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Abstract Lung cancer (LC) continues to pose the highest mortality and exhibits a common prevalence among all types of cancer. The genetic interaction between human eukaryotes and microbial cells plays a vital role in orchestrating every physiological activity of the host. The dynamic crosstalk between gut and lung microbiomes and the gut–lung axis communication network has been widely accepted as promising factors influencing LC progression. The advent of the 16s rDNA sequencing technique has opened new horizons for elucidating the lung microbiome and its potential pathophysiological role in LC and other infectious lung diseases using a molecular approach. Numerous studies have reported the direct involvement of the host microbiome in lung tumorigenesis processes and their impact on current treatment strategies such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. The genetic and metabolomic cross‐interaction, microbiome‐dependent host immune modulation, and the close association between microbiota composition and treatment outcomes strongly suggest that designing microbiome‐based treatment strategies and investigating new molecules targeting the common holobiome could offer potential alternatives to develop effective therapeutic principles for LC treatment. This review aims to highlight the interaction between the host and microbiome in LC progression and the possibility of manipulating altered microbiome ecology as therapeutic targets.

Background: Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide accounting for 85% of global deaths from stroke. This study aimed to evaluate the role of homocysteine (HCY) in modulating various stroke parameters and its with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). Methods: 78 patients of radiology-confirmed acute ischemic stroke were recruited for this study and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was evaluated upon admission. Blood samples were tested for serum HCY, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and lipid profile. Ultrasonography of neck ascertained IMT of Common (CCA) and Internal carotid artery (ICA). Results: Average age of male and female subjects was 57.88 ± 13.97 & 59.16 ± 13.62 years respectively. 71.93% of stroke patients were hyperhomocysteinemic (HHcyc) and 24.36% were hyperlipidemic. Patients with NIHSS ≥ 5 had higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) than those with NIHSS < 5. HCY cutoff of ≥ 15 μmol/L had 91.7% sensitivity & 66.7% specificity for predicting. HHcyc state was associated with increased ICA IMT. HHcyc state was best predicted by ICA IMT with which it is positively correlated (P-Value = 0.012). Conclusion: HHcyc state holds a good predictive value for severity of stroke. We also came to a conclusion that ICA IMT measurement may also reduce the need for a homocysteine test as it predicts higher HCY levels; this will reduce the burden on resources. We suggest that evaluating HCY and ICA IMT should be made part of the standard protocol for management of stroke.

Microneedle technology revolutionizes ocular drug delivery by addressing challenges in treating ocular diseases. This review explores its potential impact, recent advancements, and clinical uses. This minimally invasive technique offers precise control of drug delivery to the eye, with various microneedle types showing the potential to penetrate barriers in the cornea and sclera, ensuring effective drug delivery. Recent advancements have improved safety and efficacy, offering sustained and controlled drug delivery for conditions like age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. While promising, challenges such as regulatory barriers and long-term biocompatibility persist. Overcoming these through interdisciplinary research is crucial. Ultimately, microneedle drug delivery presents a revolutionary method with the potential to significantly enhance ocular disease treatment, marking a new era in eye care.

Abstract Background The Haematological Reference Intervals (RIs) are prone to vary on the basis of various factors such as altitude, age, sex, socioeconomic status, etc. These values play a major role in laboratory data interpretation and determine the necessary clinical treatment. Currently, India has no well–established RI for cord blood haematological parameters of newborns. This study aims to establish these intervals from Mumbai, India. Method A cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital of India from October 2022 to December 2022 on healthy and term neonates having normal birth weight and born to healthy pregnant mothers. About 2 – 3 mL of cord blood was collected from the clamped cord into EDTA tubes from 127 term neonates. The samples were analysed in the haematology laboratory of the institute and the data was analysed. The upper and lower limits were determined using non-parametric method. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the distribution of the parameters between sex of infant, modes of deliveries, maternal age and obstetric history. P value less than 0.05 was considered to declare statistical significance. Result The median values and 95% RI for umbilical cord blood haematological parameters of newborns were as follows: WBC = 12.35 [2.56–21.19] × 109/L, RBC = 4.34 [2.45–6.27] × 1012/L, HGB = 14.7 [8.08–21.44] g/dL, HCT = 48 [29–67]%, MCV = 109.6 [59.04–159.1] fL, MCH = 34.5 [30.54–37.79] pg, MCHC = 31.3 [29.87–32.75] %, PLT = 249 [16.97–479.46] × 109/L,LYM = 38 [17–62] %, NEU = 50 [26–74] %, EOS = 2.3 [0.1–4.8] %, MON = 7.3 [3.1–11.4], BAS = 0 [0–1]. This study found no statistically significant difference between sex of infants, except MCHC, and obstetric history. A significant difference was observed in WBC, EOS% and absolute NEU, LYM, MON and BAS by delivery type. A higher platelet count and absolute LYM was observed in the cord blood compared to venous blood. Conclusions For the first time, haematological reference intervals in cord blood were established for newborns in Mumbai, India. The values are applicable for newborns from this area. Larger study throughout the country is required.

