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The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between the following three assessments: the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), and the General Movement Assessment (GMA). 29 patients from the neonatal unit of the Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinical Hospital were examined. The study was conducted between feedings by a person properly trained in the use of the NBAS, the AIMS, and the GMA. The average postmenstrual age of the examined newborns was 35.6 weeks. The average week of gestation was the 29th, the average birth weight was 1469 g, and the Median Apgar score in the fifth minute of life was 7. A relationship was found between the AIMS and the NBAS. It was concluded that the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale may be used to determine the motor development of preterm infants. Moreover, it is advisable to use more than one assessment method in order to adjust the intervention.

Background: Clinicians and parents should closely monitor the neurodevelopment of very preterm infants. The aim of our study was to compare whether neurodevelopmental assessments completed by parents and those done by specialists yielded similar outcomes. We wanted to check whether the assessments completed by specialists and parents were comparable in outcomes to emphasize the important roles of early assessment of a child and of the parents in their child’s treatment and medical care. Another aim was to check whether or not the pull to sit maneuver from the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) is still a parable item in well-known scales of neurodevelopment. Methods: We assessed 18 preterm neonates in the fourth month of corrected age with scales such as the General Movement Assessment (GMA), the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), and the pull to sit maneuver from the NBAS. Finally, we asked parents to complete the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition (ASQ-3). Results: We found that the respective assessments completed by specialists and parents are comparable in outcomes. We also found that the pull to sit item from the NBAS was still a valid test since it showed similar findings to those from the AIMS, the GMA, and the ASQ-3. Conclusions: The pull to sit item from the NBAS is an important item for assessment of very preterm infants. Specialists should also take into consideration the input and concerns of parents when planning for treatment and intervention.

(1) Background: Muscle tension around the head and neck influences orofacial functions. The data exist concerning head posture during increased salivation; however, little is known about muscle tightness during this process. This study aims to investigate whether or not any muscles are related to problems with eating, such as drooling in individuals with cerebral palsy; (2) Methods: Nineteen patients between the ages of 1 and 14 were examined prior to the physiotherapy intervention. This intervention lasted three months and consisted of: relaxing muscles via the strain-counterstrain technique, functional exercises based on the NeuroDevelopmental Treatment-Bobath method, and functional exercises for eating; (3) Results: the tone of rectus capitis posterior minor muscle on the left side (p = 0.027) and temporalis muscle on the right side (p = 0.048) before the therapy, and scalene muscle on the right side after the therapy (p = 0.024) were correlated with drooling behavior and were considered statistically significant. Gross motor function was not considered statistically significant with the occurrence of drooling behavior (p ≤ 0.05). Following the therapeutic intervention, the frequency of drooling during feeding decreased from 63.16% to 38.89% of the total sample of examined patients; (4) Conclusions: The tightness of the muscles in the head area can cause drooling during feeding.

Background The cranial osteopathic manipulative medicine has been shown to alter regional cerebral tissue oxygenation (cStO2) in adult patients; however, there are no reports regarding the neonatal population. Objectives To assess the influence of compression of the 4th ventricle (CV4) osteopathic procedure on cStO2 in neonates. Material and methods Thirty-one patients born between 25 and 39 weeks of gestation were screened for inclusion in the neonatal unit. Twenty-two infants presenting with hyperstimulation of autonomous nervous system (ANS) according to the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale were enrolled in the study. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used for continuous cStO2 monitoring; pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) measured with pulse oximetry were simultaneously monitored 10 min before CV4, during the therapy and 10 min after it was stopped. Results Patients' condition remained stable throughout the study. There were no significant differences in the mean cStO2 values recorded before (69 ±8%), during (69 ±8%) and after CV4 (70 ±8%; p > 0.05). Mean SpO2 was almost constant during the study (96 ±4% before, 95 ±3% during and 95 ±4% after the intervention). Heart rate was also stable pre-, during and post-therapy (153 ±21 min, 151 ±18 min and 151 ±20/min, respectively). Conclusions Compression of the 4th ventricle osteopathic procedure does not influence the cStO2 in newborns. This method seems to be well-tolerated but its clinical efficacy needs to be further investigated in this group of patients.

