy density to the heat source in rolling tires, and their temperature and heat flow distributions may be determined by steady-state thermal analysis. Thanks to the state-of-the-art computing method, the time required for connected 3D dynamic rolling tire simulations is reduced. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the maximum temperature in this paper is attained with high weights, high velocities, and low inner inflated pressures. Overall, the maximum temperature is increased with the rise of all three variables. Moreover, the rise of the friction coefficient between the tread and road surface moves the high-temperature area towards the tread/sidewall connection area.

For rolling pneumatic tires, the thermal induced effects are mainly resulted from visco-elastic behaviour of rubber parts and dissipation of stores strain energy during the cyclic deformations. It is noted that the operating conditions crucially contribute to the rubber hysteresis effect and temperature development in a rolling tire. In current study, an elaborated 3D FE model is worked up for simulating the certain inflation pressure, loading and velocity conditions for a specified radial tire. Special emphasis is given to transient temperature distribution of interior walls and tire cavities as critical zones. Compared with the experimental tests, the current study gives satisfactory results for time rate of change in temperature of tire walls and inside inflated air.

Summary: This work is focused on the Newton‐Krylov technique for computing the steady cyclic states of evolution problems in nonlinear mechanics with space‐time periodicity conditions. This kind of problems can be faced, for instance, in the modeling of a rolling tire with a periodic tread pattern, where the cyclic state satisfies “rolling” periodicity condition, including shifts both in time and space. The Newton‐Krylov method is a combination of a Newton nonlinear solver with a Krylov linear solver, looking for the initial state, which provides the space‐time periodic solution. The convergence of the Krylov iterations is proved to hold in presence of an adequate preconditioner. After preconditioning, the Newton‐Krylov method can be also considered as an observer‐controller method, correcting the transient solution of the initial value problem after each period. Using information stored while computing the residual, the Krylov solver computation time becomes negligible with respect to the residual computation time. The method has been analyzed and tested on academic applications and compared with the standard evolution (fixed point) method. Finally, it has been implemented into the Michelin industrial code, applied to a full 3D rolling tire model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For rolling pneumatic tires, the thermal induced effects are mainly resulted from the visco-elastic behaviour of rubber parts and dissipation of stores strain energy during the cyclic deformations. It is noted that the operating conditions crucially contribute to the rubber hysteresis effect and temperature development in a rolling tire. In the current study, an elaborated 3D FE model is worked up for simulating the certain inflation pressure, loading and velocity conditions for a specified radial tire. Special emphasis is given to transient temperature distribution of interior walls and tire cavities as critical zones. Compared with the experimental tests, the current study gives satisfactory results for the time rate of change in the temperature of tire walls and inside inflated ai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As traffic grows by leaps and bounds, deterioration of asphalt surface layers emerges as the primary cause of road network costs. A deep understanding of the tire–pavement interaction is essential for optimizing the surface design of asphalt pavements in the context of aging infrastructure and limited maintenance resources. Most of the current tire–pavement interaction studies have been conducted in the continuum mechanics framework using Finite Element Methods (FEM), which shows limitations in modeling the discontinuity nature of asphalt mixtures. Discrete Element Methods (DEM) offer a promising way to examine the mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures at the particle level, but it is inadequate for modeling deformable tire structure and capturing realistic tire contact forces on the pavement surface. In this study, a FEM–DEM coupling strategy was developed for the modeling of tire–pavement interaction by implementing a DEM model of asphalt mixtures with rolling tire loads from a FEM model. Based on simulations with realistic rolling tire load conditions, this coupling algorithm allows the investigation of particle force chain network evolution, particle displacement and velocity distributions, movements of individual particles, and particle contact force characteristics inside an asphalt mixture. This study offers an enriching expansion of both continuum and discrete mechanics methods for analyzing asphalt mixture responses under rolling tire loads, which can provide insight into pavement surface design. [Display omitted] • A novel FEM–DEM coupling framework is proposed to study the tire–pavement interaction mechanism. • The tire contact stresses on the road surface are captured through the use of FEM models. • For the asphalt mixture containing irregular particles, DEM models are utilized to create a heterogeneous mix structure. • Dynamic asphalt mixture responses under various rolling tire loads are investigated at the particle scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element tire model with detailed tread pattern and a smooth tread tire model for comparison are constructed. The tire–rim and tire–road interactions are considered in these tire models. The static vertical loading and rolling procedures of the tire are simulated by using the ABAQUS code. Presented in this paper are the relationship between vertical loading and tire deflection, and the contact footprints, along with the pressure distribution achieved by the pressure-sensing pad experiment and the finite element tire modeling. The predicted results via the modeling method proposed in this study are in good agreement with experiments. In addition, the forces of belts, the deformation and strain energy density of tread blocks obtained from the tire model are also presented when the tire is in braking and traction rolling situations. The reliability of the proposed tire modeling methodology is validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical model has been developed for calculating the internal temperature distribution and its associated heat flux in a deformed torus while free rolling under load. With the pure conduction limit, the analytic expression for the heat transfer rate predicted by this model is derived. Analytical results show that the distributions of temperatures and heat transfer rates in a rolling deformed torus are strongly influenced by the thermal boundary conditions at the inner and outer tire surfaces. Also, the results of present study match quite closely with those found by Wey in the region away from the footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]