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder associated with hyperandrogenism marked with hirsutism and ovarian dysfunction. These conditions may lead to the risk of insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. These conditions are related to PCOS complications hence our aim was to study and investigate the relationship between high-sensitivity C - reactive protein (hs-CPR) level and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level in PCOS patients. Materials and Methods: Female patients visiting the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department (OPD), aged between 19 and 45 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 29 kg/m2. The individuals fulfilling the National Institute of Health (NIH) criteria for PCOS; including amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea and had been clinically diagnosed with hyperandrogenism were served as subjects. Results: Two hundred and ten individuals with HbA1c of 5.4% have a higher risk of cardiovascular disorders. The study showed the association between increased cardiac risk as measured by hs-CRP and patients with normal HbA1c values with a sensitivity of 77.2% and specificity of 75.99%. The HbA1c cutoff value can be used in the PCOS patients to assess the cardiac risk due to association of HbA1c cut off value with false positivity rate of 15.24%. Conclusion: In PCOS patients with chronic low-grade inflammation, IR, and the degree of inflammation associated with HbA1c value was observed.

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known as the silent pandemic. It is hypothesized that other endocrine systems are affected by the metabolic changes occurring due to DM. We aimed to investigate the correlation of thyroid hormones with glycaemic and lipid parameters. Materials and Methods: 81 diabetic patients and 81 non-diabetic age and sex-matched healthy volunteers participated in the study. Their blood samples were analysed for fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C), total tri-iodothyronine (T3), total thyroxine (T4), free T3 (FT3), free T4 (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total cholesterol (CHOL), High-Density-Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and Low-Density-Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC). Data was analysed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Among the cases, 70.37% were euthyroid, while 24.7% had subclinical hypothyroidism, 2.47% had clinical hypothyroidism, 1.23% had subclinical and 1.23% had clinical hyperthyroidism. FBG, HbA1c and TSH (P< 0.05) were significantly higher in diabetics compared to controls. On the other hand, T3, FT3, FT4, and HDLC (P< 0.05) were significantly lower in diabetics compared to controls. A significant negative correlation (P< 0.05) was found when T3 and FT3 were compared against age, FBG and HbA1c. A significant positive correlation (P< 0.05) was found when T3 and FT3 were compared against HDLC, LDLC & CHOL. Conclusion: Our statistics show that high-normal levels of T3 and FT3 are correlated with lower levels of FBG and HbA1c, hence improved glycaemic control. We recommend that thyroid profile of diabetic patients with poor control should be monitored regularly. Early detection of thyroid dysfunction and initiation of therapy for it, can improve the treatment outcome of hypoglycaemic drugs.