Background: The neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS) was primarily developed to aid in the assessment of full-term neonates. The aim of this study was to detect if the NBAS was also valuable in the assessment of preterm neonates. Materials and Methods: We assessed 112 infants at a neonatal unit using the NBAS, 4th edition. The inclusion criteria included an oxygen saturation level between 88–95% and a heartrate of 100–205 beats per minute. Infant neurobehavior was assessed using the NBAS. Results: For full-term and preterm neonates, we observed that the NBAS enabled us to assess both groups of infants and gave relevant information pertaining to them. We found a significant correlation between the average week of gestation and response to touch, sensory input, peak of excitement, cost of attention, hand-to-mouth, and quality of alertness. Conclusions: The NBAS is a valuable scale for evaluating the neurobehavior of preterm neonates. The week of gestation at birth affects certain aspects of neurobehavior, such as response to sensory input, putting hand to mouth, peak of excitement, and cost of attention. The NBAS as an individually structured assessment may help in planning for early rehabilitation and intervention for this vulnerable population.

Background The aim of this study was to determine the impact of umbilical cord arterial pH, gestational age, and birth weight on neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm neonates. Methods We examined 112 neonates. Inclusion criteria were: Saturations greater than 88%, and heart rates between 100–205 beats per minute. Measurements We assessed several neurodevelopmental factors as part of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), 4th edition, such as asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR), motor maturity, response to sensory stimuli, habituation, and state regulation. Initial assessment parameters such as APGAR score and umbilical cord arterial pH were used to assess neonates. Results We found a strong correlation between the presence of the sucking reflex and umbilical cord arterial pH (r = 0.32; p = 0.018981). Umbilical cord arterial pH was also correlated with the presence of asymmetric tonic neck reflex (r = 0.27; p = 0.047124), cost of attention (r = 0.31; p = 0.025381) and general motor maturity (r = 0.34; p = 0.011741). Conclusions We found that the sucking reflex may be affected in infants with low umbilical cord arterial pH values. Practitioners and parents can use the NBAS to help determine neurodevelopmental factors and outcomes in preterm infants, possibly leading to safer and more effective feeding practices and interventions.

Background. Growth hormone plays a vital role in the human body. Its deficiency can lead to numerous disorders, including musculoskeletal system defects. Treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in children suffering from growth hormone deficiency (GHD) increases muscle mass and improves bone structure.Aim. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the angle of trunk rotation (ATR) in patients diagnosed with GHD treated with rhGH and to observe the incidence of scoliosis.Material and Methods. The study was conducted among 50 children diagnosed with GHD. The group consisted of 11 girls and 39 boys aged 6-16. The study group included 50 children: 10 children just qualified for rhGH treatment and 40 patients undergoing this treatment, with different therapy duration. ATR was measured using a Bunnell scoliometer on five levels of the spine: cervical 7 / thoracic 1, thoracic 6, thoracic 12 / lumbar 1, lumbar 3, lumbar 5 / sacral 1.Results. The most numerous asymmetries among the examined group were in the thoracolumbar segment and at the thoracic 6 level. Girls had greater asymmetries compared to boys especially at thoraco – lumbar and lumbar 3 level. There were no statistically significant differences in ATR at any level comparing patients before hormonal treatment and patients undergoing rhGH treatment. The age of the beginning of the therapy, the duration of rhGH therapy, and body mass index (BMI) also had no effect on ATR. Sport activities had a positive impact on the results obtained by scoliometer assessment.Conclusions. The angle of trunk rotation is higher in growth hormone-deficient females than in males. Weight, height, BMI, the time of growth hormone therapy beginning and the duration of this therapy do not influence ATR. The more sport activities, the lower value of the angle of trunk rotation, especially in male patients. Obtained results support the thesis, that treatment with recombinant human growth hormone does not increase the incidence of scoliosis.

Zuszek Agnieszka, Borek Joanna, Malak Roksana, Samborski Włodzimierz. Temporomandibular joint dysfunctions in the context of psychological disorders among pediatric patients. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(12):82-86. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2019.09.12.009 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2019.09.12.009 https://zenodo.org/record/3586118 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.12.2019. Revised: 05.12.2019. Accepted: 20.12.2019. Temporomandibular joint dysfunctions in the context of psychological disorders among pediatric patients Dysfunkcje stawu skroniowo-żuchwowego w kontekście zaburzeń psychologicznych wśród pacjentów pediatrycznych A. Zuszek1, agnieszka.zuszek@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-3944-1941 J. Borek1,2,3, joanna.monika.borek@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-3959-7214 R. Malak2, rmalak@ump.edu.pl, ORCID: 0000-0003-0521-5249 W. Samborski2, samborskiw@tlen.pl, ORCID: 0000-0002-0338-894 1 Studenckie Koło Naukowe „Open Physiotherapy”, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu 2 Pracownia Rehabilitacji Fizjoterapii Reumatologicznej, Katedra i Klinika ReumatologiiiRehabilitacji, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. K. Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu 3 Katedra i Klinika Ortopedii Szczękowej i Ortodoncji, Uniwersytet Medyczny im.K.Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu 1 Students Scientific Society "Open Physiotherapy", Poznan University of Medical Sciences 2 Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences 3 Department and Clinic of Maxillofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Abstract There are many factors that affect temporomandibular joint dysfunction. These may include, among others: structural and postural disorders, bruxism, and occlusive abnormalities. In addition, an important aspect are psychological factors that, as a result of stress, can affect temporomandibular joint disorders through hyperactivity of the muscles, followed by biomechanical changes and related pain. These factors can lead to the production of neurotransmitters that disturb the balance of serotonin and catecholamines. Aim: Literature review to determine the relationship between temporomandibular joint disorders and psychological disorders in pediatric patients Material and methods: Based on the Research Gate, PubMed and Google Scholar databases, a review of scientific papers was performed using the keywords: (temporomandibular joint), (stress, bruxism, mental disorders). Articles from the last 5 years have been analyzed. Results: Higher levels of anxiety are observed in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders. There is also a higher incidence of depression and chronic stress. Conclusions: Available literature shows the relationships between dysfunctions within the temporomandibular joint and mental disorders of the patient. However, research in this area should continue to show more detailed information regarding both the general relationship between the abovementioned aspects and the relationship between individual temporomandibular joint disorders and psychological aspects. Key words: Temporomandibular disorders; stress; depression

Introduction. Posturograph tests are used to assess the vestibular reflex, which can be helpful for specialists who analyze body balance disorders. Despite many studies on the stability of body posture in pediatric patients, there is still a lack of reliable analysis.Aim. Performing a review of the literature to verify the relationship between balance and body posture as well as stomatognathic system as a part of motor system and the craniofacial complex using a posturograph.Material and Methods. A review of the literature has been carried out for the posturographic examination as a diagnostic tool. The following work is for reference only. A review of the Google Schoolar database and PubMed was made. Keywords used in the search are: (children) and (posturography, posture control, balance, temporomandibular joint). The authors took into account reports published in Polish and English. For the purposes of this review, strict criteria for the inclusion and exclusion of research work have been created.Results. The authors analyzed 335 research papers, of which 5 articles were qualified after the analysis. Studies show that there is a relationship between posturographic examination and postural disorders in children. However, the results are not conclusive and further research is necessary before these results can be considered as fully generalized.Summary. It is necessary to standardize the research using a posturograph. There is a need for further research due to the lack of standardized measurements showing norms for individual age groups.

Introduction. The functional assessment of general movements (GMs) is a common test for the developing nervous system. The high predictive validity of abnormal GMs for cerebral palsy has been documented among preterm infants. Aim. The present study examined whether term infants without any documented risk factors for neurodevelopment delay may benefit from an assessment of GMs. Material and Methods. One hundred and four infants ranging in age from 1–4 months were evaluated using Prechtl’s method, of which, thirty-eight were younger than two months of age and the remaining sixty-eight were older than two months of age (with available detailed neonatal characteristics). The following movements were considered among younger infants, writhing, poor repertoire and cramped synchronised, whereas fidgety, cramped synchronised, poor repertoire, chaotic and abnormal GMs were evaluated in older infants. Infants were classified as ‘normal’ or ‘abnormal’ groups based on their presenting GMs. We determined postural positional preference, following Kaplan recommendations, with features categorised as either ‘present’ or ‘absent’, as well as activity level and general muscle tone (‘normal’ or ‘abnormal’). Results. Cramped synchronised GMs were observed in seven (18.4%) younger infants and in eleven (16.7%) older infants. There was no difference in the clinical characteristics of children with normal vs. abnormal GMs. Abnormal muscle tone was associated with a higher OR (p = 0.0039) of presenting with abnormal GMs (4.6063; 95%CI: 1.6303–13.0149). Although the infants studied were not at risk for developmental disorders, almost one-fifth required follow-up neurological consultation. Conclusions. An assessment of GMs should be considered as a universal screening tool among healthy infants without risk factor(s) for developmental deficits.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory immune-dependent systemic connective tissue disease leading to joint destruction and organ complications. Recent years have seen a strong interest in manual therapy and its possible use in patients with pain and limited joint mobility. This prompted us to evaluate the effectiveness of joint mobilization in a patient with RA. The present paper assesses the effects of a joint mobilization technique on pain and functionality of the hand and wrist in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.