Highly concentrated antibody formulations are oftentimes required for subcutaneous, self-administered biologics. Here, we report the development of a unique formulation for our first-in-class FSH-blocking humanized antibody, MS-Hu6, which we propose to move to the clinic for osteoporosis, obesity, and Alzheimer’s disease. The studies were carried out using our Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) platform, compliant with the Code of Federal Regulations (Title 21, Part 58). We first used protein thermal shift, size exclusion chromatography, and dynamic light scattering to examine MS-Hu6 concentrations between 1 and 100 mg/mL. We found that thermal, monomeric, and colloidal stability of formulated MS-Hu6 was maintained at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. The addition of the antioxidant L-methionine and chelating agent disodium EDTA improved the formulation’s long-term colloidal and thermal stability. Thermal stability was further confirmed by Nano differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Physiochemical properties of formulated MS-Hu6, including viscosity, turbidity, and clarity, confirmed with acceptable industry standards. That the structural integrity of MS-Hu6 in formulation was maintained was proven through Circular Dichroism (CD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Three rapid freeze–thaw cycles at –80 °C/25 °C or –80 °C/37 °C further revealed excellent thermal and colloidal stability. Furthermore, formulated MS-Hu6, particularly its Fab domain, displayed thermal and monomeric storage stability for more than 90 days at 4°C and 25°C. Finally, the unfolding temperature (Tm) for formulated MS-Hu6 increased by >4.80 °C upon binding to recombinant FSH, indicating highly specific ligand binding. Overall, we document the feasibility of developing a stable, manufacturable and transportable MS-Hu6 formulation at a ultra-high concentration at industry standards. The study should become a resource for developing biologic formulations in academic medical centers.

Lung cancer (LC) continues to pose the highest mortality and exhibits a common prevalence among all types of cancer. The genetic interaction between human eukaryotes and microbial cells plays a vital role in orchestrating every physiological activity of the host. The dynamic crosstalk between gut and lung microbiomes and the gut–lung axis communication network has been widely accepted as promising factors influencing LC progression. The advent of the 16s rDNA sequencing technique has opened new horizons for elucidating the lung microbiome and its potential pathophysiological role in LC and other infectious lung diseases using a molecular approach. Numerous studies have reported the direct involvement of the host microbiome in lung tumorigenesis processes and their impact on current treatment strategies such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. The genetic and metabolomic cross‐interaction, microbiome‐dependent host immune modulation, and the close association between microbiota composition and treatment outcomes strongly suggest that designing microbiome‐based treatment strategies and investigating new molecules targeting the common holobiome could offer potential alternatives to develop effective therapeutic principles for LC treatment. This review aims to highlight the interaction between the host and microbiome in LC progression and the possibility of manipulating altered microbiome ecology as therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have been used as healing agents since humanity began. This review presents the plant profiles inhabiting the world regarding their traditional usage by various tribes/ethnic groups for the treatment of epilepsy. The bibliographic investigation was carried out by analyzing standard reference textbooks, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Medline, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. Search terms and keywords used for the search were epilepsy, medicinal plants for epilepsy, herbal remedies used in the treatment of epilepsy, and traditional antiepilepsy medication. This review article was prepared by including the biological names of plants/their parts/extracts/compounds/doses/models/results. Further, experimentally explored 15 potential medicinal plants have also been explored in detail. The present review was prepared by including 114 plants from 3 books, 83 research, and 59 review articles. This review indicates that the list of medicinal plants presented in this review might be useful to researchers for preliminary screening of potential antiepileptic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microneedle technology revolutionizes ocular drug delivery by addressing challenges in treating ocular diseases. This review explores its potential impact, recent advancements, and clinical uses. This minimally invasive technique offers precise control of drug delivery to the eye, with various microneedle types showing the potential to penetrate barriers in the cornea and sclera, ensuring effective drug delivery. Recent advancements have improved safety and efficacy, offering sustained and controlled drug delivery for conditions like age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. While promising, challenges such as regulatory barriers and long-term biocompatibility persist. Overcoming these through interdisciplinary research is crucial. Ultimately, microneedle drug delivery presents a revolutionary method with the potential to significantly enhance ocular disease treatment, marking a new era in eye care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of skeletal homeostasis and the mechanisms that mediate the loss of bone integrity in disease. Recent breakthroughs have arisen mainly from identifying disease-causing mutations and modeling human bone disease in rodents, in essence, highlighting the integrative nature of skeletal physiology. It has become increasingly clear that bone cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, communicate and regulate the fate of each other through RANK/RANKL/OPG, liver X receptors (LXRs), EphirinB2-EphB4 signaling, sphingolipids, and other membrane-associated proteins, such as semaphorins. Mounting evidence also showed that critical developmental pathways, namely, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), NOTCH, and WNT, interact each other and play an important role in postnatal bone remodeling. The skeleton communicates not only with closely situated organs, such as bone marrow, muscle, and fat, but also with remote vital organs, such as the kidney, liver, and brain. The metabolic effect of bone-derived osteocalcin highlights a possible role of skeleton in energy homeostasis. Furthermore, studies using genetically modified rodent models disrupting the reciprocal relationship with tropic pituitary hormone and effector hormone have unraveled an independent role of pituitary hormone in skeletal remodeling beyond the role of regulating target endocrine glands. The cytokine-mediated skeletal actions and the evidence of local production of certain pituitary hormones by bone marrow-derived cells displays a unique endocrine-immune-skeletal connection. Here, we discuss recently elucidated mechanisms controlling the remodeling of bone, communication of bone cells with cells of other lineages, crosstalk between bone and vital organs, as well as opportunities for treating diseases of the skeleton.