Introduction. Foot arch condition plays an important role in correct setting of lower limbs joints, proper muscles tone and well-being [1]. More and more frequently foot arch deviations affect population of school age children [2, 3]. It is based on anatomic knowledge that abnormal foot arch is strongly connected with the disturbed muscle tone of lower limb. The aim of the presented study is to evaluate the relation between the foot arch condition and muscular balance of the lower limbs.Material and methods. Children were assessed using the Clarke’s angle and indicatory muscles length tests including: quadratus lumborum muscle, hamstring muscle, thigh adductors, piriformis muscle.Results. Abnormal foot arch was showed by 70% of subject children. The greatest number of muscles length abnormality was observed in quadratus lumborum muscles. There was a statistically significant correlation between right hamstring muscle contraction and abnormal foot arch (p = 0.011). Conclusions. Foot arch alternations increasingly more often appear in the greater number of school–age children. The assessment and therapy of abnormal foot arch should include the examination of muscular balance of the lower limbs.

Background Children with Down syndrome (DS) present with delays in motor development. The reduced size of the cerebrum, brain maturation disorders, and pathophysiological processes lead to motor development delay. The aim of this study was to examine the gross motor function and estimate what motor abilities are significantly delayed in children with Down syndrome even if they attend physical therapy sessions. Another purpose of the study was to assess the functional balance. Material/Methods The study group consisted of 79 children with DS (42 boys, 37 girls), average age 6 years and 3 months ±4 years and 6 months. Participants were divided into 3 groups according to (i) age: 6 years old; and (ii) motor impairment scale: mild (SNR 1), moderate (SNR 2), and severe (SNR 3). Children were assessed using the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88) and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Results None of the assessed children developed all the functions included in GMFM-88. The standing position was achieved at the specified age by 10% of children in the first age group (

Introduction: Music may be used as therapeutic interventions or educational practices. Tomatis method is used in treatment of children with learning disorders, autism, attention deficits disorders, developmental delays, brain injury, multiple sensory system dysfunctions. The aim of the study was to investigate which reading skills may improve thanks to treatment based on Tomatis method. The study was conducted among 78 participants (25 girls and 53 boys). Methods: The '?atysz' non-word reading test was used to assess phonological aspect of language processing and the influence of Tomatis Listening Training to ability of reading. Results: There was the relationship between proper read to all read words and visual perception (p=-0,04). We detected the correlation between short - term phonological memory and auditory memory (p=0,04). Conclusion: The smallest the ratio between proper read words to general read word the better is visual perception. The better short - term phonological memory means the higher especially auditory memory.

Compression of the fourth ventricle (CV4) is a well-known osteopathic procedure, utilized by osteopaths, osteopathic physicians, craniosacral therapists, physical therapists, and manual therapists as part of their healthcare practice based on some evidence suggesting impact on nervous system functions. The main objective of the study was to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the clinical benefits of CV4 and to show the evidence supporting clinical prescriptions, guides, and advice in treating. A computerized search of the PubMed, CINAHL Complete, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases was performed. Two filters were used (article type: RCTs; species: humans). The methodological quality of the trials was assessed using the Downs and Black quality checklist for healthcare intervention studies. Only six studies met the inclusion criteria, of which four were RCTs and two were observational studies. The Downs and Black score ranged from 17 to 24 points out of a maximum of 27 points. The present review revealed the paucity of CV4 research in patients with different clinical problems, as five out of six included studies investigated healthy adults. According to the results of the included studies, CV4 may be beneficial for patients with different functional problems.

Clinical research [Abstract] BACKGROUND: The person with dementia should be treated as an unique person regarding symptoms directly associated with dementia, such as problems with memory, hallucinations, and delusions, as well as other physical, mental, or neurological deficits. The symptoms not directly typical of dementia, such as musculoskeletal disorders or depression, should be also be considered in order to improve the quality of life of a person with dementia. That is why professional caregivers have to broaden their current knowledge not only of medical symptoms but also of the patient’s psychosocial condition and increase their inquisitiveness about the individual condition of the patient. The aim of the study was to get to know the opinion of professional caregivers about the UnderstAID platform and its usefulness for informal caregivers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Participants in the study group consisted of professional caregivers: nurses, sociologists, psychologists, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists, all of whom specialized in geriatrics and had experience in working with people with dementia. All professional caregivers answered 24 questions that refer to positive and negative aspects of the UnderstAID platform. RESULTS: The study group of professional caregivers highly appreciated that the application could give support to caregivers (mean score of 4.78; 5 points means that they totally agreed, and 1 point means that they totally disagreed) and that a wide range of multimedia materials helped the informal caregivers to gain a better understanding of the contents (mean score of 4.78). There was a statistically significant correlation between the age of the professional caregivers and the frequency of positive opinions that the UnderstAID application gave support to caregivers of relatives with dementia (p=0.028) and the opinion that videos, photos, and pictures may help the informal caregivers to gain a better understanding of the contents (p=0.028). CONCLUSIONS: A group of professional caregivers positively assessed the UnderstAID platform. Caregivers, especially older caregivers, highly appreciated the usefulness of videos, photos, and pictures for gaining a better understanding of the contents. European Commission; AAL5/1/2013 European Commission; AAL5/2/2013