Background: The clinical outcome of anti-HIV therapy is poor due to the inherent fallouts ofanti-HIV therapy. It is further worsened due to the presence of viral reservoirs in immune cellslike the macrophages. An ideal anti-HIV therapy must reach, deliver the drug and exert itsaction inside macrophages. To address this, we developed novel cationic nanostructured lipidcarriers of efavirenz (cationic EFV-NLC). Methods: The developed cationic EFV NLCs were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential,encapsulation efficiency, in-vitro drug release, DSC, XRD, TEM, cytotoxicity, cellular uptakestudies and anti-HIV efficacy in a monocyte-derived macrophage cell line (THP-1). Results: Cationic EFV-NLCs showed high encapsulation efficiency (90.54 ± 1.7%), uniformparticle size distribution (PDI 0.3-0.5 range) and high colloidal stability with positive zetapotential (+23.86 ± 0.49 mV). DSC and XRD studies confirmed the encapsulation of EFVwithin NLCs. Cytotoxicity studies (MTT assay) revealed excellent cytocompatibility (CC5013.23 ± 0.54 μg/mL). Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the efficient uptake of cationic EFVNLCs,while flow cytometry revealed time and concentration dependant uptake within THP-1cells. Cationic EFV-NLCs showed higher retention and sustained release with 2.32-fold higherpercent inhibition of HIV-1 in infected macrophages as compared to EFV solution at equimolarconcentrations. Interestingly, they demonstrated 1.23-fold superior anti-HIV efficacy over EFVloadedNLCs at equimolar concentrations. Conclusion: Cationic NLCs were capable of inhibiting the viral replication at higher limitsconsistently for 6 days suggesting successful prevention of HIV-1 replication in infectedmacrophages and thus can prove to be an attractive tool for promising anti-HIV therapy.

Pharmacological and genetic studies over the past decade have established the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) as an actionable target for diseases affecting millions, namely osteoporosis, obesity, and Alzheimer’s disease. Blocking FSH action prevents bone loss, fat gain, and neurodegeneration in mice. We recently developed a first-in-class, humanized, epitope-specific FSH-blocking antibody, MS-Hu6, with a KD of 7.52 nM. Using a Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-compliant platform, we now report the efficacy of MS-Hu6 in preventing and treating osteoporosis in mice and parameters of acute safety in monkeys. Biodistribution studies using 89Zr-labeled, biotinylated or unconjugated MS-Hu6 in mice and monkeys showed localization to bone and bone marrow. The MS-Hu6 displayed a β phase t½ of 7.5 days (180 hr) in humanized Tg32 mice. We tested 217 variations of excipients using the protein thermal shift assay to generate a final formulation that rendered MS-Hu6 stable in solution upon freeze-thaw and at different temperatures, with minimal aggregation, and without self-, cross-, or hydrophobic interactions or appreciable binding to relevant human antigens. The MS-Hu6 showed the same level of “humanness” as human IgG1 in silico and was non-immunogenic in ELISpot assays for IL-2 and IFN-γ in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. We conclude that MS-Hu6 is efficacious, durable, and manufacturable, and is therefore poised for future human testing.