Motor and cognitive development of children with Down syndrome (DS) is delayed and inharmonic. Neuro-muscular abnormalities, such as hypotonia, retained primary reflexes, and slow performance of volitional reaction, result in difficulties with body balance. The aim of the presented study is to assess the global motor functions and body balance of children with DS in relation to age and mental development.The study group consisted of 79 children with DS (42 boys, 37 girls), average age 6 years and 3 months ± 4 years and 6 months. Participants were divided according to age range into 3 groups:3 years old, 3-6 years old,6 years old. Children were assessed using Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88) and Paediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Psychological diagnosis served to determine the degree of mental development using the Brunet-Lezine Scale for children younger than 3 years old, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for those who are older than 3 years. Nine children in research group had not been diagnosed by psychologists, which is the reason why the analysis referring to mental development was performed in 70 children (34 girls, 36 boys), with an average age of 4 years and 6 months.GMFM-88 scores were significantly lower in children with moderate psychomotor delay than in children with mild psychomotor delay, or normally developed children, p=0.043. GMFM-88 scores in children with profound mental impairment were lower than in children with mild or moderate mental impairment. There was a statistical significant correlation between GMFM-88 scores and the PBS scores, r= 0.7, p0.0001.Motor development of children with Down syndrome from towns and villages in the Greater Poland region is associated with cognitive development, especially in the first three years of life, with the balance functions being closely related to motor skills.

[u]International UnderstAID project shows[/u] the role of physiotherapist in patients with dementia as divided into two branches: helping to resolve the physical problems and solving the problems related to dementia. The role of physiotherapist in dementia treatment may be divided into two branches: helping to resolve the physical problems and solving the problems related to dementia. The physical problems consider such aspects as musculoskeletal disorders, mobility dysfunction and pain. Referring to musculoskeletal problems, the interventions of physical therapists should included whole-body progressive resistance exercise training, strengthening, “range-of-motion” and stretching exercises and transfer training. Mobility disorders are associated with physical symptoms such as: rigidity, balance problem, shuffling gait. Decreased mobility can be based on unrelieved pain. These are some crucial scales which are designed to detected the pain. For instance, The Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, massage or exercises can be provide to reduce the pain in patients with dementia. Physiotherapy in dementia treatment influences not only physical functions but also the maintenance or progression of cognitive abilities of demented elderly subjects

The objective of the study was to determine the posture among children with cerebral palsy referring to type of paralysis.The research was performed out of 33 children with Cerebral Palsy (aged 1-18 years) who attend Zespół Szkół Specjalnych number 103, Accident-Orthopaedic Department in Hospital nr 4 in Poznan and Rehabilitation Center "Bartek" in Poznań. The questionnaire was used in order to check whether there is any failure curvature in cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine in plantar and frontal plane. The study was performed by visual analysis of the spine in November and December in 2007.(1) The visual analysis of the vertebral column showed that the cervical spine is asymmetric among two children with hemiplegia bilateralis, three with hemiplegia spastica and one with atetosis. (2) Among group of patients with lumbar hyperlordosis there are eight who are diagnosed with hemiplegia bilateralis. (3) These are seven patients who have the proper position of pelvis in frontal plane and can stand by oneself (referring to Levene's Test for Equality of Variances p = 0.039820).(1) The failure posture is common among children with cerebral palsy. (2) Vertebral column is asymmetrical in frontal plane among many patients with cerebralpalsy, especially with hemiplegia spastica. (3) The position of pelvis in frontal plane influence on the ability of standing by oneself.

It is obvious that smoking is harmful. It is especially dramatic that it may cause a lot of dysfunctions among newborns who without their free will are expose to toxic tobacco components. The consequences are as serious when mother smoke as when she is exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy is directly correlated to premature rupture of the membranes, premature birth, intrauterine growth retardatyion--IURG, low birth weight, smaller body length of newborn, reduced lung function--hypoxia, delayed development of respiratory and nervous system, sudden infant death syndrome--SIDS, obesity, allergy, arterial hypertension or even tumors. That is why the prophylactic of above illnesses is important since first days of life.