This study investigates the potential of biochar derived from various biomass sources: apricot kernel (AK), pine sawdust (PS), rice husk (RH), wheat straw (WS), and reed stem (RS) to enhance the yield, nutritional quality, and environmental sustainability of parsley crops. Comprehensive characterization through SEM, EDAX, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, and FTIR analyses identified AK biochar as the most suitable for further enrichment due to its superior specific surface area (512.3 m2/g) and iodine number (51.23 mg/g). EDAX analysis revealed that AK biochar exhibited the highest carbon content (92.1%), while RH biochar contained the highest silicon content (46%), indicating different potential applications. FTIR analysis identified key functional groups, such as carbonyl (1740 cm⁻1) and hydroxyl (3430 cm⁻1) groups, which contribute to the biochar's reactivity and potential effectiveness in various applications. The effects of selenium (Na2SeO4), iodine (KI), their combination (Na2SeO4 + KI), and BISF (biochar‐enriched iodine and selenium fertilizer) on parsley growth, antioxidant properties, and nutrient accumulation were evaluated. The results demonstrated that joint applications of iodide and selenate led to a 3.1‐fold increase in iodine content (up to 16.8 mg/kg d.w.) and a 1.2‐fold increase in selenium accumulation (up to 2482.1 μg/kg d.w.) in parsley compared to separate treatments. Additionally, BISF treatment significantly improved key biometric parameters, with leaf weight increasing by 1.6 times (up to 326.5 g) compared to the control, and antioxidant content—ascorbic acid, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity—showing increases of 1.56, 1.27, and 1.50 times, respectively. This study underscores the effectiveness of selenium‐ and iodine‐enriched biochar in enhancing parsley crop yield and nutritional quality while also demonstrating the multifunctional role of biochar in environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Significant alteration in lipid profile and antioxidant system occurs in response to diabetes mellitus (DM). Paraoxonase (PON) is a family of three enzymes PON1, PON2 and PON3 associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL). The HDL in human plasma consists of two main sub-fractions HDL2C and HDL3C. We studied the HDL subclasses and HDL associated enzyme paraoxonase with respect to diabetes. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care referral hospital in India. A total of 80 subjects were included in the study. Lipid profile, PON1 arylesterase (ARE), PON1 lactonase (LACT) and HDL fractions were estimated. Regression analysis was applied. Results: PON1 ARE, LACT and HDL fractions are found to be decreased among cases than in controls. PON1 ARE & LACT showed negative correlation with blood glucose levels and HDL 3C while positive correlation with HDL 2C. Conclusion: PON1 ARE and PON1 LACT activities reduction are due to increased oxidative stress. PON1 as well as HDL fraction levels are oxidative stress subjects. Among the HDL fractions, HDL2C is the more variable fraction and reflects changes in HDL. The study suggested that the protective role of total HDL against oxidative damage and complications is mainly mediated through HDL2C fraction.

The pituitary gland orchestrates multiple endocrine organs by secreting tropic hormones, and therefore plays a significant role in a myriad of physiological processes, including skeletal modeling and remodeling, fat and glucose metabolism, and cognition. Expression of receptors for each pituitary hormone and the hormone itself in the skeleton, fat, immune cells, and the brain suggest that their role is much broader than the traditionally attributed functions. FSH, believed solely to regulate gonadal function is also involved in fat and bone metabolism, as well as in cognition. Our emerging understanding of nonreproductive functions of FSH, thus, opens potential therapeutic opportunities to address detrimental health consequences during and after menopause, namely, osteoporosis, obesity, and dementia. In this review, we outline current understanding of the cross-talk between the pituitary, bone, adipose tissue, and brain through FSH. Preclinical evidence from genetic and pharmacologic interventions in rodent models, and human data from population-based observations, genetic studies, and a small number of interventional studies provide compelling evidence for independent functions of FSH in bone loss, fat gain, and congnitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

mRNA-based vaccines are assured to significantly boost biopharmaceuticals since outbreak of coronavirus disease- 2019. Respiratory infections, such as influenza, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, and respiratory syncytial virus, often have high transmission rates due to their airborne spread. Respiratory infections can lead to severe illness and death. These outbreaks can cause substantial economic and social disruption, as seen with the COVID-19 pandemic. In our interconnected world, respiratory diseases can spread rapidly across borders. mRNA-based vaccines (e.g. mRNA-1283) can reduce the transmission by creating immunity in the population, thus lowering the incidence and spread of these diseases. Vaccines are crucial for global health security, helping to prevent local outbreaks from becoming global pandemics. Nevertheless, various concerns remain such as intracellular delivery, susceptibility to degradation by catalytic hydrolysis, and instability due to several physiological conditions. Therefore, an hour needed to address these challenges and opportunities for attaining high-quality and stable mRNA-based vaccines with novel drug delivery systems. The authors contributed an extensive review of the mRNA-based clinical development, progress in stability, and delivery challenges to mitigate market needs. In addition, the authors discuss crucial advances in the growth of mRNA-based vaccines to date; which dominate an extensive scope of therapeutic implementation. Finally, recent mRNA-based vaccines in clinical trials, adjuvant benefits, and prospects are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale and introduction: To evaluate the computerised tomography (CT) characteristics of phaeochromocytoma (PCC) that differentiate them from other no n-benign adrenal masses such as adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) and adrenal metastases (AM). Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary health care institute from Western India. Patients presented between January 2013 and August 2016 with histological diagnosis of PCC or other non-benign adrenal mass having adequate reviewable imaging data comprising all four CECT phases were included. Results: The study cohort consisted of 72 adrenal masses from 66 patients (33 PCC, 22 ACC, 4 PAL, 13 AM). Unlike other masses, majority of PCC (25/33) showed peak enhancement in early arterial phase (EAP). PCC had significantly higher attenuation in EAP and early venous phase (EVP), and higher calculated percentage arterial enhancement (PAE) and percentage venous enhancement (PVE) than other adrenal masses (P < 0.001). For diagnosis of PCC with 100% specificity, PAE value ≥100% and EAP attenuation ≥100 HU had 78.8 and 63.6% sensitivity respectively. ACC were significantly larger in size as compared to PCC and metastasis. The adreniform shape was exclusively found in PAL (two out of four) and AM (4 out of 13). None of the enhancement, wash-in or washout characteristics were discriminatory among ACC, PAL and AM. Conclusion: Peak enhancement in EAP, PAE value ≥100% and EAP attenuation ≥100 HU differentiate PCC from other malignant adrenal masses with high specificity.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of various interrelated risk factors that appear to have an impact as development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVDs). Epidemic of childhood and adolescent’s obesity has increased interest in the metabolic syndrome (MS) due to the potential projection into adulthood. The prevalence of MS in adolescents has been estimated to be 6.7% in young adults and 4.2% in adolescents. We aimed to study the MetS in children and adolescents with respect to metabolic changes. Methods: The international Diabetes Federation criteria were used for the selection of cases. Serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activities were measured using spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was done using MyStat statistical software. Results: Serum PON1 arylesterase (ARE) and lactonase (LACT) activities were found to be reduced significantly in patients with MetS than in controls. Regression analysis showed a significant correlation between PON1 activities and body mass index. Area under curve (AUC) found to increase from HDL to PON1 ARE to PON1 LACT. Conclusions: From the present study, it is clear that in children and adolescents, reduction in PON1 activities in MetS is mainly due either to abnormalities with synthesis or secretion of HDL cholesterol or oxidative stress as a consequence of excess production of the free radicals. This study also iterates that it is the quality and not the quantity of HDL cholesterol which is important while studying the pathophysiology of MetS.

Microneedle (MNs) technology is a recent advancement in biomedical science across the globe. The current limitations of drug delivery, like poor absorption, low bioavailability, inadequate skin permeation, and poor biodistribution, can be overcome by MN-based drug delivery. Nanotechnology made significant changes in fabrication techniques for microneedles (MNs) and design shifted from conventional to novel, using various types of natural and synthetic materials and their combinations. Nowadays, MNs technology has gained popularity worldwide in biomedical research and drug delivery technology due to its multifaceted and broad-spectrum applications. This review broadly discusses MN’s types, fabrication methods, composition, characterization, applications, recent advancements, and global intellectual scenarios.